Recommendations for the prevention of deviant behavior in preschool children

Good afternoon, dear homebodies. Today we will talk about the problems of a teenager with deviant behavior. Adolescence is associated with serious changes in the child's consciousness. Personal development during this period does not always proceed harmoniously. Due to a number of factors, a child’s behavior may go beyond acceptable social boundaries.

Deviant behavior among adolescents is a problem that has seriously concerned educators and psychologists all over the world. Today, the reasons for such non-standard behavior are known, and there are also many methods for correcting deviant behavior.

In this article we will look at the problems that are associated with deviant behavior of a teenager.

Who is a deviant child?

The personality of a teenager or child with deviations is characterized primarily by a low level of socialization and school maladjustment. At the same time, school maladjustment can be divided into unstable and stable. Behavioral characteristics depend on its type:

• with unstable maladaptation, the child experiences problems with mastering educational material and communication;
• with persistent maladaptation we are talking about antisocial behavior (hooligan antics, rudeness, aggression, running away from home, conflict, demonstrative behavior).

Adolescents and children with behavioral problems are called “difficult.” A characteristic feature of difficult teenagers is mental immaturity, lag behind age norms, increased suggestibility, and inability to correlate their actions with behavioral norms.

It is noted that adolescent and children's deviant behavior is difficult to correct, but nevertheless, it is possible. However, it is worth considering that if you ignore deviations at this age, then the situation will worsen and become more complicated.

Focusing on the fact that the child’s personality is not fully formed, and also taking into account age-related activity (which is often directed in the wrong direction or not implemented at all), it is possible to manage the process of moral and value orientation. This is how behavioral deviations of children and adolescents differ from deviations of other ages.

Preschool age

A minor is vulnerable to any propaganda.

Deviant behavior and the phenomenon of maladjustment

First, it is necessary to define the phenomenon of maladaptation - this is a person’s loss of the ability to adapt to the environment. One of the signs of maladjustment is emotional distress, which, in turn, gives rise to one of three types of deviations:

• Aggression, which flares up sharply and strongly, then also quickly disappears.
• A persistent negative attitude towards the environment.
• Fears that arise as the body's response to external threats.

Folk dance "Kalinka-Malinka" children dance

Signs

One of the main signs of deviation is the desire to obtain material benefits or to assert oneself at any cost. Physical differences (thinness, excess weight, etc.) can become a reason for ridicule of children with deviant behavior, which can also give rise to new deviations.

Thinness is one of the signs of deviation

Children with deviation and features of working with them

Working with preschool children with deviations aims to eliminate existing stereotypes and change the principles on which relationships with others are built:

• Forming interest in others.
• Strengthening communication skills and presenting yourself to others.
• Solid knowledge of the rules of conduct.
• Formation of correct self-esteem and ability to self-control.
• Development of communication skills.

Factors of deviant behavior

Many researchers agree on what causes deviations. In general, all reasons and factors can be divided into social and personal.

Social (external) factors

According to N.V. Abramovskikh, deviations in children are influenced by:

• political, socio-economic and environmental instability of society;
• increased promotion of alternative values ​​by the media;
• family dysfunction;
• low parental control due to busy work.

The same reasons for deviations are indicated in their works by A. M. Stolyarenko, N. A. Melnikova, A. A. Akmalova, D. V. Afanasyev, F. B. Burkhanova.

So, the occurrence of behavior that does not correspond to the norms of society is influenced by:

• street, courtyard, street groups with a negative orientation;
• gaps and shortcomings in the main areas of education (family, school).

Individual-personal

Not only gaps in education, but also neuropsychic diseases and deviations can create problems in adaptation (adaptation to an educational organization, the current social situation). In this case, pedagogical correction will not be enough; intervention is necessary:

• psychiatrists,
• neurologists,
• psychotherapists.

Article “Problems of deviant behavior of minors”

Shchelkun Stanislav Stanislavovich

KSU "Bolshevik Basic School"

State Institution "Department of Education of the Akimat of the Zhitikarinsky District"

THE PROBLEM OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Annotation.

The article deals with the disclosure of the concept of deviant behavior. The reasons for deviant behavior of adolescents are revealed. Age crises in adolescence are considered. Methods and techniques for working with deviant teenagers are presented.

Key words: deviant behavior, causes of deviant behavior, adolescents with deviant behavior, deviant behavior.

This topic is relevant and significant at the present time. They devote a lot of time to problems of deviant behavior among minors.

The first person to pay attention to a new social phenomenon – the teenage period of development – ​​was J. J. Rousseau. He first noticed that a person has a psychological significance that has an important period in development. [5, p.70]

Adolescence is the most difficult stage in the development of an individual’s personality. Adolescence is the boundary between childhood and adulthood.

A teenager goes through five stages of puberty: First, he goes through the childhood stage, i.e. (infantilism) ends at the age of 8-10 years for girls, and 10-13 years for boys; the second stage leads to the beginning of puberty, the third stage is the stage of active formation of the gonads (girls grow more actively); the fourth stage occurs in the formation of the activity of sex hormones (menstruation begins in girls); in the fifth stage, the reproductive system is completed.

Communication between teenagers and their peers is a leading activity at this age. For a teenager, not only contacts with peers are important, but also recognition by them. Full-fledged friendly communication between juveniles with delinquent behavior and “prosperous” peers has been narrowed. Typically, adolescents with illegal behavior establish contacts with people who have similar problems. Adolescence is characterized by an emancipation reaction. Briefly, this phenomenon can be characterized as a powerful desire for autonomy, distance from family and adults, and freedom from guardianship. The lower a teenager’s self-esteem, the more alone he feels. [5, p.75]

The crisis of adolescence is the most acute and longest crisis. First of all, it is associated with the restructuring of the child’s body - puberty (puberty). The activation and complex interaction of growth hormones and sex hormones causes intensive physical and physiological development. Sexual characteristics appear (body hair, breasts grow in girls, voice changes in boys). Starting from the age of 12-13, puberty and increased restructuring of the body as a whole occur, as well as the development of spirituality and intellectual potential. Identification and formation of the “I - concept” occurs. Mainly related to self-esteem, body image and gender identity. Girls are very puzzled by their appearance; mania (dysmorphophobia) may arise - increased concentration on the bodily and physical changes that are taking place.

A feeling of adulthood appears, and frequent conflicts arise in the family; the teenager reacts with protest and negativity to any attempts to interfere in his life. After such a collision, teenagers learn about themselves and their capabilities, what they are capable of and how they can assert themselves. But the main feature of a teenager is personal instability. Opposite traits and aspirations coexist and fight with each other, determining the inconsistency of the character and behavior of a growing child.

Teenagers are quite frivolous and indignant towards human prohibitions, and as a result they quickly become involved in alcohol and drugs, and their curiosity becomes stronger. Often, the use of psychoactive substances in the company of friends who are significant and authoritative for the child turns into a form of self-affirmation, drowning out the internal feeling of loss of oneself, one’s personal crisis. There are two main ways this crisis can proceed:

1. Crisis of independence (obstinacy, stubbornness, negativism, self-will);

2. Dependency crisis (excessive obedience, dependence on elders or strong people, regression to old interests, tastes and forms of behavior).

Adolescence is considered one of the “acute” crises and one of the most important and difficult critical periods of development; the teenage crisis consists of three stages: [5, p.120].

1) pre-critical stage (the child tries to give up old habits and destroy generally accepted stereotypes);

2) culmination stage (a teenager can do anything, and his behavior can be difficult to predict);

3) post-critical stage (the child develops new life values ​​and a stable life position, he begins to build new relationships with people)

Deviant behavior is stable behavior of an individual that deviates from generally accepted social norms. In a social society, there are always social norms and rules that are accepted in a given society. Failure to comply with these norms is a social deviation or deviation. Deviant behavior, in my opinion, is one of the most important problems today. One of the most pressing and socially significant tasks facing our society today, of course, is the search for ways to reduce the growth of deviance among minors and increase the effectiveness of their prevention. This behavior threatens physical and mental health, and often leads to death. The philosophical and methodological theories of foreign scientists Z. Freud, K. Jung, E. Erikson, and the theory of stigmatization by G. Becker are devoted to the study of deviations. [9, p.50].

A significant contribution to the study of deviant behavior of adolescents has been made by the works of authors studying individual aspects. As a violation of the socialization process, deviant behavior is considered by such famous Russian scientists as S.A. Belicheva, I.S. Cohn, G.F. Kumarina. The influence of the school environment in the process of socialization of youth, as well as its role in the prevention of deviant behavior of students, is presented in the works of B.N. Almazova, V.S. Afanasyeva. [7 p. 55].

A deviant teenager has his own characteristics, by which he can be seen: negative mental tension, accentuated readiness to take risks, mental rigidity, and high aggressiveness. Causes of teenage deviance associated with mental and psychophysiological disorders, causes of a social and psychological nature, causes associated with age-related crises

It is worth noting that despite in-depth studies of deviant behavior, the problem of teenage deviations requires further study. Depending on the ways of interaction with reality and violation of certain norms of society, deviant behavior is divided into five types: delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and deviant behavior based on hyperabilities. [6, p.130]

Delinquent behavior is a type of criminal (criminal) behavior of a person, representing a criminal offense. Anomalies associated with delinquent behavior: family problems, psychopathy, neurotic disorders, traumatic brain injuries. Motives for delinquent behavior include: boredom, pleasure, high social status, risk and thrill, envy. [6].

Addictive behavior is a type of deviant behavior with the formation of a desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one’s mental state by taking certain substances or constantly fixating attention on certain types of activities, which is aimed at developing and maintaining intense emotions. Reasons for this: the example of parents, getting rid of shyness, getting rid of anxiety, a sense of adulthood, biological and social factors. Forms of addictive behavior can be: chemical dependence, eating disorders, gaming addiction, sexual addictions. According to V.D. Mendelevich - the use of alcohol or drugs can be considered as an escape - “into the body”. [6].

Pathocharacterological type of behavior - the pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior is understood as behavior caused by pathological changes in character formed in the process of upbringing. These include so-called personality disorders (psychopathy) and obvious, pronounced accentuations of character. Causes of psychopathy: birth trauma, central nervous system disease, traumatic brain injury and educational deficiencies. [6].

The psychopathological type of deviant behavior is based on psychopathological symptoms and syndromes that are manifestations of certain mental illnesses. The patient may exhibit deviant behavior due to perceptual disturbances such as hallucinations or illusions (for example, covering one's ears or listening to something). [6].

Hyperabilities - a type of deviant behavior based on hyperabilities - involve ignoring reality. A person exists in reality (“here and now”) and at the same time lives, as it were, in his own reality. For example, he may not know how to use household appliances. His entire interest is focused on activities related to his extraordinary abilities (musical, mathematical). Currently, much attention is paid to suicidal behavior in minors; such behavior is considered deviant and problematic.

Suicidal behavior is conscious actions guided by ideas about taking one’s own life. Actions include suicide attempt and completed suicide. Types of suicides: 1. true suicide - desire to die (not spontaneously), depressed mood, depressive state; 2. demonstrative suicide - not associated with the desire to die, a way to draw attention to oneself; 3. hidden suicide - behavior aimed at risk, at playing with death, rather than at the end of their life. Causes of suicide: biological factors, illness (alcoholism increases the risk of suicide), social factors (which lead to depression and loss of meaning in life). [6]. In 52% of adolescents, most of the problems are temporary, but in some they can become permanent. But more than 50% of teenagers fantasize about this. If this is not an impulsive suicide or someone’s predicted influence, then a complex behavior often occurs, mainly demonstrative suicide.

The phenomenon of deviant behavior must be combated and preventive work carried out to eliminate negative behavior. Prevention of deviant behavior is a set of measures aimed at preventing it. When providing psychological assistance to adolescents with deviant behavior, it is recommended to use the following methods and techniques: [1].

1. Informing - raising awareness of the issues being discussed.

2. Metaphor - the essence is the use of analogies-images, fairy tales, proverbs. Metaphor has an indirect influence on a person’s attitudes and opinions.

3. Establishing logical relationships - establishing a sequence of events.

4. Persuasion - use of arguments, conversation.

5. Reception - evaluate the action

6. Reception is my ideal

7. Reception - exchange of roles

Thus, we can conclude that deviant behavior is defined by most researchers as deviant behavior. The growth of child crime, the development of alcoholism and drug addiction, changes in the sphere of social interests are problems that have accumulated in our society and require elimination. The causes of deviance are laid down in childhood, and a stable position develops and persists in adolescence. Any factor influencing a child gives impetus to such behavior in the future.

I would like to emphasize that the family is the standard for its child, the very first social institution that educates and gives knowledge. Family education is a purposeful, conscious process of forming qualities. Looking at their parents, children begin to imitate their manners and actions.

Parents who do not have social and normative competence, who do not comply with norms and rules, then their children become a reflection of themselves. But, we can make an exception that not all children growing up in such asocial families become delinquents or have a tendency to deviate.

If a child has a model for imitation of a completely adequate person who follows norms and rules, then the child has the opportunity to learn everything good from him. The biggest reason leading to deviance is loneliness. When parents, due to their busyness, or for some other reason, do not find time to find out how their child is doing, discuss important life issues, or simply spend time together, then destruction occurs in the sphere of intimacy.

It is very important that parents influence the child on the good side, help in the smooth course of “acute” crises, understand, love, and be a friend and role model for the teenager. To survive this crisis, you need to show interest in the child’s hobbies, encouragement and support, talk, spend time, discuss various issues, consult with your child, do not compare with other children, do not use an authoritarian parenting style, but use a democratic style of interaction. Then there will be fewer minors with deviant behavior in our society.

Bibliography:

1. Ambrumova A.G. Diagnosis and prevention of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents with depressive disorders [Text]: textbook. aid for students Art. ped. textbook establishments /A.G. Abrumova - M.: Publishing House, 2009. - 220 p.

2. Arefiev A.L. Deviant phenomena among students [Text]: textbook. aid for students Art. ped. textbook establishments / A.L. Arefiev, - M.: Publishing House, 2005. - 127 p.

3. Bytko Yu.I. Deviant behavior of adolescents [Text]: textbook. aid for students Art. ped. textbook establishments / Yu.I. Bytko, - M.: MSU, 2006. - 135 p.

4. Berezin, V.F. Mental adaptation and anxiety / V.F. Berezin // Mental states / Comp. and general editing by L. V. Kulikov. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. – 512 s.

5. Bobneva, M.I. Social norms and regulation of behavior / M.I. Bobneva. – M.: Nauka, 1987. – 309 p.

6. Mendelevich V. D. Psychology of deviant behavior. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2005. - 445 p.

7. Raising a difficult child: Children with deviant behavior: Educational and methodological manual / Ed. M.I. Rozhkova. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2001. – 240 p.

8. Gilinsky, Ya. Sociology of deviant behavior / Ya. Gilinsky. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. – pp. 12–27.

9. Deviant behavior Electronic resource] / Ed. O.Yu. Salkovskaya - Electron. Dan. – M.: Reference and information Internet portal deviant behavior of adolescents 2014, . – Access mode: https://nsportal.ru/shkola/rabota-s-roditelyami/library/2014/02/26/deviantnoe-povedenie-podrostkov

10. Dmitrieva N.Yu. Crises of adolescence, education of teenagers [Text]: / N.Yu. Dmitrieva, - M.: “Phoenix”, 2020.-157 p.

https://rcdo.kz/news/561-publikaciya-materiala-na-sayte.html

Causes of deviations

Domestic psychologist and sociologist Igor Semenovich Kon identified among the leading causes of deviations in children and adolescents:

• teenager's problems at school;
• mental trauma;
• negative influence of the group on an unformed personality;
• decreased self-esteem and low personal self-esteem.

Thus, the following factors and reasons can provoke deviant behavior in children and adolescents:

• instability of the psyche, weakness of processes;
• high or low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence, excessive demands on oneself (including from parents and teachers);
• problems in communication, problems with socialization among peers;
• craving for imitation, dependence on external opinion;
• primary deviations (many forms of deviant behavior arise against the background of existing ones);
• pathological lesions of the brain in ontogenesis (injuries, diseases, congenital anomalies);
• inclusion in youth subcultures;
• family dysfunction, parental addictions, burdened heredity;
• superimposition of the reaction of emancipation on the reaction of grouping with peers;
• low level of culture of parents and low standard of living of the family.

In recent decades, the level of physical, moral and spiritual health of children has begun to decline sharply. As a result, problems often appear in the development of children, which are expressed in deviations (deviations) from generally accepted social age expectations.

FORMS OF PREVENTION OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS article on the topic

Beketova E.S., social teacher

MAOU "Secondary School No. 33 with in-depth study

individual items"

Stary Oskol

FORMS OF PREVENTION OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

CHILDREN AND TEENS

In recent years, crime, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, and antisocial behavior have increased significantly among teenagers in Russia. Adolescent children are increasingly responding with deviant behavior to the challenges of the world around them, which contains a lot of cruelty, violence, aggression, hostility, and individualism.

In conditions of radical changes covering all aspects of society, along with positive transformations that stimulate the improvement of many areas of human activity, a number of negative trends are also intensifying: socio-economic instability, unemployment, a drop in the standard of living of many people, social and psychological disorientation and disadaptation, sharp a decrease in the demand for universal moral and spiritual values, a difficult criminal situation, a weakening of the activities of social institutions designed to deal with education, etc. The current socio-cultural situation causes the growth of such unfavorable phenomena as alcoholism and drug addiction, moral degradation, rejuvenation of crime, etc. Those most sensitive to social and psychological cataclysms are precisely adolescence. It is at this age that there is a sharp increase in such behavioral characteristics as aggressiveness, indiscipline, conflict, and inability to control oneself, in which the origins of teenage delinquency and crime often lie.

The relationship of teachers with difficult teenagers often comes down to prohibitive, even punitive measures of influence, which not only do not eliminate the causes of deviant behavior, but, on the contrary, contribute to the development of affective states in adolescents, leading to socially negative behavioral acts and forms of behavior. There are cases of teenagers arbitrarily stopping attending school, expelling them for gross and repeated violations of the charter of a general education institution, committing illegal actions, etc. When entering into independent labor and other relationships with weak, incomplete general education preparation, teenagers may encounter insurmountable difficulties that give rise to new ones. and new problems. As a natural result of this development of events, there is an intensive increase in the number of pedagogically neglected students. Children increasingly respond with deviant behavior to the challenges of the world around them, which contains a lot of cruelty, violence, aggression, hostility, and individualism.

The concept of “deviant behavior” is quite widely used in sociological, criminological, psychological and pedagogical literature along with a number of analogues: behavior “deviant”, “pathological”, “asocial”, “delinquent”, etc. However, some scientists consider these terms to be synonymous , others put different meanings into them. This circumstance requires clarification of the terminology and content of the above concepts. Based on an analysis of existing concepts, we understand the phenomenon of deviant behavior as a system of actions or individual actions of a mentally healthy individual that do not correspond to or contradict the norms and rules existing in a given society at a certain stage of its development. The relevance of the problem of preventing deviant behavior of schoolchildren is determined by the contradiction between pedagogical corrections - its content, forms, methods and the essence of the psychological mechanisms of deviant behavior.

The above circumstances allow us to consider the study of the relationship between deviant behavior and the educational conditions of a teenager in a modern comprehensive school as an urgent and significant problem. Deviant behavior is one of the types of deviant behavior associated with a violation of age-appropriate social norms and rules of behavior characteristic of microsocial relationships (family, school) and small age-sex social groups.

Typical manifestations of deviant behavior are situationally determined children's and adolescent behavioral reactions, such as demonstration, aggression, challenge, unauthorized and systematic deviation from school or work; systematic leaving home and vagrancy, drunkenness and alcoholism in children and adolescents; early drug addiction and associated antisocial actions; antisocial acts of a sexual nature; suicide attempts.

Deviant behavior by its nature is a complex social and psychological phenomenon. Accordingly, measures to prevent and correct deviant behavior of minors should be economic, ideological, social, psychological and pedagogical, carried out by the state and society as a whole, and solved as a set of educational tasks that take into account the psychological mechanisms of its origin, manifestation and correction. Among the social institutions involved in the correction of deviant behavior of children and adolescents, the leading place is occupied by the general education school.

The increasing relevance of prevention and correction of deviant behavior of adolescents becomes especially obvious due to the fact that the tense, unstable social, economic, environmental, and ideological situation that has developed in modern society exacerbates the possibility of various deviations in the personal development and behavior of schoolchildren. Among deviations in the behavior of adolescents, psychologists, sociologists, teachers and parents are especially concerned about not only the progressive alienation, increased anxiety, and spiritual emptiness of children, but also the increasing cynicism, cruelty, and aggressiveness that begin with the undisciplined behavior of yesterday, a seemingly obedient schoolboy. .

In preventive work, it is important to identify and study the totality of all the reasons, incentives, circumstances and actions of an individual or social groups that make up the obvious or hidden mechanisms of their behavior that does not correspond to accepted norms or rules in society. Preventive measures are important in all areas of people’s lives. What are the features of preventing deviant behavior of minors? Prevention, study of the mechanisms of formation of maternal and paternal behavior, type of family and upbringing, study and correction of violations of maternal-child relationships, which cause a decrease in the child’s emotional well-being and deviations.

age.

Observations show that the use of various forms of research on the prevention of deviant behavior of children and adolescents in the educational process allows students to more successfully adapt to the educational and social space, reveal their creative abilities, and the teacher to effectively prevent antisocial behavior.

A significant place in the work of our school is occupied by educational and preventive activities with children and adolescents. The main burden of working with “difficult” children and adolescents, as well as dysfunctional families, rests with the “Prevention Council”.

Its tasks are:

1.development and implementation of a set of measures to prevent crime, homelessness, drug addiction, substance abuse, smoking and alcoholism among school students.

2. explanation of the existing legislation of the Russian Federation, the rights and responsibilities of parents.

3.carrying out individual educational work with adolescents with deviant behavior.

4.conducting educational activities on this issue.

5.organization of work with socially dangerous, dysfunctional families, protection of the rights of children from this category of families.

6.protection of the rights and representation of the interests of the child in various conflict situations involving both individuals and legal entities (within the framework of the UN International Convention on the Rights of the Child).

The goal of all work is to prevent deviant behavior of schoolchildren: absenteeism for unexcused reasons, failure to complete homework, as well as control over extracurricular activities of adolescents, involving them in groups, clubs, project activities and extracurricular activities of the school.

As part of achieving this goal, the school “Prevention Council” holds meetings where issues on problematic situations are resolved (absences for unexcused reasons, dishonest attitude towards homework, behavior during lessons and breaks, etc.). Class teachers and the ODN inspector are also invited to the “Council”.

Each class has social cards for students.

At the beginning of the year, work is carried out to collect information about disadvantaged families.

Individual educational and preventive work is carried out with these students:

— individual consultations with a social teacher, school

psychologist;

- monitoring progress and attendance

students who are registered within the school (attending classes for the purpose of

observations of educational activity, behavior);

— consultations for teachers and teenagers themselves;

- conversations with parents of students.

Class teachers fill out individual cards, which include information about students’ interests, attitude to learning, relationships with parents, and free time activities. Subject teachers also provide additional instruction to these students.

Students who are registered at school are assessed for their level of education, in which class teachers and a social teacher assess the level of curiosity, humanity, hard work, and determination.

All registered students are involved in various clubs and sections of the school.

In order to prevent bad habits, documentary videos about the consequences of drug addiction are shown.

Class teachers spend class hours devoted to the pressing problem of preventing drug addiction, smoking, alcoholism and other bad habits among teenagers. They teach high school students how to lead a healthy lifestyle in an accessible and fun way, reinforcing the lessons with examples from historical and modern legal documents.

Prevention of computer addiction is also carried out at school, since excessive passion for the computer can have negative consequences for both physical and mental health. A survey “Computer addiction” is being conducted.

Family dysfunction is a complex of reasons of a different nature associated with a violation of the educational function of the family, causing deformation of the child’s personality and leading to deviant behavior.

Families at risk include:

1. destructive family - autonomy and separation of individual family members, lack of reciprocity in emotional contacts, chronic marital or child-parent conflict;
2. single-parent family;
3. rigid, pseudo-solidary family - unconditional dominance of one of the family members, strict regulation of family life, suppressive type of upbringing;
4. a broken family - one of the parents lives separately, but maintains contacts with the previous family and continues to perform some functions in it, while a strong emotional dependence on him remains.

It is in such families that children are most susceptible to early tobacco use, even starting from 6-7 years old, looking at the negative example of their parents. Therefore, the main tasks of a psychologist in this situation are to provide early diagnosis and protect the child from antisocial influence. The complex of work with families at risk includes screening (observation), diagnosis and correction of family behavior.

If there is an urgent need, the school psychologist can include in the work of guardianship officials, medical workers, and a specialist from the department for minors’ affairs and the protection of their rights.

The main method of work is family counseling, during which behavior is corrected and modeled in which the child will develop in a healthy emotional atmosphere. Parents are explained in detail the current situation, the possible consequences of not eliminating the problem, and work is carried out to prevent the “cold mother” or “cold father” syndrome. The most effective forms of work are joint art therapy activities (bibliotherapy, fairy tale therapy, mask therapy, drama therapy, working with clay, sand therapy, music therapy, color therapy, photo and video therapy, origami, play therapy, isotherapy, art synthesis therapy) and social design (my home, I and environment, our family, etc.). Work is carried out only with those methods that do not cause aggression and a feeling of inferiority in a particular family. In the process of joint play activity, a child and an adult experience a therapeutic effect. It is necessary to provide constant monitoring and support to such families, to instill trust and create an information need in the field of prevention. Work to support such families continues until the child graduates from school.

Thus, the main task of the school in matters of prevention is to arouse in parents the need for self-education and conducting preventive activities within the family. The main methods of work are joint activities of a child and an adult, therapy, and trainings. It is important to create a trusting and emotionally rich atmosphere, to be an assistant for children and parents, to be there in difficult times and to provide a school-wide preventive environment protected from tobacco smoke

One of the main tasks of preventing deviant behavior is the timely detection of changes in students’ behavior.

The activities of a social teacher should be aimed at normalizing the environmental conditions of children and adolescents, identifying their intrapersonal contradictions, taking into account all the factors and prerequisites leading to deviant behavior.

Bibliography

1. 1. Social pedagogy. Uch. allowance. Course of lectures / ed. M.A. Galaguzova / M., 2000.

1. 2. Shneider L. B. Family and the sources of deviant behavior in children and adolescents. Deviant behavior of children and adolescents. 2005.

1. 3. Deviant behavior of adolescents as a problem of social work // Divitsina N. F. Social work with disadvantaged children and adolescents. Lecture notes. – Rostov-on-Don, 2005.

4. O.G. Filatova “Sociology. Lecture notes,” ed. Mikhailova St. Petersburg, 2003.

1. 5. F.A. Mustaeva “Fundamentals of social pedagogy”, Acad. Project, M., 2001. “Behavioral disorders in auxiliary school students,”

1. 6. L.M. Shipitsina, E.S. Ivanov, Colleague Elisir Wells, UK, 1992. “Psychology of a dysfunctional family”,

1. 7. V.M. Tseluiko, “Vlados”, M., 2004. Remshmidt H. Adolescence and adolescence - problems of personality development - M, 1994 - P 146.

Specifics of teenage deviations

According to L.A. Rasudova, adolescent deviations may be associated with an insufficiently developed decentration mechanism (the ability to accept one’s social role and the roles of other people). Cognitive empathy and communicative interaction are directly related to this mechanism.

A. S. Gorbunova writes in her work that when identifying the causes and characteristics of deviations in adolescents, it is necessary to pay attention to the accentuation of the teenager’s personality. That is, those traits of his character that manifest themselves at the extreme limit of the norm and can, under certain conditions, develop into deviations. You can read more about teenage accentuations in my article “Character Accentuations in Adolescence.”

Teenagers with accentuations constitute a high-risk group. Knowing the type of accentuations, we can predict how this teenager will develop, as well as what conditions will contribute to the development or, conversely, extinction of these accentuations.

As a rule, deviations based on accentuations are solved by changing the situation. But with such deviations, it is important to take into account behavioral reactions, both characteristic of all ages and purely adolescent ones:

• emancipation;
• grouping with peers;
• enthusiasm;
• reactions based on the formation of sexual desire.

Which families are more likely to produce deviant children?

There is no clear dependence of deviations on the child’s family, that is, deviant children are found in both complete and incomplete families, prosperous and dysfunctional. However, experts have identified several typical families that contribute to the formation of deviant behavior in a child:

1. Families where parents suffer from mental disorders or addictions.
2. Asocial families.
3. Families where one of its members is seriously ill.
4. Families in which there is a phenomenon of child suppression, violence (psychological, physical), deprivation (deprivation of parental attention, love, failure to fulfill parental household responsibilities).
5. Families where one or both parents did not want the child, which results in dislike for him.
6. Families with increased severity, control, despotic or authoritarian parenting style.
7. Families with excessive indulgence of the child, excessive guardianship.
8. Families where parents do not respect each other; there are quarrels, scandals, violence.

Prevention and correction of deviant behavior

Prevention of deviant behavior – a number of comprehensive measures to:

• improving the social situation of the child’s development;
• identifying and eliminating negative factors;
• creating conditions for successful personal development.

All researchers agree that prevention should be extensive and varied. However, opinions differ on what to pay more attention to. I dare to suggest that this is due to the impossibility of considering the phenomenon of deviations in a general form. It is necessary to evaluate the picture holistically and plan work based on the specific situation and opportunities.

Nevertheless, I bring to your attention several options for preventive and corrective work:

1. A. S. Gorbunov believes that the most important stage in preventive work is identifying the type of accentuations of children and adolescents. Teenagers with obvious accentuations have an increased risk of becoming deviants. They are more susceptible to external influence, negative environment and mental trauma. Under certain factors affecting a teenager’s “weak” point, accentuations can develop into deviations. In addition, the author writes that a certain type of character can lead to deviation. Some accentuations require special attention. This approach to preventive work is quite new.
2. L. B. Dzerzhinskaya proposes to correct and prevent deviations with the help of a summer defense sports recreation camp. The main goal of the work is to create conditions suitable for changing the child’s life values, attitudes and principles, as well as his active development and inclusion in positive social life.
3. E.V. Levus suggests identifying deviant tendencies in adolescents at an early stage. The author recommends conducting mass tests, which the teenager himself will answer. This is one of the ways of prevention. Such a test will help to quickly and effectively identify tendencies towards a specific deviation.

Taken together, prevention involves eliminating the causes of deviation and potential negative factors, reducing crime in children and adolescents (including protecting children from the influence of adults), and comprehensive development of the child’s personality to achieve successful socialization.

Thus, the main way to prevent deviations can be considered organizing children’s leisure time. Most often, teenagers are left to their own devices and often they come up with asocial activities for themselves. Therefore, it is very important to arrange for your child to participate in hobby groups, electives, and sections. The state’s task is to make leisure accessible, since some parents simply do not have the opportunity to pay fees.

However, it is not so important to organize such events as to involve a teenager in them and interest them. To do this, you need to study your child, find out his abilities and interests. As a rule, basic tests are carried out within the walls of the school. That is, you can simply talk to a school psychologist and get advice about where your child will be more interesting and comfortable.

Subculture as a means of combating deviations

As part of the leisure concept, I would like to propose a non-standard way of preventing and correcting deviant behavior: participation in youth subcultures. They attract children and teenagers:

• its spontaneity, informality;
• freedom of thought, behavior and creativity;
• the presence of like-minded people and their support.

Within the subculture, it is easier for children and adolescents to realize their potential and find like-minded people and support.

That is, in informal groups, children and adolescents satisfy those personal needs that remain unresolved in formal (standard) social relationships (study, family). Often subcultures become a factor in the formation of deviant behavior, but this can also be used in the opposite direction.

There are subcultures that stimulate positive deviant behavior. These include prosocial subcultures (for example, “greens” and straight-edgers).

• Straightegers promote a healthy lifestyle and oppose any discrimination and violations of rights.
• When done correctly, the hacker subculture can also have a positive direction: for example, not hacking and acquiring other people’s contacts, but developing new useful and relevant programs.
• The subculture of graffiti artists can prepare famous artists in the future.

Creative subcultures often include people with positive deviations (artists, poets, inventors, musicians, researchers). This has the potential to positively impact and develop society.

Psychotherapy

Another more private and individual way of correcting deviant behavior is psychotherapy, that is, influencing a person’s consciousness. During the conversation, it is important to get answers to a number of questions:

1. How does a teenager (child) consider himself?
2. How does he want to be in the eyes of other people?
3. How do others view him (how does he think)?
4. What is he like?
5. How does deviant behavior harm him?

Further work is based on an individual plan.

Often individual therapy is not enough, then family psychotherapy is necessary. The work is based on the following plan:

1. Identification of the type of family upbringing, determination of intrafamily relationships and the dependence of the child’s deviations on family problems.
2. Communicating to each side the specifics of the claims and personal characteristics (motives, interests, age specifics) of the participants.
3. Restructuring relationships within the family according to a new type.

In psychotherapeutic work with deviant children and adolescents, one must adhere to the following methods:

• persuasion and self-persuasion;
• stimulation and motivation;
• suggestion and self-hypnosis;
• requirement and exercise;
• correction and self-correction;
• educational situations;
• dilemmas and reflection.

However, it is important to remember that there cannot be just one scheme. It is necessary to select methods and organize work individually for each child, taking into account his characteristics, abilities and capabilities. In addition, it is necessary to take into account psychological and pedagogical age characteristics.

Forms of manifestation of deviant behavior

Unfortunately, teenagers do not realize the severity of the consequences that deviant behavior can entail. Therefore, it is important for parents or teachers to intervene in time and correct the teenager’s behavior.

Teenagers with deviant behavior differ depending on the forms of its manifestation. Let's look at the most common forms of deviant behavior and the consequences they entail.

1. Hyperkinetic disorder – forms low self-esteem in a teenager. In this case, the child has problems with self-discipline and strong-willed qualities. Such children are not able to force themselves to make mental efforts, and when faced with difficulties that are insurmountable for them, they do not complete a single task.
2. Unsocialized disorder manifests itself in problematic relationships with all surrounding people. The child becomes uncontrollable and prone to destruction. The teenager tries to harm those who provoked aggression - he can fight, damage property, and insult with words. The problem with correcting this type of disorder is that the child has absolutely no contact and does not recognize any authorities. This form of disorder may be limited to the manifestation of deviant behavior within the family, or it may spread to society and the adolescent’s environment as a whole.
3. Socialization disorder manifests itself in the form of unacceptable actions in relationships with other people. Such children tend to get along well with their peers and the small informal groups they belong to. But they allow such actions as lying, stealing, running away from home, and abandoning their studies. Such teenagers are easily amenable to behavioral correction, but have huge problems as a result of their unlawful actions. It is this form of the disorder that is often associated with serious crimes, drug or alcohol addiction.
4. Sexual deviation - manifests itself in sexual promiscuity, multiple sexual contacts, and sometimes even in the idea of ​​teenage prostitution. Social circle and acute feelings of guilt, together with emotional immaturity in such adolescents, can lead to drug use and suicide.

Specifics of childhood

Children are characterized by:

• activity;
• purposefulness (sometimes manifested in the form of stubbornness);
• desire to imitate;
• craving for a peer group (“to be like everyone else”);
• sense of responsibility and duty;
• frankness (openness);
• passion;
• emotionality;
• desire for recognition among peers and adults;
• feeling of empathy.

Self-esteem begins to develop (depending on the assessment of an adult), reflection, and the desire to work independently from an adult, but in a team.

It is worth noting that each personal quality has an opposite characteristic, therefore, for certain reasons (pedagogical neglect, unfavorable social environment), children can be irresponsible, weak-willed, embittered, and so on.

The leading type of activity is educational. The social situation of development is communication with the team and communication with adults (parents and teacher). The child's relationship with the teacher (who is a reflection of society) serves as the basis for the child's relationship with parents and peers.

The main task of age (contradiction) is the transfer of moral (that is, abstract) social norms and values ​​into personal ones. This happens due to actively developing verbal and logical thinking. As a rule, in any activity, children are not interested in the result, but in the process itself.

This is also a period of active development of self-awareness, imagination and memory. All actions of a child at this age are conscious and voluntary. Younger schoolchildren focus on the present and only a little on the near future (for example, they look at teenagers with envy and the desire to become the same).

Deviant behavior in preschool children

Svetlana Martyanova

Deviant behavior in preschool children

Deviant behavior in preschool children

The changes taking place in modern society contribute to the emergence of many problems associated with raising children . Unfortunately, every year the number of preschoolers whose aggressive and conflictual actions are surprising at best is growing. Unacceptable antisocial actions, lack of interest in learning, inability to communicate in a group of children - all these are signs of a “difficult” child.

child with
deviant behavior .
What is deviance ?

Deviance is a deviation from the norm. When this term is used to describe a child’s behavior , it means that his actions do not fit into the generally accepted framework and go beyond established norms.

Each scientific discipline defines the concept of deviant behavior :

1. In social sciences, deviance is some social phenomena that pose a threat to the social and physical survival of a person in the immediate environment, a certain social environment. These phenomena disrupt the process of assimilation and reproduction of norms and values, and become an obstacle to self-development and self-realization in society.

2. In medicine, deviant behavior is considered from the point of view of neuropsychic health.

3. In psychology, deviant behavior in children is determined by an erroneous antisocial pattern of resolving conflict situations and complete ignorance of true reality, which leads to violation of accepted norms or harm to others and oneself.

Causes of abnormal child behavior

The reasons that cause deviations in a child’s behavior are so diverse and complex that it is almost impossible to single out one decisive one in each specific case. Most often, the background to deviant behavior is a complex of problems: social and biological factors, features of the child’s physiological and mental development, and the specifics of the environment.

Medical and biological reasons

This group of reasons is divided into three main subgroups:

• congenital;

• hereditary;

• acquired reasons.

Congenital causes are caused by intrauterine damage to the fetus during pregnancy. This may be: toxicosis, the consequences of drug intoxication, somatic and chronic infectious diseases of the expectant mother (especially at the beginning of pregnancy, her poor nutrition and unhealthy lifestyle (drinking alcohol or drugs, smoking)

.

Congenital causes influence the maturation of the nervous system, thereby influencing the individual characteristics of the baby and disrupting the mechanisms of voluntary regulation of behavior . As a result, the child’s natural mental development may slow down or change, which will aggravate age-related crises and lead to deviant behavior .

Hereditary causes are caused by damage to the genetic material: gene or chromosomal mutations, metabolic defects that affect the maturation of brain structures. This results in mental development disorders, physical defects, hearing or vision defects, and damage to the nervous system.

Hereditary characteristics explain the main characteristics of the nervous system of a small person, on which temperament, fatigue and ability to work, the child’s sensitivity to the environment, the ability to quickly adapt and establish contacts depend.

Acquired causes arise during the life of the baby. Along with the influence of heredity, the inferiority of the nerve cells of the brain, which is caused by severe illnesses of the child at an early age , and traumatic brain injury, is also of no small importance.

Acquired causes also include somatic and nervous diseases, chronic diseases with repeated relapses. Long-term illnesses often become sources of neuroses, developmental delays, and provoke disobedience and aggression. They contribute to a decrease in the mental ability to master certain activities and interfere with establishing contacts with peers. As a result, the child’s personality and behavior are formed in a pathological manner. And after this it manifests itself in the child’s emotional instability, weakening of his adaptive and protective mechanisms.

Social reasons

First of all, the social causes of deviant behavior in young children and adolescents include a dysfunctional family environment. The concept of “family dysfunction”

includes various negative characteristics: intrafamily relationships, defects in its quantitative, structural and
age-gender composition , connections of household members with various external social institutions (for example, with representatives of a kindergarten)
.

Dysfunctional families, in which conditions are created for an increased risk of deviant behavior in the child , are divided into the following types:

1. Single-parent family, in which only mom or dad (or even grandparents)

. The educational capabilities of such a family are generated by pedagogical, moral, psychological and material factors. The absence of one of the parents is significant, since a child without a mother or father loses a whole world of emotional and moral relationships. But even an incomplete family with limited educational capabilities sometimes brings more benefits to the baby than a complete but defective one.

2. Conflict family, which is characterized by psychological tension in relationships, lack of mutual understanding, differences in views, interests, needs, and attitudes. In such a family, peace is a temporary compromise. Frequent conflicts and psychological tension negatively affect the development of a child’s personality. Pathological marital relationships provoke many deviations in the child’s psyche, which results in especially pronounced forms of deviant behavior .

3. In an asocial family, preference is given to antisocial tendencies and a parasitic lifestyle, and its members often commit illegal actions.

4. In families with an “alcoholic lifestyle”

The main interest is the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Socially positive functions are not provided for in such a family.

5. The difference between a formally prosperous family is that the needs and life goals of its members are scattered, there is no mutual respect. Necessary responsibilities (including raising a child)

are performed formally.

Numerous studies have shown that dysfunctional families are characterized by the following types of inadequate parenting:

• hidden neglect (parents perform their duties purely formally)

;

• condoning neglect (adults do not criticize the baby’s abnormal behavior );

• excessive severity and exactingness towards the baby;

• emotional rejection;

• overprotection and excessive unfounded admiration for the child.

An unfavorable family environment and inadequate methods of education, lack of a common language with parents, inability to establish relationships with others - all this can become a prerequisite for the manifestation of deviant behavior in a preschool child .

Pedagogical reasons

Often, adults who demand discipline from a child and adherence to a culture of behavior stumble upon the preschooler’s “Why?”

. You need to answer in a timely and reasoned manner. If adults could not or did not want to explain to the child the essence of a certain requirement, the result is the formation of a distorted understanding of the child about generally accepted norms. The discrepancy between the statements of adults and the actual violation by them of these statements is a negative example for a child.

Another pedagogical reason is the abuse of prohibitions. If adults exceed restrictive measures, it is quite possible for the child to have a back defensive reaction in the form of abnormal behavior .

When adults do not fully take into account the individual, age and psychological characteristics of the child, the likelihood of errors in assessing his capabilities increases. And this leads to conflicts and abnormal manifestations of behavior .

Psychological reasons

In children of primary preschool age, behavioral deviations are manifested by outbursts of anger. The child can react very violently to the restriction imposed by the parents: squeal, start kicking or suffocate. If parents manage to ignore the whims and demands of the baby, learn to distract him in moments of childish rage, such undesirable manifestations will be overcome.

However, it should be noted that up to 5 years of age, such deviations in the behavior of children are considered within normal limits.

In older preschool age, the child learns what a “struggle of emotions”

.
He understands this as a contradiction between the perception of his “I”
and the assessments of others.
At this age, parenting mistakes can lead to the baby being consumed by his own emotions. And this, in turn, becomes the cause of deviant behavior .
Correction and prevention of deviant behavior in preschool children

The main problems of children with deviant behavior are their inability to control themselves and interact effectively with others. In order to eliminate distortions in the emotional response and existing behavioral , and to rebuild the child’s full-fledged contacts with peers, the following solutions have been identified:

1. Formation of the child’s interest in the people around him and the desire to understand them.

2. Consolidation of communication skills, basic knowledge about the rules of behavior .

3. Developing skills of adequate behavior .

4. Teaching the child to correctly evaluate himself and balance his emotional states.

5. Development of the ability to communicate in various situations through various forms.

Behavior correction methods should be based on organizing activities that are interesting to the child. Since play is the leading activity for preschool children , the following are usually used to develop the communicative and emotional sphere:

• communicative and outdoor games;

• acting out “difficult situations”

;

• rhythmic games with words;

• playing music and dancing;

• reading and discussing fairy tales.

The last point deserves special attention. After all, fairy tales are very closely related to games, and therefore fairy tale therapy is one of the areas in the correction and prevention of deviant behavior in preschool children . Fairy tales help children form the concept of “good”

and
“evil”
, reveal their creative potential, teach them to correctly evaluate the actions of both their own and those of others.

For a preschool , a fairy tale has an extraordinary attractive power. She allows him to freely fantasize and dream. At the same time, a fairy tale for a child is not only fantasy and fiction, but also a special reality that expands the boundaries of everyday life. In a fairy tale, you can encounter complex feelings and phenomena, and comprehend the adult world of experiences in a form accessible to children’s understanding.

In addition, young children have a highly developed identification mechanism. In other words, the baby easily unites himself with a fairy-tale character, most often choosing a positive hero. The reason for this is not that the baby understands the full depth of human relationships. It’s just that if you compare the hero with other characters, the position of the hero attracts the baby more. Thanks to this, the child learns moral values ​​and norms.

In addition to games and corrective activities, a child with deviant behavior needs a solid daily routine, proper nutrition, and control over the programs and films watched on TV. And parents need to be patient and understanding, and learn self-control.

Today's life is characterized by a revaluation of established values. And first of all, this concerns human relationships. Many pedagogical principles have been recognized as irrelevant, and new ones have not yet been fully formed. Some adults have an insufficient level of psychological and pedagogical culture, and children constantly become objects of not always successful teaching experiments. Ultimately, all this can lead to a wide variety of forms of deviant behavior in young children and , subsequently, adolescents.

Specifics of adolescence

Teenage children have their own characteristics. First of all, this is a marginal position (the transition from childhood to adulthood), the assimilation of new social roles, dependent or semi-dependent status, and the formation of values.

Among the characteristics of behavior and mentality:

• thirst for activity;
• ambition;
• a specific understanding of oneself and the world (contradictory and dual attitudes);
• interconnectedness, shared activity and group self-reflexivity;
• group consciousness;
• maximalism;
• demonstration of courage and originality;
• striving for the ideal;
• development of personal reflection;
• receptivity to any information and any volume of it;
• critical thinking;
• search for alternative options and your position;
• formation of subjective reality;
• plurality of social choices.

The leading activity of adolescence is interpersonal communication with peers. However, L.I. Feldshtein called socially useful activities the leading one. And communication with peers, according to the author, became the main thing when it was impossible to implement the first activity.

At this age, there is a conflict between the theory of a teenager (active value-creative activity) and the practice of the previous age (incomplete inclusion in society).

The instability and inconsistency of youth consciousness influence many forms of behavior and activity of the individual. Need I say that it is not easy to avoid deviations only against the background of natural age-related changes? All features of age can be called personal factors of deviant behavior. And if more negative external factors join in...

Causes of deviant behavior in adolescents

Deviant behavior can manifest itself in adolescents of different genders, from different families and with completely different hobbies. But, nevertheless, there are reasons that shape such behavior, as well as features of the environment in which a teenager is raised. Let's consider the factors of deviant behavior.

1. Low self-esteem.

Most often, low self-esteem and lack of self-respect are observed in children in whose families it is not customary to treat the child with respect. The parents of such children themselves unconsciously lower the child’s self-esteem, not respecting him and not taking into account his opinions and feelings.

In this case, deviant behavior can manifest itself in a teenager as an attempt to assert himself, as a way to begin to respect himself.

1. Emotional instability.

Everyone knows that adolescence is associated with strong changes in hormonal levels, resulting in emotional instability.

This condition often pushes teenagers to take various risky actions.

1. Not a socialized person.

By adolescence, a child, as a rule, already has a sufficient set of skills for interacting in society. The teenager already easily and naturally communicates with peers, builds relationships, and at different levels.

But sometimes it happens that children are isolated from society, they remain unsocialized individuals. This is sometimes the cause of deviant behavior.

1. Authoritarian position of parents.

Any teenager strives for self-affirmation, because his personality develops very actively. Adolescence is a period of rebellion, and the authoritarian, rigid position of parents contradicts the needs of the child.

As a result of this attitude and total control on the part of parents, teenagers fall under the influence of the street, where they are accepted for who they are, which often ends in manifestations of deviant behavior.

1. Insufficient employment.

Very often, children left without the supervision of parents who are forced to work a lot, do stupid things just out of boredom.

Teenagers are distinguished by their passion and enormous energy potential, and if parents do not direct all this in the right direction, then the children themselves will find a use for their strengths, and not always useful.

1. Difficult atmosphere in the family.

It's no secret that the psycho-emotional health of children directly depends on the psychological climate in the family. Difficult relationships between parents, constant scandals and a tense environment lead to the fact that the child feels uncomfortable in his home. All this provokes the manifestation of deviant behavior.