Gender stereotypes
A gender stereotype is an emotionally charged and simplified image of a woman and a man.
There are three groups of stereotypes. The first is related to the consolidation of professional and family roles. The second is with femininity and masculinity. And the third stereotypical group is associated with differences (gender) in labor content.
Men and women are always assigned a specific style of behavior. “Feminine” is considered sinful, corporeal, negative, childbearing, sensual, secondary. “Masculine” is compared with something positive, cultural, dominant, dominant.
As for work activity, stereotypes have established their own rules there too. A man is closer to leadership and creative work. For women – service work (activities of an expressive nature).
Let's touch on male and female family roles. There is an opinion that a man should not (be that as it may) be completely involved in family affairs, since this is a woman’s responsibility.
Gender is in simple terms. What is gender
Despite the apparent similarity, the concepts of “gender” and “sex” are different. Biological sex, female or male, is an innate quality of an individual. A gender characteristic is acquired during life under the influence of certain factors.
difference between the concepts of gender and sex
Until a certain time, it was believed that gender is immutable and independent of the will of the individual. however, the presence of certain genital organs in a newborn child does not mean that he is definitely a boy or a girl. for example, when examining female athletes, along with the obvious female characteristics of the body, the chromosome set is taken into account, since sometimes male hormones coexist with the female genital organs. this gives female athletes an advantage in competition.
Nowadays, with the help of modern medicine, gender can be changed.
Gender, in contrast to sex, is social, public, acquired as a result of upbringing. People are greatly influenced by the cultural unconscious of their environment. Since gender is a social phenomenon, it undergoes changes simultaneously with the development of society and culture. For example, back in the 19th century it was believed that a man must wear short hair and trousers, and a woman must wear long hair and a dress. Nowadays, these things are not considered a sign of gender.
the meaning of the concept “gender stereotype”
a gender characteristic attributed to women and men is tenacious in the mass consciousness. in an undeveloped society, it puts pressure on individuals, imposing certain forms of social behavior. for example, it is believed that a man is a “breadwinner”; he must earn more than his wife. It is also believed that a man should be aggressive, assertive, engage in “male” professions, make a career at work, enjoy fishing and sports. a woman should be emotional and soft, compliant and flexible. she is “prescribed” to get married, have children, engage in “female” professions, and she must devote most of her time to her family.
Gender stereotypes may differ in different societies. For example, in Spain the ability to cook is a sign of a real macho, while among the Slavs it is a purely feminine activity.
Such stereotypes create gender issues for some. That is, a husband who is on maternity leave to care for a newborn, a wife who feeds her family, a man who is interested in embroidery, a woman who is pursuing a career instead of marriage - all of them are subject to social condemnation for behavior that is inappropriate for their gender. Thus, gender is a social stereotype, which also leads to gender discrimination, since leadership roles in society are often assigned to men. Many developed countries are pursuing a special gender policy: the state is trying to hear the problems of its citizens and eliminate inequality based on gender. For these purposes, a code of laws is being created leading to the formation of a society that is equal for all people.
Gender differences between men and women
Brain
It has long been no secret that, thanks to brain differences in the brain, men and women are noticeably different.
Women often “play” with hints and often do not understand why men ask to talk about everything in detail and clearly. The fact is that the male half of humanity has a better developed right hemisphere. This dominance suggests that they are accustomed to taking all words literally and not looking for hidden meaning in them.
But the male brain is three hundred and twenty grams heavier than the female. Men are proud of this fact.
The degree of mental talent in women is three and a half percent higher than in men (despite the fact that the average intelligence score (120) is the same for both men and women).
Communication
Differences in communication are visible from an early age. Girls are always more talkative than their peers - boys. In general, women are twice as sociable as men.
Conduct an experiment and you will understand that this is indeed the case.
Women even speak out their own thoughts. They always want to speak out. The men think silently.
Males, mostly, talk with friends solely on business or in order to keep a “beer” company.
Women never get tired of communication. They always find a reason for it. And if the ladies are silent for a long time, then something has happened to them.
Behavior
Men cry, but only when they get drunk in those moments when they are sure that no one sees their condition.
Women often speak out about their experiences, plans and ideas. Men have to “pull their tongues” in order to find out from them at least some details of this or that matter (case, plan, etc.).
Conflict resolution
It has been established that women cope with emotional problems more easily than with family conflicts.
During the height of the conflict, men are focused on the very subject that caused the quarrel. Women remember all their past mistakes and sins. They are more focused on other people's opinions. What explains this behavior? High degree of conformity.
Health
Rewatch the old cartoon about Carlson. He has this phrase: “I am the sickest person in the world!” It was not said in vain, since it very well (accurately) characterizes the bulk of men.
Women have their own history. They try not to whine, not to talk about illnesses and poor health. They do everything to appear stronger than they are in men's eyes.
Women often trust self-medication, folk remedies and techniques. Men choose clinics and hospital corridors because they are confident that they have chosen the safest route.
Men get sick more often than women. That’s why they are used to being looked after. If they are not given due attention, then they begin to be indignant, make trouble, scream and get nervous. Such elements of behavior aggravate diseases that occur in men.
Habit
Women can give up all habits if necessary. It is much more difficult for men to part with what they are used to. Sometimes they make excuses like: “I’m used to it, sorry!” Women expect changes from men, but more often than not they do not wait for them.
The habit of eating is a male habit. Men rarely understand those women who “turn on” willpower and adhere to all sorts of dietary requirements.
Hobbies, interests
Sports, gambling, cars, motorcycles are considered purely male hobbies. Embroidery, dancing, and cooking are considered women's hobbies. The modern world has made the boundaries of hobbies “erased.” After all, there are men who really love to cook. By the way, it has been proven that men are the best cooks!
Love
A man is less likely to confess his love, putting the deepest sincerity into his words. He is built differently from a woman. Males have romantic impulses, but men are not able to constantly stay in a romantic atmosphere.
Women refuse to understand this because they adore flowers, sweets, beautiful music, surprises, and unexpected gifts.
Sex
Many men are in no hurry to tie the knot because they are afraid that their “halves” will quickly lose all their sexuality.
Women are in a hurry to get married because they are overcome by the fear of loneliness and “uselessness.” In order to become the wife of a loved one, they fulfill all male sexual whims and whims, often imitating an orgasm.
You may be surprised now, but the fact remains: a man perceives sexual acts (relationships) as an opportunity for self-affirmation and self-actualization.
For women, sex is a confirmation of deep feelings. For men – satisfaction of needs and receiving “natural” pleasure.
Attitude towards yourself5
Men tend to concentrate on internal content. Women are often focused on their appearance. Not everyone is like this; sometimes there are completely opposite personalities.
Girls want guys to like them. To do this, they try to be beautiful. But to be honest, more often this is done not even for oneself or the beloved man, but for the reaction of other ladies.
Well, the banal phrases: “A man loves with his eyes” managed to do their job. The modern girl is very attentive to the visual component. Hence the insane amount of plastic surgery and gym fans.
To get the best female, a man must be strong, confident and successful. This also oppresses the stronger sex. They begin to disappear at work, and sometimes even jump over the career ladder, venturing into illegal business. It’s bitter to admit, but money can still attract women today.
Are the differences between men and women an insurmountable obstacle or a reason to fall in love with each other? There's nothing wrong with being different. For each person, in the end there will be a partner suitable in spirit and perception of the world.
He will understand, accept and be tolerant of this difference, and maybe he will love you for your uniqueness and differences.
Gender differences in personality traits and self-esteem
Gender differences in personality traits are also small. An analysis by Alan Feingold found that women tend to score higher on anxiety and neuroticism, but they also score higher on extraversion (associated with positive emotions). Thus, there is some evidence that women experience more emotional ups and downs, but the differences are small, less than 1/2 a standard deviation (or about 6% of the variance among people explained by gender). Even among adolescents, self-reports of depression-related symptoms are only about 1/4 standard deviation higher among girls (less than 2% of the variance). Clinical depression has a large sex difference, with women having twice as many cases as men with major depression.
Much attention has also been paid to gender differences in self-esteem. There is a common belief that girls lose self-esteem during adolescence. However, the most comprehensive study of gender differences in self-esteem, by Kristen Kling and colleagues, found that men scored only 1/7 of a standard deviation higher than women in self-esteem (less than 1% of the variance). Even among teenagers, the difference is only 1/4 of a standard deviation (less than 2%). Even this small difference is not due to a decline in girls' self-esteem; it just doesn't rise as quickly as boys' self-esteem does during their teenage years.
Life expectancy: women live longer
According to the World Health Organization, the average human life expectancy in 2020 was 73 years. At the same time, the average life expectancy for women is 74 years and 2 months, for men - 69 years and 8 months. Women live the longest in Monaco: the average age is 93 years, the shortest century is among women from South Africa. Ukraine is in 150th place in terms of female life expectancy out of 228 countries - our average is about 75 years.
That is, according to statistics, women live on average four years longer than men. I wonder why? Previously, the most common version was that men do more difficult work and their bodies wear out faster. But this explanation was more suitable for the times of the Industrial Revolution, when most of the male sex stood at the machine.
In the modern world, men and women are more likely to do office work, and the load on their body is basically the same. However, the difference in the number of years lived remained the same. Scientists believe that, in addition to the indicated reason, there are several more options for answering the age question.
World ranking of gender equality - what place did Ukraine get?
First, at the cellular level, aging is influenced by chromosomes. “Male embryos are more likely to die than female embryos,” says Professor David James of University College London. A person has paired chromosomes: in women there are two X chromosomes, and in men there are X and Y chromosomes. And this difference turns out to affect the rate of cell aging.
Two identical X chromosomes are nothing more than a backup copy of each gene: if one of them is susceptible to mutation, the spare one will work. The male body does not have such a copying mechanism, so cells that fail carry with them a greater risk of disease. The X chromosome carries many vital genes, so the occurrence of problems in men on the X chromosome has much more dire consequences than for women who have a “spare” X chromosome.
Secondly, male and female hormones influence life expectancy. The male hormone is testosterone, the same one that is responsible for many features of the male body: from a deep voice and a hairy chest to loss of hair on the head, and also pushes men to rash actions.
Surprising conclusions about the relationship between testosterone and low living standards were made based on records that were found in the imperial court of the Korean Joseon dynasty. Korean scientist Han-Nam Park studied the history of the court life of emperors starting from the 19th century and noticed that the lifespan of 81 court eunuchs who were castrated before puberty averaged 70 years; three eunuchs even managed to cross the 100-year mark. And most court men, including emperors, in that era barely lived to be 50 years old. Testosterone makes a man's body stronger in the short term, but it also increases the risk of heart attack, infection and cancer later in life.
But women have a bonus that gives them extra years of life, protecting the body from negative influences. This is a hormone - estrogen, which works as a kind of “antioxidant”, helping to remove harmful substances from the body. This conclusion was reached by scientists studying the biological factors of aging at Newcastle University in the UK. In their experiments on rodents, artificially stopping estrogen production shortened the lifespan of females.
“When female rodents had their ovaries removed, the molecular repair of damage in the body stopped as it had before the ovaries were removed,” explains Professor Tom Kirkwood. “Females who were not spayed lived significantly longer as their bodies produced estrogen.”
Studies have shown that estrogen increases the activity of genes associated with longevity, including those related to the production of antioxidant enzymes. It also helps remove cholesterol, protecting the female body from heart disease.
Thirdly, life expectancy is influenced by social reasons. “According to statistics, in late pregnancy, boys die 20–30% more often than girls. In addition, boys are 14% more likely to be born prematurely and tend to be larger and therefore more susceptible to birth trauma,” says Professor Lorna Harris from the University of Exeter.
Also, the child mortality rate for boys under five years of age is 30% higher than for girls. The reason lies in their greater mobility and activity. But in adolescence, the mortality rate of the male population is already almost 50% higher than that of the female population. And first of all, the reason for this imbalance is that young men are more prone to smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs, and this in turn also reduces life expectancy.
But due to the development of technology and medicine, the difference in life expectancy between men and women will decrease in the coming decades. This was confirmed by research from Imperial College London, according to which by 2030 the difference will be one year and nine months and will be completely erased by 2032.
Sensory-perceptual abilities
Perception in men and women
There are noticeable differences between male and female subjects regarding the perception of time and space. Thus, according to G.S. Shlyakhtin (1997), women overestimate the duration of time intervals (from 3 to 40 s) to a greater extent than men, i.e., for women, time passes faster.
The attitude of men towards their birthday is also peculiar. For them, it is a starting point, a time to take stock and set new goals for the future. If by this moment the score is not in the man’s favor, deep stress sets in, provoking illnesses, the outcome of which can be the saddest. It is no coincidence that studies based on more than 3 million certificates of people who died of natural causes have shown that most men die during the last week before their birthday.
As S. Witelson (1976) notes, researchers, as a rule, are unanimous that tasks on spatial and temporal orientation are performed with greater success and with less mental effort by males.
Observation in men and women
As shown in the book “Issues of Practical Psychodiagnostics...” (1984), observation is higher in males, *and it is no coincidence, obviously, that criminologists point out that erroneous testimony is more common among females: men more accurately convey the phenomena of the surrounding world, testimony the same women often do not correspond to reality.
Intelligence in men and women
The theory of H. Ellis (H. Ellis, 1904), according to which the spread of intelligence levels is greater among men than among women. This means that women for the most part have an average level of intelligence, while among men average intelligence is less common than among women, but among them there are more gifted and mentally retarded.
The American anthropologist E. Montague, in his book “The Natural Superiority of Women,” wrote that on average women have a higher IQ than men, and they retain it better in old age.
This inversion is explained by the fact that the morphological maturation of the brain in girls occurs faster (T. P. Khrizman, V. D. Eremeeva, 1984; D. Waber, 1976), therefore, at the age of 5-10 years, they are ahead of boys in intellectual abilities. Then males not only catch up with the level of intellectual development of females, but also surpass them (Table 5.2, cited by E.I. Stepanova, 2000). M. M. Garifullina and E. R. Paets (1977) revealed that in men, imaginative thinking has a higher level of development.
V.P. Bagrunov (1984) notes that men are better at solving new intellectual and sensorimotor tasks, however, with training and stereotyping, these gender differences are leveled out. Moreover, the intellectual and sensorimotor activity of women is more amenable to changes during education and training, as a result of which women achieve better results in activities that require the development of stereotypical professional skills, this author claims.
Spatial abilities in men and women
Boys also perform better on intellectual tests, which largely depend on spatial rather than verbal abilities (A. Macmeeken, 1939).
However, in reality, not only men may not understand women, but also women may not understand men, since behind the same concepts and phrases both may have different semantic content and different attitudes. This is shown in the work of A.V. Vizgina
Creativity in men and women
M. Kostik (1954) and E. Hilgard et al. (1954) identified the advantage of males (school graduates and students) in the transfer of learning (application of skills and knowledge to new situations). E. Sweeney (1953) found a significant male superiority in “restructuring,” that is, abandoning the original approach and organizing facts in a new way. This was found in male and female groups matched for general mental, verbal and mathematical abilities.
N.V. Gavryushkina (2001) studied creativity in boys and girls aged 9-12 years old and obtained slightly different data: non-verbal creativity is the same in boys and girls, but verbal creativity is higher in girls and due to it their overall creativity is higher ( Fig. 5.3).
Critical thinking in men and women
Some authors express the opinion that men are more critical than women. M. D. Alexandrova (1974), analyzing the data of American authors, concludes that the decrease in critical thinking in men begins after 30 years, in women - later (after 40 years), but it occurs more sharply.
Memory in men and women
A volumetric sex-age study of memory was carried out by V.F. Konovalov et al. (1987). Short-term memory for learning numbers from 0 to 9 was studied. At the age of 5-10 years, memorization of numbers was best in girls (Fig. 5.6). At the age of 15-17 years, no differences were found between boys and girls. At the age of 18-35 years, the best memory performance was already in men, since their memory growth was still observed, while in women, memory remained at the level of 15-17 years. /memorization depends on motivation and interests/direction/.
According to Kazan psychologists, the advantage of men or women (students) in short-term memory depends on the material being learned: when memorizing numbers, men have an advantage, and when memorizing words, women have an advantage, but when memorizing words, these differences are insignificant.
According to V.P. Umnov (1979), female students aged 18-21 years have better figurative memory than students of the same age.
Verbal abilities in men and women
Female superiority in verbal, or linguistic, functions is noted from infancy to adulthood (D. McCarthy, 1954; L. Terman, L. Tyler, 1954).
A higher rate of articulation in women compared to men was revealed by E. M. Danilovich (1982).
The side of speech that is associated with search: finding word associations, solving crossword puzzles - is better represented in boys and men. For example, E.I. Stepanova provides data on differences between men and women in the speed and accuracy of associative reactions to words. At the age of 18-19 years, men responded faster and more accurately. Speech disorders are more common in boys.
Artistic and musical abilities in men and women
Girls of preschool age, as a rule, draw in more detail than boys of the same age (A. Gesell et al., 1940).
No significant sex differences were found in auditory discrimination and musical memory (P. Farnsworth, 1931).
So, let's summarize some results. Women are superior to men in speed of perception, counting and fluency of speech. Men have some advantages in spatial and temporal orientation, understanding mechanical relationships and mathematical reasoning (J. Levy, RC Gur, 1980; M. Mac Gee, 1979; J. Mac Glone, 1980).
Aggression in men and women
Differences in aggressive behavior are among the most reliable gender differences, but, like the others we have examined, they are not nearly as large or as clearly related to biological differences as one might expect.
In their review of the literature on gender differences, Maccoby & Jacklin (1974) concluded that aggression is the only social behavior for which there is evidence of clear sex differences.
All three meta-analyses of psychological literature conducted in the 1980s. (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Hyde, 1984 b; Hyde, 1986) also concluded that there are gender differences in aggressive behavior. However, Eagly and Steffen (1986) concluded that for adults these differences are very small.
According to Hyde (1984b), which contains a large number of studies conducted on child samples, only 2 to 5% of all aggressive behavior can be explained by gender (i.e., 95 to 98% originates from other sources).
Part of our skewed perception of gender differences in aggression can be explained by the fact that the vast majority of rapists and murderers are men. However, as Burbank (1994) quite rightly noted, such actions are performed by a very small proportion of men. Taking these extremes into account, the behavior of most men is similar to the behavior of most women. Another reason we think men are more aggressive is our cultural belief that higher levels of testosterone in the blood make them so. In fact, there is no convincing experimental evidence yet for the existence of a testosterone-aggression link in humans (Bjorkvist, 1994).
An article by Eagly (1978) states that among 22 studies on the topic conducted and published before 1970, 32% indicated greater susceptibility in women, while of the 40 studies published after 1970, only 8% found the same differences. She observed that the social-psychological influence of biological sex appears to depend on cultural context.
Eagly also concluded that, given that we tend to defer to the opinions of others when we are unsure of our positions or abilities, the largest sex differences will be found in studies that use topics in which members of one gender are better versed.
For example, a number of early studies of gender differences drew on military and political knowledge (Eagly, 1978). Sistrunk & McDavid (1971) and Goldberg (1974, 1975) found that when feminine topics were discussed, men were more likely to conform than women, and vice versa.
Maupin & Fischer (1989) also concluded that the resulting gender differences in susceptibility are influenced by the following factors: whether the task is associated in any way with gender and whether men (or women) have a clear superiority in this area .
Generally recognized, scientifically based psychological differences between representatives of the two sexes:
Differences in the cognitive sphere of men and women
the fact that there are sex differences in verbal, spatial and mathematical abilities.
Women have better developed verbal abilities, while men have better spatial and mathematical abilities. The smallest differences were found in verbal abilities in favor of women, the largest in spatial processing of information and in favor of men. When it comes to differences in math ability, the results are mixed.
When it comes to school age, the presence of gender differences in mathematical abilities has not been proven, at the same time, the results obtained on a student sample show that young people generally perform tasks more successfully than girls.
Social behavior of men and women
men are characterized by a higher level of development of such traits as aggressiveness and dominance, and women are characterized by friendliness and sociability.
Men are characterized by a strong tendency towards independence, while women are oriented towards interdependence, which in the context of an authoritarian society often transforms into dependence.
Women are more socially oriented, more clearly aware of the connections that unite people and make their communication more trusting. Men, on the other hand, strive for independence by avoiding dependence.
Attitudes to the surrounding world of men and women
The male attitude is characterized by assertiveness, self-confidence, and control orientation.
The female version of the attitude towards the outside world is characterized by a focus on maintaining established types of interactions with people.
Social roles of men and women
For women, family roles are more significant, and for men, professional roles. The female role in the family is more related to caring for family members; Professional status plays a central role in male self-identification.
So, numerous studies have convincingly proven that even the actual differences between men and women turn out to be very small and often do not exceed 5%. In fact, there are far more similarities than differences between men and women in psychological characteristics.
In their famous review, Maccoby & Jacklin (1974) identified only four psychological differences between the sexes (spatial ability, mathematical ability, language skills, and aggressiveness). Psychology writers typically refer to these four differences, making only passing or sometimes no mention of the fact that men and women are much more similar (Unger, 1988), and largely silent on the fact that recent findings research, these differences turned out to be very small and situation-specific (this is what will be discussed in this chapter).
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual differences in the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system and temperament According to A. M. Sukhareva (1972), the increase with age in the number of persons with high and average strength of the nervous system is expressed in both males and females, but in the latter it is more pronounced (due to the fact that there are more girls aged 7-8 years with a weak nervous system than boys of the same age, and at the age of 18-25 there are no differences between males and females in the number of people with a strong and weak nervous system)
Mobility of nervous processes in men and women
According to N. E. Vysotskaya (1972) and A. G. Pinchukova (1974), among boys 7-16 years old the number of persons with mobility of both excitation and inhibition is greater than among girls. Then, with the mobility of arousal, there are more women.
There are no significant differences between boys and girls of school age in terms of “external” balance. Before puberty, there are slightly more individuals with a predominance of inhibition among girls, as well as after it. At puberty, there are more people with predominant inhibition among boys. This may be due to the fact that this period begins earlier in girls and, therefore, the number of individuals with a predominance of inhibition decreases earlier (due to a shift in the balance towards excitation). In terms of the number of persons with a predominance of excitement, there were practically no differences between males and females in all age groups
Lability in men and women
According to E.V. Voronin (1984), there are no significant differences in lability between men and women: lability to light was on average 39.2 and 38.9 units, respectively, and to sound - 75.9 and 74.5 units .
However, N.M. Peysakhov and A.O. Prokhorov (1975) found statistically significant differences in CFC (critical flicker frequency) in favor of men.
Differences in temperament between men and women
I. M. Vladimirova (2001), using D. Keirsey’s questionnaire to identify temperament types, found that in the sample of men there were twice as many people of the sensory planning (SJ) type and four times more of the intuitive thinking (NT) type, in the group of women - twice as many persons of intuitive emotional (NF) type. Girls turned out to be more extroverted (E), emotional (F), with more developed intuition (N), and more spontaneous (P) than boys. The young men were distinguished by their mentality (T) and planning (J).
According to N. Gerasimova (1998), the sociability of women 20-25 years old is significantly higher than that of men of the same age.
N. Geschwind (1978) believes that there is a male brain and a female brain. He argues that testosterone during human fetal development slows down the development of the left hemisphere of the brain. The consequence of this is an increase in the right hemisphere in males. Thus, it is they who are destined to become outstanding musicians, artists, and mathematicians. This conclusion seems to be confirmed by the data of V.D. Eremeeva and T.P. Khrizman (2001): in a mass school, boys of the right hemisphere type (“artists”) and girls of the left hemisphere (“thinkers”) are more successful in the primary grades. However, in a gymnasium, where a foreign language is introduced in the first grade and subjects are taught by different teachers, the picture is the opposite for boys: left-hemisphere students learn more successfully than right-hemisphere students.
Comparing their data with the data of other scientists, V.F. Konovalov and N.A. Otmakhova came to the conclusion that the left hemisphere of both men and women is specialized in the same way, namely for analytical, sequential verbal-logical thinking. The right hemisphere in men is more specialized in analogue, figurative, spatial thinking, which is less represented in women due to its participation in speech behavior. In other words, the authors conclude, the specialization of the right hemisphere is different in men and women.
Gender socio-psychological characteristics of personality characteristics
Definition 1
Gender is a social status, a psychological concept that characterizes social ideas about a man and a woman, about their psychological characteristics.
The socio-psychological essence of phenomena in human behavior associated with an individual’s gender is emphasized by the concept of gender.
Gender analysis can be used to study the behavior of women and men in a social context.
Psychologically, being a man or a woman means having specific personality and behavioral characteristics that correspond to that gender.
The psychophysiological characteristics of both sexes are different, and these differences are most reliable in the sphere of motor activity.
The overall maximum and muscle strength in men is higher, although at the age of ten it is approximately the same. By the age of 19, the strength of young men becomes greater and reaches its maximum at the age of 25.
Experts suggest that perhaps the greater strength capabilities of men contribute to the formation of a sense of superiority.
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A number of features of female motor skills depend on body composition and muscle strength, for example, a woman’s step is shorter than a man’s. The motor appearance of women is more graceful, their movements are smooth.
Despite the fact that men have greater muscle strength, they do not have greater endurance compared to women.
Women are characterized by greater accuracy of perception, observation, and attention to detail, but there is practically no experimental evidence of this.
A distinctive feature of men and women is hearing acuity - men hear lower frequencies better, and women hear higher frequencies better.
Men and women perceive pain differently - laboratory studies have shown that women have greater pain sensitivity, which is explained by biological characteristics and differences in the functioning of the nerve structures that transmit pain signals.
A special role among psychophysiological characteristics is played by the properties of the nervous system - the superiority of women in the mobility of the excitation process and the superiority of men in the strength of the nervous system were established.
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The properties of the nervous system as a biological basis do not provide pronounced sex differences and are additional confirmation that biological sex will not be unambiguous to the psychological sex of a person.
Women have lower tolerance to stress compared to men. It takes a woman more time to reduce cortisol secretion to its original level in order to get out of a stressful state.
However, the rate of mobilization of regulatory systems in a stressful state is higher in women, which is expressed in an intense increase in the level of arousal and rapid emotional activation of the body.
The question of the characteristics of the behavior of men and women in different stressful situations remains unresolved.
The leading neurophysiological determinant of individual psychological differences is interhemispheric relations - for the implementation of some mental functions the left hemisphere dominates, with which rational-logical, sign thinking is associated, and for others - the right hemisphere with imaginative intuitive thinking.
The leading role in speech activity is played by the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere is responsible for the emotional coloring of speech utterances.
Note 1
At the somatic level, therefore, there are a number of well-defined differences between men and women, but in the formation of higher mental functions and characteristics of individuals, these properties are not among the leading ones.
