I’m jealous of my husband’s child from his first marriage: advice from a psychologist on how to curb jealousy

Childhood jealousy is familiar to everyone, because even in early childhood a person was jealous of brothers or sisters, grandparents, parents and other people. The child experiences fear, is afraid of not getting enough attention from the object of jealousy. At first, a person experiences these moments on his own, then he becomes a parent and looks at the situation with his children from the outside.

How jealousy develops

Jealousy is the fear of dislike. The kid is very worried that an important and close person will give attention and love not only to him, but also to others. Usually jealousy provokes the appearance of a new person in the family. Jealousy of a mother’s new husband can be all-consuming, because the child does not understand who this new person is and what he actually needs from his mother.

If a new family member appears, the usual way of life is destroyed. The appearance of a newborn frightens the baby; he does not understand why now he cannot make noise and play, although this was previously allowed. We have to change our daily routine and everyday little things. Priorities change in the family, before the baby was the central figure, now it’s someone else. He has competition, hence the feeling of uselessness and jealousy.

If you do not prepare your baby for this situation in advance, it will cause him confusion. He simply will not understand why so much attention is paid to the new family member, why he is better and why now he has to become an adult. As a result, the eldest child will categorically refuse to accept the new family member and will begin to fight for the attention of his parents, and in very strange ways, because the end justifies the means.

Many people are interested in how to prepare an older child for the arrival of a new family member? It should be explained in advance that soon a baby will appear in the house who cannot yet do anything on his own. That is why for now mom and dad will pay a lot of attention to him, so that he grows up a little and learns to cope on his own.

Jealousy and its causes

Childhood jealousy towards a newborn or a younger family member can arise due to the fear of losing a loved one. Lack of attention provokes the child’s disgusting behavior, refusal to obey, and much more. All this is done in order to attract the attention of a loved one.

External jealousy includes all the changes that happen in the family, because changes can shift his authority and dominant positions. It is provoked by the appearance of a newborn in the house, a new mother or father, or the appearance of new children in kindergarten. If a child feels a strong connection with his grandparents, then the visit of other relatives to them can cause jealousy.

It is quite difficult for a child to experience the appearance of unfamiliar half-sisters and brothers in his family when his parent marries a person with children. The child believes that he is no longer needed, he has a fear of losing love, he clearly feels a lack of attention.

Reasons for jealousy

Children between the ages of 10 and 13 are confident that everyone, without exception, must revolve around them. That is why, when a new member appears in the family, the child feels him as a rival and considers him a replacement for himself. Children begin to protest and express negative emotions. The child does not want to share care and love, attention and authority with someone.

Sometimes children choose to behave negatively due to lack of attention, because they are sure that they are being treated unfairly. Families very often do not pay attention to the child’s requests and do not keep promises. Everyone constantly says that everything will change later, but nothing changes. As a result, the child begins to be indignant, because this should not be the case, he, too, deserves attention and care.

When a younger family member appears in the house, the child has to experience forced growing up. However, the eldest child is not able to assume this important title at the birth of the second child. After all, along with this come additional responsibilities, responsibility for one’s actions, because they always try to set the elder as an example.

Children who are unable to openly express their feelings and talk about them often begin to behave badly, become offended and throw tantrums. After all, they strive to show that they also love their parents, but they do it in a very unique way to attract attention.

Reasons for jealousy

To solve the problem and improve your relationship with your father, you need to understand why jealousy arises. The following factors provoke it:

fear of losing someone you love;
the desire to influence the life of your child, to interfere in all his affairs;
uncertainty about the reliability of the chosen partner;
other complexes or fears.

Every dad wants the best for his daughter. But when she has a boyfriend, the father is tormented by doubts whether this partner will be able to make his child’s life happy. Before this, dad took care of his child and created all the necessary conditions. And then another man comes into their world, encroaching on the fruit of such a long labor, plucking a flower that they have cherished since early childhood. Dad is hurt and hurt.

Parents love their children in different ways.

Mom's love is unconditional, spiritual.
A father's love is more materialistic. It is important for him not only to admire and enjoy his daughter, but to watch her grow up. Her successes and pride in them are of great importance. It is desirable that she does everything better than others. Therefore, dad looks at what his daughter’s partner can give.

Types of childhood jealousy

Experts have divided childhood jealousy into several types, which are worth dwelling on in more detail.

Passive jealousy may not be expressed outwardly at all. The child begins to withdraw into himself, he is not interested in anything, he does not want to find interesting activities for himself, and prefers solitude. Sometimes children become apathetic.
An aggressive reaction is expressed in the fact that the child openly rebels, talks about his rejection of his brother or sister, stepfather or stepmother. The child does not allow him to use his things, take toys, gets angry and rebels. This is also expressed in behavior, the baby becomes uncontrollable and spoiled, constantly cries and is capricious. Often offends younger family members and may hit or pinch.
Semi-overt jealousy is very unpredictable. A child may not show rejection of his sister or brother, but when left alone with him, he begins to beat and offend him, take away toys, and make him cry.

Signs of jealousy

What to do if childhood jealousy appears? Much depends on how the parents themselves feel about this. A separation from a child’s mother can be very painful, especially when the baby sees that she devotes all her time to a new family member. The child may not show jealousy at all, but simply withdraw into himself, worry inside and not show his emotions. You can define childhood jealousy as hidden or overt. Various reactions can be obvious manifestations of jealousy:

Aggression is the most common form of childhood jealousy. An older child may show jealousy by wanting to offend or hit, pinch or take away a toy. It can also be insults, provocation, or driving them into hysterics.
Hyperactivity should also make parents wary. If such behavior was absent up to this point, then you should try to discuss it with the child. Perhaps he has no fear of losing the love of his parents, so he seeks their attention in all possible ways. Moreover, the baby may categorically refuse previously adored dishes, walks or other activities. The child is constantly capricious and is unable to do one thing.
Some particularly sensitive babies may experience jealousy, which provokes a nervous system reaction to the stimulus. As a result, the child begins to develop nervous tics, stuttering and constant tantrums.

My mom! How to deal with childhood jealousy

Many parents are faced with childhood jealousy. The baby may be jealous of his mother towards strangers, his brother or sister, and even his father!

A child's jealousy manifests itself at the age of 2-2.5 years. Mostly children, regardless of gender, are jealous of their mother. Why this happens and how to overcome jealousy, read our material.

Read also: The birth of a second: how to avoid jealousy between children

WHY IS A CHILD JEALOUS OF MOM?

The child is jealous of his mother because her attention is important to him. He spent nine months in close contact with her. After birth, this contact continued through rocking and breastfeeding. All the days of the baby in the first years of life are occupied by the mother, and the mother’s by the child. And the baby is afraid of losing this contact, afraid that the most important person in his life will stop loving him.

This reaction may be due to two reasons.

A mother cannot always correctly distribute her relationship with her baby. When a mother shows enough love and at the same time gives the child a little independence, jealousy does not arise. When there is too much of this independence, not according to age, and not enough love and warmth, the child develops anxiety. This attention and care is not enough for him and he does not want to share his mother with anyone else.
The mother, on the contrary, pays too much attention to the child and does not give the baby a single opportunity to show independence. She decides everything for him, and the baby feels helpless. In this case, jealousy manifests itself due to fear of helplessness, because the baby thinks that he will not survive without his mother.

Read also: Husband is jealous of child: how to improve relationships?

In addition, young children have egocentrism. They believe that the world revolves around them. This is due to the fact that increased attention and care is shown to the baby in the first years.

The child is jealous of his mother and father quite justifiably. After all, during the day he and his mother had a good time and she was entirely his. And in the evening dad comes and takes away mom’s attention.

WHAT TO DO IF A CHILD IS JEALOUS OF MOM AND DAD

Childhood jealousy goes away quickly and without a trace if it is properly “cured.” But, before we find out what to do in such a situation, let's look at what not to do.

Don't indulge jealousy. The child may throw tantrums. There is no need to give in to this behavior and do what the baby wants.
When a child shows jealousy towards his father - he pushes him away, cries - do not push your husband away. Do not show your child that he is right in his judgments and behavior and dad has no right to mom’s attention.
Don't shout or reproach your husband. Especially with a child. It is not the dad's fault that the baby behaves this way. So don't blame him for the baby's crying.
Don't yell at your child. Do not show any aggression towards the baby. But don't ignore his jealous behavior.

Such a reaction from the mother will not prevent children’s tantrums and will only negatively affect the child’s future behavior.

Fighting jealousy - tips

When childhood jealousy is detected, you must know how to help and how to explain to the baby that he remains a loved one, that no one has begun to experience such a feeling as love less than before. It is necessary to restore his confidence in his own abilities, in necessity and usefulness. This can be done in different ways, the main thing is to look at how the baby expresses jealousy and to whom exactly he is jealous.

Preventing jealousy is quite possible, the main thing is to approach it correctly.

If jealousy is caused by the appearance of a newborn in the house, then it is worth correcting the situation in several ways: Prevention perfectly helps to avoid childhood jealousy altogether. A typical mistake of parents may be that during the mother’s pregnancy, no one explained to the eldest child that a little person would soon appear in the family, but this would not make parental love less.

Communication should become better. Naturally, when a baby is born, no one will be able to devote as much time to the older child as before. However, communication with the baby should become better. It is necessary to allocate special time for classes with the elder, and no one should interfere. This time should be spent exclusively with one child and no one else.

A realistic perception of the role of the elder will also help to avoid jealousy. You shouldn’t make your first child a nanny, but he should definitely help. You need to listen to the baby’s wishes, and only then turn to him for help. You can instruct him to serve diapers, choose hats for the toddler, serve a pacifier, or bring a bottle. You should also be sure to praise your child for his help, and not turn all this into everyday chores.

Advantageous seniority should bring many advantages to the baby. After all, he can watch TV or eat sweets, play on the computer and sometimes even go for a walk on his own, staying up longer than his sister or brother. In front of a child, you need to talk not about sons and daughters, but focus on the fact that the child has a sister or brother. After a while, he will be proud that the two of them are so good.

It is imperative to stop aggressive behavior and not allow children to offend each other. Also, you should not constantly feel sorry only for the youngest child because of his age. He also needs to be told that it is impossible to offend an older child. When communicating with children, you need to find compromises and not single out any of them. Then competition will disappear on its own, and children will be happy for each other.

Need some advice? Write your story My name is Anna, I’m 19 years old, I’m a full-time student at the university, trying to combine study and work. I am dating a young man, he knows my mother and I know his parents. Recently he proposed and I agreed, we submitted an application to the registry office, and I need to tell my mother about the wedding, but I don’t know how and I really hope for your help. The fact is that I practically don’t communicate with her, I just live, every time I go for a walk she yells at me, when I stay late until 11 pm she starts calling me and yelling so that I start to break down and often bring me to tears. When I say that I’ll stay the night, she yells louder than usual, I hang up and begin to calm myself by counting in my head from one to ten. One day I couldn’t calm myself down like that and burst into tears in front of my BM, he calmed me down and took her home, saying that after the wedding there would be no need to communicate with her and that she just had to be patient a little. When my mother offers to take a walk with her and I refuse, she yells again and says if Anton (my boyfriend) offered you a walk, you would run. It seems to me that she is jealous of my boyfriend. Help me how to get out of my house from my mother. PS Dad died, she probably doesn’t have any friends, she lived with my father, she was married for 6 years, but in childhood I only remember how they quarreled. Rate:

Anna, age: 19 / 06/09/2014
Responses:
Anya! If your mother suggests you go for a walk, take a walk. Is it really so difficult, so overwhelming?! After all, you are getting married, and you are not used to sacrificing yourself even in small things, but marriage presupposes this. Imagine, what if your daughter treats you like this: she secretly submits an application to the registry office, it will be late to come, she won’t spend the night at home, etc. You say, I won’t yell, we will have an understanding. You may and will, but your daughter will want something else, in which you have no place, will you be completely loyal, or, wishing for good, will you also scream? Who knows. Your Mom is screaming. Apparently, she is a conflicted person. It’s not right to yell. But she’s your mother, you won’t have another. And she yells because she doesn’t know how to otherwise convey her worries to her loved ones, in this case, her worries about you. Mom loves you. And because of your youth, you see only yourself, your interests, grievances, etc. Your letter of pity for your mother is not noticeable, she is a widow, she has no friends... You are not going to communicate after the wedding... But if you want to be happy in your marriage, establish a relationship with her as soon as possible. Otherwise, at first your life will be poisoned by conflicts and attempts to 'not communicate', and from some point on you will be tormented by guilt in front of her, the screams will be forgotten over time, and your attitude towards her will be realized more and more over the years and it will be very difficult to correct the past and it is no longer possible to atone for the guilt before the person who gave birth to you in pain, raised you and loved you more than all people.

Marfa, age: 35 / 06/12/2014

Hello Alena! Mom simply does not know how to express her emotions, and with this cry she wants you to hear her, how worried she is for you. You definitely need to have a heart-to-heart talk with her. You write that you are a full-time student at the university, because this is not only your merit, but also your mother, not everyone can enroll in the full-time department. She is left alone and you are her only daughter. You want to get married faster, you are confident in your chosen one, because family life is very responsible, I think that your ideas do not coincide at all with reality. If you do not reconcile with your family, you are unlikely to be happy. There is only one mother, there will be no other.

Oksana, age: 41 years / 06/12/2014

She just doesn't have enough love and attention. Apparently it's been missing for a long time. Therefore, he can no longer behave differently (or maybe the reason is illness). Is it really so difficult to go for a walk with a loved one, even if you don’t want to? She is trying to somehow improve the relationship, you push her away, she is offended. And the thing that calls when you are late is that she is worried. Worries means he loves. What does it mean to get out? Is she holding you by force? Most likely she is really jealous of you or just offended. Because you love him, she doesn’t. Give her at least a little attention and, if not love, then at least respect (according to the commandment). How are you going to build a family? It would be better to try to improve the relationship. This site has good articles on this topic, about adoption, for example. How can I say it? Come and say. You can buy a cake and flowers and come with your groom. But warn him not to be offended if you don’t like the reaction. And don’t be offended yourself, just understand and accept. Do not get into quarrels with her, do not respond to offensive words. Either stop talking, or take some water into your mouth, or better yet, read a prayer. To love, even just as your neighbor, as the Lord commanded, and to honor.

Ellie, age: 100 / 06/13/2014

Mom is afraid to be alone. Not communicating with her after the wedding is fundamentally wrong. Let Anton talk about the upcoming wedding, you just stand next to him. Just don’t say it “head-on”. And he will do it beautifully, officially.

Serg, age: 24/06/17/2014

Previous story Next story

Return to the beginning of the section

print version

Fighting jealousy towards parents - how to understand

Quite often, a child’s behavior can change dramatically even without the appearance of a brother or sister. The baby is not going to make the love of mom and dad or vice versa. How to react to a child's jealousy of parents?

You should use persuasion and tell the baby that love for dad or mom and love for a child are completely different sensations. They can exist together and cannot replace each other.

If a child begins to be capricious when mom and dad communicate with each other, you should not indulge him and move away from each other. You cannot let your child know that he is the most important. In a family, everyone deserves love and understanding and has equal rights.

When a child cries and is unable to calm down, you need to distract him. You should hug and kiss him, tell him about your love, and take him to another room. Only when the baby changes his mind can you discuss the situation with him.

Jealousy of a new wife or husband

Dad's new wife or mom's husband can cause a sharp protest and discontent in the baby. Children react very painfully to such situations; they do not understand why this happens and why he should love a complete stranger.

You should use some psychological techniques:

Prepare the child for the fact that a new adult will soon appear in the family. It is imperative to introduce them, give them time to communicate and get used to each other. You can periodically take your baby on dates so that he can communicate with his new beloved parent. When a meeting is planned in the house where the child lives, it is necessary to notify him about this. A child can independently invite a man or woman to move into his home if he has reasons for this and can trust his new acquaintance.

Even if mom or dad have prepared the baby for the arrival of a new family member in the house, you should not relax and let everything take its course. Girls and boys very painfully accept the replacement of one of their parents. That is why new parents are obliged to gain authority from their child.

You should not force the new parent to obey; you need to earn the child’s respect so that he considers the parent’s new husband or wife a role model. You should always keep promises, explain the motivation for certain actions, follow the rules established in the house, take an interest in the child and praise. Everything should be as sincere as possible, because children instantly sense falsehood.

You should not interfere with the baby’s feelings for the chosen one. He is not obliged to love him if this person is loved by his parent. It must be said that the new mom or dad is not trying to take the place of the real ones, there are just two of them.

A new family member can become a faithful friend, a helper for the baby, and protect him in a difficult situation. However, you should not ignore the child’s dissatisfaction with his stepfather or stepmother, or admit that they are wrong if the accusations are true.

Even if a new relationship plunges you into a whirlpool, you should not give in to emotions. After all, no one has canceled parental responsibilities, so they must be respected first, because this is the most important thing in life.

Is a child from his first marriage jealous of his new parent?

Good afternoon, dear parents. Many adults are convinced that children born in a previous marriage will cause problems and troubles for a new relationship. In other words, a threat hangs over the new family - a child from his first marriage. The problem is not so great if the baby is small, obedient or understanding.

A child from his first marriage is jealous of his mother or father

When a person enters into a new marriage, he is consciously ready to take care of his partner’s child. As for our country, usually the mother takes the child, and her new husband comes to her family. Sometimes a woman with a baby moves into his home.

There are rarely situations when children stay with their father, but in this case it becomes even harder for the child and their stepmother.

In the relationship of any couple, certain steps can be distinguished that are natural for their family life. So, if the marriage is repeated, then these stages also affect the relationship with the child. At first, all family members strive to make a favorable impression on each other.

Differences in character, habits and actions are leveled out, that is, husband and wife strive to look at the world in the same way, have the same opinion, and want the same things. If something doesn’t match, the couple strives to smooth it out in order to prevent conflict from arising.

When creating a family with a child from a previous marriage, the adult also strives to please him, spends time with him in the hope of quickly finding a common language and making friends, and if any difficulties occur, this is attributed to shyness or ordinary childish whims.

Adults think that everything will somehow “settle down” by itself.

What do adults do to avoid quarreling with each other during this so-called candy-bouquet period? They avoid uncomfortable topics that somehow cause certain disagreements - for example, issues of raising children.

Adults intuitively feel that all this can lead to misunderstandings, quarrels and conflicts, and they strive to prevent the slightest threat to their relationships. Thus, uncomfortable topics, questions and problems are suppressed rather than resolved or discussed.

Examples include questions such as the appropriate response to illness, children's tantrums and disobedience, time for walks and games, what to do with the baby's toys and things, when he should be put to bed and how he should be fed.

This may also include the participation of grandparents, communication of a son or daughter with past parents, etc.

Accumulating grievances can fuel conflict

So, the couple is afraid of the slightest conflict situations and keeps everything quiet. For example, “the child is capricious and hysterical, and you indulge him,” “the baby doesn’t want to eat, but you don’t force him,” and much more.

After some time, all this will definitely cause a grand explosion.

The next stage in new family relationships is called grinding in. At this time, partners gradually begin to relax, become themselves, and do not try to look better in each other’s eyes.

This leads to the understanding that it turns out that partners look at the world and certain situations differently, have different habits and preferences, rules and expectations for a new family life.

Often in such a situation, the husband or wife feels as if they were deceived or were not given something.

What to do if your child from your first marriage is still small

This stage, that is, the “grinding in” of new members to each other, also affects children, not only husband and wife. After all, even kids already have some life experience, ways of responding to certain situations, habits and preferences.

Often newlyweds are faced with differences in family traditions and customs, rules and boundaries. To regulate all this, you will need to successfully resolve many conflicts and contradictions that arise between you and your significant other.

A baby is able to change the more the younger he is and the less life experience he has behind him. This suggests that the kids are calmly adapting to the changed way of their lives.

However, do not forget that in any case they very much need their parents to take care of them and pay attention to them, since it is not so easy for him now. After all, if previously a child from his first marriage spent almost all his time with his mother, now his mother pays attention not only to him.

This often leads to jealousy on the part of the preschooler, as well as resentment that the mother now does not play with him as often as before.

To make your son or daughter feel better and begin to relate to everything more simply, try to explain to him exactly how their life has changed now, and also why they live the way they do and not otherwise.

Be sure to reassure him that no matter what, you love him madly and will give him as much attention as he needs. A child from his first marriage will cease to be so anxious, and he will become easier to relate to the fact that a new adult has appeared next to his mother.

Also understand that the previous father will forever remain the child’s dad, so there is no need to force him to call the new man “dad”. Adults need to be aware of this, because if a baby has many dads, then he feels very anxious and begins to understand little.

Discuss what to call the new family member with him and other close relatives.

What to do if your child from your first marriage is already a teenager

The situation becomes more complicated if your child from his first marriage has already entered adolescence, because this period is difficult in itself, and in the event of a divorce and a new person appears in the family, it becomes completely difficult.

A teenager usually directly expresses his feelings, emotions and attitude towards a particular event; he often protests against something.

In addition, a growing person has to deal with inconvenience due to physiological changes, which gives them a lot of anxiety.

In addition, a teenager has much richer life experience than a child, and he is accustomed to a certain family structure. Also, in this age period, the student strives to change the generally accepted - not only family - rules, which in turn is the cause of many conflicts.

The appearance of a new stranger in the family will only increase family problems, especially if he comes with his own rules, views on the world, aspirations and worldview.

It may happen that a teenager dislikes him - just like that, for no reason. After all, despite the fact that outwardly a teenager can pass for an adult, internally he suffers from anxiety, fearing that the new man will influence his mother and his life will become worse.

If a man tries to start raising a child, he may perceive everything very painfully. After all, teenagers have difficulty withstanding the lectures and morals of their blood parents - what can we say about strangers?

Often, problems with a teenager have a negative impact on the relationship of the new couple. It’s also hard for mom during this period, because she rushes between two fires, and she constantly has to protect either her child or her loved one.

The situation is extremely unpleasant and difficult, especially for someone who has to choose between two close people.

Adaptation of a child from a previous marriage - advice from psychologists

If parents are conscious about building relationships with each other and with the child, take care of each other and are attentive to family members, then perhaps the adaptation of a son or daughter of any age will be successful.

But we all have our own feelings and emotions, and sometimes we experience anger, anger and resentment towards loved ones.

The first step is to realize all the feelings you are experiencing, and then convey them to your loved ones - first of all, to your new spouse. This way you will understand each other better and begin to more effectively “sort out” the problems and troubles that have piled up. After all, responsibility for the family lies primarily with adults.

Therefore, your main task is to come to an agreement in any conflict situation, which, naturally, can be incredibly difficult. It’s much easier to either shift responsibility onto someone else, or try to hush up problems, hoping that everything will resolve itself.

However, taking responsibility for the happiness of your family, talking through problems, coming to compromises and finding new solutions to old problems - this is exactly what applies to a constructive method that has proven its effectiveness in practice.

Sometimes it happens that parents “hide” behind a teenager’s back, but in reality, problems in relationships with him are just the tip of the iceberg.

Thus, adults may suffer due to problems of a financial, domestic and even sexual nature, but out of habit they “blame” everything on the “unbearable” character of the teenager.

This inability to take responsibility and solve problems constructively is the reason that conflicts do not disappear, but only accumulate and poison the lives of all household members.

Also, and vice versa - if parents have learned to come to compromises in conflict situations, trying to take into account each other’s wishes, then they will be able to solve those problems that are associated with the teenager, building a harmonious relationship with him.

It happens that in a family there are no rules that are clear to everyone, or they exist, but are not spoken about. If the situation is the same in your family, then you need to think through the basic rules concerning your family and taking into account the age-related needs of your child, and then voice them to all household members.

In the case when the behavior of a preschooler or schoolchild is inappropriate, then you need to realize what lies behind all this. To do this, you need a desire to hear the opinion of another, trust in him and a willingness to make emotional contact.

You may understand that a child from his first marriage is afraid of losing your attention and love, or he has problems at school and does not know how to successfully cope with them.

If you yourself involve your child in solving family issues, you will set an excellent example for him. You will also be able to unite your family even more tightly and prove to everyone that the teenager is very significant for the family - this is extremely important for the latter.

Try to find some unifying activities - for example, going to the movies, to the skating rink, or to a picnic together. All this will strengthen the trust between you, and the child from the first marriage will begin to treat the new parent with more love and respect.

Family security is based on mutual understanding between parents!

If everything is agreed upon between mom and dad, then the family system is stable, and security and mutual understanding reign in the relationship. In this way, children develop harmoniously. All family members can freely express their emotions, feelings and needs, they hear each other, know how to negotiate and come to a compromise.

Any disagreements that arise are successfully resolved, and conflicts are not hushed up, but, on the contrary, discussed. Relationships are characterized by honesty and openness, there is no pressure, as well as various manipulations.

The boundaries are clear and discussed, as are the rules, making everything simple and understandable for children. Household members no longer need to control and manipulate each other - the child from his first marriage behaves calmly, everyone is happy and simply lives.

Be happy!
Did you like the article? Share with friends on social networks: