Types of introverts: types of temperaments, basic personality traits, character traits

Pros of being an extrovert

Determination.

They are risk-takers and never ask “What if...?”

Love of life.

Such people do not dwell on problems and failures. They easily let go of the past and enjoy the present.

Rich biography.

Because they love to take risks and take everything from life, many interesting events happen to them.

Popularity with the opposite sex.

We all love positive and sociable people from whom we receive a lot of positive emotions. That is why people are drawn to such a person.

Properties of temperament

Each type of temperament is determined by the presence of specific properties, namely:

Extraversion and introversion

These qualities are based on emotional reactions, on the speed of volitional actions.

Activity and passivity

These properties show a person’s reaction to negative events and difficulties, and also determine the degree of his endurance, perseverance and determination.

Sensitivity

It manifests itself in the strength of the influence of external stimuli that force the psyche to react in one way or another. Different people react to the same event in completely different ways.

Reactivity

This term refers to an involuntary reaction of the psyche to irritating factors (they can be both external and internal).

Plasticity and rigidity

These qualities show a person’s ability to adapt to the environment and adapt to new circumstances.

Reactive Activity Rate

This property determines how quickly the psyche reacts to external stimuli.

Emotional excitability

Using this property, you can determine how much a person is able to control his emotions, speech and mental reactions.

Cons of being an extrovert

Recklessness.

Extroverts live for today and do not make plans for the future.

Low self-control.

If they experience strong emotions, then everyone will see them, because at this time extroverts do not think about others.

Variability.

They often change their appearance, hobbies, do not stay in one job for long, move furniture in the house, move, etc.

Lack of real friends.

Since extroverts are accustomed to superficially communicating with people, they most often do not have real friends. On a clear day there are many acquaintances and friends with them, but on a gloomy day they are in splendid isolation.

Features of communication with extroverts

Communication with an extrovert will not cause problems. He will be the first to make contact and will not refuse dialogue. Extroverts love to talk, it is better to listen to them until the end, otherwise an overly emotional reaction is possible due to impulsiveness.

Important! An extrovert is always on the move, striving to learn and see new things. Therefore, in order to build a relationship with him, you need to be on the same wavelength with him. This cannot mean that you need to throw yourself into all troubles together; the main thing is to accept his aspirations and constant movement.

There is no need to think that extroverts cannot be hurt or hurt. Yes, they have the ability to filter information and not take everything to heart. But the problems of loved ones are as important to them as their own. They worry and worry, and are capable of experiencing crises. Then the extrovert needs help and support; it is not always possible to cope with the problem on your own.

Is it possible to become an extrovert?

Please note that an extrovert is a personality type that depends on many physiological processes in the body. Extroverts are born, not made.

But those who want to develop communication skills, become more energetic, and brighten up their biography - all this is possible with daily training and practice. Better yet, try to see the strengths in yourself and develop them, and it is enough to control and work on the shortcomings. Then you will feel comfortable and experience less fear for minor reasons.

How to distinguish an extroverted sensory person in a crowd?

The movements of people with an extroverted sensory type are sweeping, from the shoulder, and the gait is from the hip. Physical strength is evident from a very early age. Little extroverted sensory children are active in all respects: sports games, knowledge of the world around them, they are very loud and generally sociable. They don’t let a single horizontal bar pass by on the playground. They make parents nervous by jumping from heights, pulling the ears of large dogs, and quickly rushing towards other extroverted sensory children.

An adult extroverted sensory person can be distinguished as follows: when performing physical exercises, his body moves in a coordinated manner, there is high speed and clarity of movements, sharpness. At the same time, the body does not “dangle”, it is taut, collected, ready for a physical reaction, the movements have “points”, they are completed, for example, as gymnasts finish their performances on the apparatus - a clear jump, entering the final pose. An extroverted sensory person knows how to take presentable poses.

Features of an extrovert as a person

There is an opinion that an extrovert, whose characteristic is a social principle directed outward, is much more successful than an introvert, fixated on his inner world.
And this is rather a rule for which there are multiple confirmations. And here it doesn’t matter whether you are an extroverted woman or a man, personality traits are the same for any gender.

The main character traits of an extrovert:

• An extrovert is a sociable person who easily makes new acquaintances;
• Very proactive, eagerly takes on any task, although he does not complete everything;
• Loves attention, speaking in front of an audience;
• He loves praise, with his deeds and behavior he makes sure that he is singled out more often;
• An extrovert quickly adapts to any team;
• Most often he has violent gestures and facial expressions.

Choleric traders

Cholerics are emotionally unstable extroverts prone to impulsive actions. These people are passionate, bright, energetic. It seems to those around you that the energy in these “electric brooms” is even too much - it’s just gushing out! The character is usually explosive and emotional. To imagine a typical choleric person, think of D'Artagnan from The Three Musketeers. And among historical figures, examples will be Peter I or commander Suvorov.

Choleric traders often choose scalping. This strategy allows them to maintain interest in the matter and saturates them with emotions.

What choleric people should be wary of:

• Unpredictability in mood changes, emotional swings. It is difficult for them to control their emotions, so if there is a negative emotional background, it is better to pull yourself together and stop trading for a while and do something else. Well, at least run around the park or pedal a bicycle. At the same time, the level of endorphins will increase.
• Wild gambling and problems with controlling emotions. Losing a deposit in a few hours is a piece of cake for choleric people. Therefore, they should be sure to set clear risk limits for themselves. Without risk management, choleric people are doomed.
• Frequent changes of interests, making it difficult to concentrate on one thing. For example, studying the theory of trading. Cholerics have to use concentration methods and other tricks more often than others in order to force themselves to work more or less assiduously. Or wait for the next surge of interest in the desired activity.
• Impulsiveness provokes choleric people to trade in the market and take rash actions - for example, jumping into a departing carriage or “on knives”. What to do? Beat yourself on the hands! Knowing about your own shortcomings makes it easier to control yourself.
• Stress in choleric people results in physical actions. On the one hand, this is good - it relieved tension and brought order. On the other hand, choleric people in a fit of anger can even interrupt the monitors. Therefore, it is worth keeping a punching bag and other sports equipment on hand.

Cholerics also have plenty of positive traits:

• They are not afraid of obstacles, they easily get up after blows, get bumps - but do not suffer because of it.
• Stress, as already mentioned, choleric people are able to “drain” into the outside world (the main thing is to do this constructively).
• It is easier for them than for representatives of other temperaments to get out (even jump out!) from the swamp of comfort and try something new.
• And if choleric people find something they love, they burn! They move mountains!

Extroverts and relationships

Considering a pair of extrovert and extrovert, the compatibility of these two identical types, it is difficult to say unequivocally what should be expected from such a relationship.
In order to accurately determine and correctly draw a conclusion, it is necessary to divide all extroverts into two types: passionate and businesslike. Passionate:

• Hugo;
• Hamlet;
• Napoleon;
• Huxley.

Business:

• Don Quixote;
• Zhukov;
• Jack London;
• Stirlitz.

Now consider an extroverted man and an extroverted woman, taking into account the proposed divisions.

Extraversion - introversion (from Latin extra - “outside”, intro - “inside”, versio - “expand, turn”) - a characteristic of typical differences between people, the extreme poles of which correspond to a person’s predominant focus either on the world of external objects (for extroverts) , or on their own subjective world (for introverts).

The terms “extrovert” and “introvert” have been in English dictionaries since 1755. However, the concept of “extroversion - introversion” was introduced into scientific use by C. Jung at the beginning of the 20th century. to denote two opposing personality types, distinguished by their unique attitude towards an object: positive for an extrovert and negative for an introvert. At the same time, K. Jung emphasized that every person has traits of both an extroverted and an introverted type. The difference between people lies in the relationship between these traits: some predominate in an extrovert, while others predominate in an introvert. A detailed study of these characteristics of people was carried out by G. Eysenck and S. Eysenck (N. EysenK, S. EysenK, 1968).

The division of people into types of extroverts and introverts is carried out taking into account such qualities as sociability, talkativeness, ambition, assertiveness, activity and a number of others.

Personality characteristics of extroverts and introverts. Introverts are modest, shy, prone to solitude, and prefer books to communicating with people. They are reserved, get close only to a few, and therefore have few friends, but are devoted to them. Extroverts, on the contrary, are open, courteous, friendly, sociable, have many friends, are prone to verbal communication, and do not like solitary reading or study. They are sociable, talkative, ambitious, assertive and active. Even if extroverts argue, they allow themselves to be influenced.

Introverts do not like strong impressions, control their emotions, are somewhat pessimistic, non-aggressive, and strive for a calm, orderly life. Extroverts, on the other hand, strive for strong, vivid impressions, are prone to risk, and act under the impression of the moment. They love change, are resourceful in conversation, carefree, and optimistic. They prefer to act rather than reason, are prone to aggressive behavior, and can be unrestrained.

Introverts cannot act contrary to their beliefs, and if they are nevertheless forced to do so or accidentally violate internal norms, they feel bad and are very worried. They do not often refer to strict ethical principles, but they themselves rarely violate the generally established rules of social life.

G. Jung wrote that extroverts submit to external demands not without struggle, but external conditions always prevail. The consciousness of an extrovert is turned outward, since the main and decisive definition is always drawn from there. He is interested in faces and things. Accordingly, the actions of such a person are conditioned and explained by the influence of the latter. Extroverts tend to do what the environment needs and expects from them at the moment. Extroverts are suggestible, susceptible to the influence of others, and often sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. According to K. Jung’s characterization, they tend to constantly waste themselves and get involved in everything, and introverts protect themselves from external influences, and, if possible, refrain from any expenditure of energy that is directly related to the object, in order to take the most reinforced and strong position possible.

As noted by G. Eysenck and S. Eysenck (1968), extroverts are impulsive and prone to risk, while introverts are non-impulsive, plan their actions in advance, and attach great importance to moral and ethical standards.

Introverts are slow to make connections and have difficulty entering the alien world of other people's emotions. They have difficulty learning appropriate behavioral forms and therefore often seem “awkward.” Their subjective point of view may be stronger than the objective situation.

Some works by foreign scientists have noted a positive relationship between the degree of extraversion and the degree of adaptability to shift work.

An experiment carried out by a group of English scientists led by P. Cone deserves attention. They measured the body temperature of soldiers traveling by plane from the UK to Malaysia several times a day. As a result of a sharp eight-hour shift in standard time, the rhythm of body temperature after the flight began to shift in phase, and after a few days correspondence between this biorhythm and the new standard time was achieved. However, the rate of phase shift of the observed rhythm varied depending on the degree of expression of two character traits assessed using the Eysenck questionnaire - extraversion and emotional stability. The rhythms shifted most quickly among extroverts. True, for some reason the shift occurred faster among emotionally unstable extroverts than among emotionally stable ones. The rhythms shifted more slowly for introverts. Moreover, the biorhythms turned out to be the most conservative among emotionally unstable introverts (Putilov A. A. “Owls”, “larks” and others. Novosibirsk; M., 1997. P. 143-144).

Abilities and effectiveness of extroverts and introverts. According to A.V. Penskaya, obtained from a survey of children aged 5-7 years, extroverts have higher productivity of various types of memory, especially figurative short-term memory, than introverts. According to E. Horvath and G. Eysenck (E. Howarth, N. EysencK, 1968), extroverts are better than introverts in recalling information stored in short-term memory, and they, on the contrary, are more successful in reproducing information stored in long-term memory. However, these trends are not confirmed in all studies.

Extroverts have better results when performing synthetic type tasks, while introverts have better results when performing analytical type tasks. At the same time, integral indicators of intelligence (tasks of a figurative and verbal nature) do not correlate with extraversion - introversion. And yet it is believed that introverts do better at school and university than extroverts, although there are no differences between them in terms of intelligence. Obviously, such a difference in academic performance is associated with greater diligence and obedience of introverts.

According to V.V. Belous (1982), extroverts more successfully perform activities related to the reception and processing of information of uncertain content, and less successfully - related to the reception and processing of specific information. Introverts, on the contrary, are more successful in activities related to the reception and processing of certain information, and less successful in activities related to the reception and processing of uncertain information.

R. Drummond and A. Stoddard (1992) found that extroverts are not inclined to be consistent, logical, scientific and analytical in their thinking, while the opposite is typical for introverts.

The latter prefer theoretical disciplines, while extroverts prefer practical ones (WamcowsKi, 1973).

Introverts are more suitable for those professions (and are more often chosen) where monotony is expressed and where punctuality is required. Extraverts are more successful as salespeople and managers (Caldwell & Burger, 1998). Moreover, the more freedom extroverted managers are given, the more success they achieve (BarricK, Mount, 1993). They are more successful in finding a job, as they are more willing to be hired after testing (DeFruyt, Mervielde, 1999).

Extroverts and introverts have different abilities to perform a task under conditions of distractions: extroverts work better, although distractions also negatively affected them (S. Morgenstern et al., 1974; A. Furnham, R. Bradley, 1997). Introverts tend to choose the most secluded corners of the library for studying (J. Campbell, S. Hawley, 1982).

Bekan et al. (R. Vacap et al, 1963) studied how extroverts and introverts performed a task requiring constant concentration (for 48 minutes, subjects had to mark even and odd numbers) when working in a group, as well as when each subject was isolated from others. As a result, quite interesting results were obtained.

First, extroverts performed better in a group than when isolated from each other, and introverts performed better in isolation.

Secondly, extroverts performed best at the beginning, and then their performance declined. Introverts were at first inferior to extroverts, but then the efficiency of their work increased and only in the third period decreased to the level that was at the initial stage of work. A similar pattern was identified by other researchers (Wilson et al., 1971; Yates, 1973).

Broadbent (1953, 1958) wrote about the advantage of introverts over extroverts when performing vigilance tasks. However, with high speed of presentation of signals, noise and social stimulation, introverts lose this advantage.

A. V. Makhnach and Yu. V. Bushov (1988) revealed that extroverts, with a strictly regulated nature of activity taking place in conditions of partial sensory isolation, feel a blockage of communication needs to a greater extent than introverts, and this leads to their increased tension .

V. A. Petrovsky and E. M. Cherepanova (1987) showed that self-regulation of the content of one’s consciousness (to think or not to think about something) occurs more easily in extroverts with low neuroticism (stable extroverts) than in introverts with the same level neuroticism. The ease or difficulty of self-regulation was determined by the authors according to two parameters: the time of preparation for the task (not thinking about something conditioned) and the time of completing the task (“not thinking”).

Based on the data obtained, the authors came to the conclusion that accentuated extroverts are characterized by superficial reflection, while introverts are characterized by excessive reflection. Both of these characteristics equally interfere with the organization of attention as part of self-control.

Due to more careful consideration of their speech by introverts, their speech is slower, with long pauses, compared to extroverts. Introverts place greater importance on accuracy and error-free work, which leads to a decrease in its speed. Extroverts work faster, but also make more mistakes. Visual orientation is faster for extroverts. They retrieve information from memory faster.

Extroverts have a more adequate level of aspirations, while introverts have an overestimated level.

The role of genetic and environmental factors. Studies on mono- and dizygotic twins conducted in different countries have revealed the role of the genetic factor in the manifestation of extraversion. Thus, J. Loehlin (1992) provides summary data from four studies conducted on hundreds and thousands of twins, from which it follows that the similarity in the manifestation of extraversion is much higher in monozygotic pairs than in dizygotic ones.

These data are also interesting because they studied the similarity in the manifestation of extraversion in twins living together and apart. As can be seen from the data in the table, in Sweden and the USA the role of the social factor was also identified, since twins living apart were less similar than twins living together.

It has been shown that the heritability coefficient of extraversion is 0.5 (E. A. Sergienko et al., 1999), which also, on the one hand, indicates the role of heredity, and on the other hand, does not exclude the influence of environmental (social) factors in manifestation of extraversion - introversion (L. Eav es et al., 1989; K. Jang et al., 1996). A decrease in the heritability coefficient of extraversion with age was also revealed (R. ViKen et al., 1994).

Changes with age in extraversion - introversion. N.V. Biryukova et al. (1976) showed the age dynamics of the parameter extraversion - introversion (Fig. 7.1). The number of introverts among children decreases from 7-8 year olds to 15-16 year olds. The number of extroverts changes differently: their maximum is noted at the age of 11-12 years, and by the age of 15-16 it decreases, almost reaching the level of 7-8 year olds.

Physiological characteristics of extroverts and introverts. In extroverts, the orienting reaction and the conditioned reflex activation reaction fade faster than in introverts. Attempts to identify the connection between the speed of formation of a conditioned reflex (conditioning) and extraversion - introversion in most cases were not successful (W. Weskeg, 1960; W. Weskeg, N. Matteson, 1961; J. Field, J. Brengelmann, 1961).

Gray believes that introverts have a more reactive inhibitory system (the “punishment” system): they are more sensitive to signals of punishment, frustration of needs, and are more anxious and fearful; In extroverts, the reactivity of the “reward” system predominates, so they are more sensitive to signals of need satisfaction.

According to Eysenck (see: Nebylitsyn, 1966, p. 30), extroverts are characterized by slowly developing and weak excitation and rapidly developing, strong and slowly decaying reactive inhibition. Introverts have the opposite characteristics. From this Eysenck concluded that the balance of nervous processes is a physiological determinant of extroversion - introversion. In extroverts, inhibition predominates, and in introverts, excitation predominates. However, V.D. Nebylitsyn believes that to determine reactive braking, Eysenck used not entirely adequate techniques and tests. Rather, these are tests for extreme inhibition and mental fatigue. In this regard, V.D. Nebylitsyn concludes, the attempt of Eysenck and his colleagues to apply Pavlov’s concept of the balance of nervous processes to extraversion and introversion is unlawful.

It is believed that the physiological basis of this property is the difference in the excitation thresholds of the reticular formation. It has also been suggested that introverts have a higher level of activation of the cerebral cortex, so they reach the threshold of extreme inhibition faster. All this characterizes a weak nervous system. Accordingly, it was found that extroverts have higher sensory and pain thresholds, while introverts have lower ones (D. Gray, 1968; G. Eysenck [N. EysencK, 1971]). In addition, drugs that reduce activation have been shown to have an “extraverting” effect on behavior, while stimulants have an “introverting” effect.

The high level of activation of introverts is thought to be the reason that they tend to avoid additional external stimulation that may push their activation beyond optimal limits. As a result, introverts, compared to extroverts, prefer lower intensities of stimulation. According to E. Ludvigh and D. Hepp (E. Ludvigh, D. Narr, 1974), extroverts preferred light and sound stimuli of greater intensity as “pleasant” stimuli than introverts. The latter are better able to tolerate monotony and sensory deprivation (V.V. Belous, 1977; A. Buss, W. Poley [A. Buss, W. Poley, 1976]; D. Gray [J. Gray, 1964]; N. Tranel [N. Tranel, 1962]; A. Hill [A. Hill, 1975]). True, according to other authors, tests of mental saturation (monotony) do not correlate with the degree of extraversion - introversion (Holland, 1960; EysencK, 1963).

The connection between this property of temperament and the balance of excitation and inhibition is also the subject of a number of publications, which, unfortunately, are mainly of a theoretical nature.

First of all, it is necessary to note the publication of G. Eysenck (N. Eysemc, 1957), who associated the introverted type of behavior with the predominance of excitation over inhibition, and the extraverted type with the predominance of inhibition, which slowly disappears (inertly). L. Marton and J. Urban (1966) suggested that introverts have a strong nervous system and a predominance of excitation over inhibition, and extroverts have a weak nervous system and a predominance of inhibition. D. A. Gray (1968) did not agree with this, who, on the contrary, associates introversion with a weak nervous system. His assumption is based on theoretical principles expressed by K. Jung and I.P. Pavlov, as well as on some experimentally obtained facts.

K. Jung believed that extroverts are predisposed to hysteria, and introverts are predisposed to psychasthenia. It is known that I.P. Pavlov initially associated hysteria with the predominance of inhibition, and neurasthenia with the predominance of excitation. This is probably why G. Eysenck concluded that extraversion is associated with the predominance of inhibition, and introversion with excitation. As V.D. Nebyli-tsyn (1966) notes, this is a rather bold solution to the issue, since the predominance of one of the processes in pathology does not mean that normally this patient had the same relationship between excitation and inhibition.

Naturally, this assumption, not supported by serious factual data, caused objections from a number of researchers, and primarily from V.D. Nebylitsyn. He points out that later I.P. Pavlov changed his ideas about the nature of hysteria and psychasthenia and associated their difference with the combination of a weak nervous system and an artistic type - in the first case, and a weak nervous system with a thinking type - in the second. In addition, and methodically, from the point of view of V.D. Nebylitsyn, G. Eysenck and his colleagues made a mistake by combining all types of “internal” inhibition (conditional, transcendental, differentiation) into one type - “temporary” inhibition. This led to the fact that the potential of the latter was measured by G. Eysenck with tests that had little in common with methods for determining the dynamics of braking and with indicators of internal inhibition according to I. P. Pavlov. Such tests, which are more reminiscent of tests to identify mental fatigue or extreme inhibition, cannot, according to V.D. Nebylitsyn, be indicators of inhibition according to I.P. Pavlov, and therefore a comparison of the dynamics of excitation (the rate of development of conditioned excitation) with the speed of development “reactive” (according to G. Eysenck) braking is illegal.

An attempt to confirm G. Eysenck's hypothesis was made by Hungarian researchers L. Marton and J. Urban. The authors reasoned as follows. According to V.D. Nebylitsyn, low rates of development of conditioned excitation often correspond to high rates of production of inhibition, and vice versa; that is, there is an antagonistic relationship between one and the other. According to G. Eysenck, the same relationships exist between extraversion and introversion, which, in his opinion, determines the rate of formation of temporary connections.

However, the authors’ reasoning is inaccurate, since they took the rate of extinction as an indicator of the balance of nervous processes, based on the idea that the faster the conditioned reaction fades, the more inhibition prevails over excitation. Meanwhile, the rate of extinction is more likely an indicator of the inertia of nervous processes, rather than the balance between excitation and inhibition.

Particular attention should be paid to the work of the English psychologist from Oxford University D. A. Gray. He made a fairly thorough attempt, by comparing and summarizing literary data, to prove that introversion corresponds to a weak nervous system.

The starting premise for the researcher was the position that persons with a weak nervous system have a higher intensity of the excitatory process than those with a strong one. Having accepted this “key concept of Pavlovian theory” (note, by no means indisputable) as a parameter of the level of activation, Gray uses this parameter to build a bridge between the parameters of strength and extraversion - introversion, the latter of which, according to G. Eysenck, is associated with the level of activation.

The incorrectness of this approach lies in the fact that a property of the nervous system, i.e. a physiological indicator, is equated with a behavioral characteristic, which in principle cannot be identical to any property of the nervous system. It can only be their integral expression. And D. Gray himself writes in his article that not only strength, but also the mobility of nervous processes can be two subfactors that form the third - extraversion - introversion. True, in the future, when discussing the issue, the author somehow quickly forgets about this point of view.

The main mistake in his evidence, carried out very thoroughly, is this: having discovered something in common in the manifestation of the strength of the nervous system and extraversion - introversion, the author immediately identifies them. There is also a biased consideration of a number of facts in favor of one’s hypothesis, which can be explained from other positions. An illustrative example in this regard is his comparison of the critical flicker frequency of phosphene (CPF) with the critical fusion frequency of light flickers (CFM). Correctly noting that in the interpretation of these indicators in the school of B. M. Teplov there is an obvious contradiction (KChF is considered as an indicator of strength, and KChM as an indicator of lability), D. Gray easily agrees to consider KChM an indicator of strength (obviously, because in one work showed a connection between introversion and high CFM), otherwise one of the proofs of his hypothesis would have been eliminated.

There are other facts that indirectly refute D. Gray’s ideas. Thus, G. Eysenck (1973) showed that extroverts do better at school, since the main method of learning is using visual material. At the same time, there is evidence that the best academic performance is observed in schoolchildren with a weak nervous system (E. A. Golubeva, 1993; N. A. Kurdyukova, 1997). Therefore, extroverts should be weak rather than strong.

An indirect way of proving the connection between extraversion and introversion with the strength of the nervous system was also chosen by K. M. Gurevich (1970). Referring to the fact that introverts are better than extroverts in performing tasks that are close in meaning to operator tasks, and that in similar activities people with a weak nervous system are more effective, he argues: “weak” people and introverts have a lot in common. However, this conclusion is contradicted by the data of his student V.F. Matveev, who found that subjects who have a strong nervous system cope better with camera work.

It would be easier to directly measure the strength of the nervous system in extroverts and introverts than to construct complex indirect evidence. This is what P. A. Zhorov and L. B. Ermolaeva-Tomina did (1971), however, on a small contingent of subjects (35 people). According to these researchers, extraversion often coincides with a weak nervous system, and introversion with a strong nervous system. In the laboratory of V.S. Merlin, on the contrary, it was revealed that introversion is associated with a weak nervous system. At the same time, V. M. Krivo (1972) did not establish differences in the strength of the nervous system between extroverts and introverts.

During a survey of 450 people (E.P. Ilyin, 1976), two extreme groups were identified: one included people who had 16 points or more on the Eysenck questionnaire (extroverts), and the second included those who scored 10 points or less (introverts). In these groups, the strength of the nervous system was determined using the Tapping Test method. As you can see, among introverts, medium strength was somewhat more common, and among extroverts, low strength. However, the differences are not so great that one can assume that introverts are people with a stronger nervous system, and extroverts - with a less strong nervous system. The data shows that this trend is weak.

Nevertheless, it should be noted that such results partly coincide with those obtained by P. A. Zhorova and L. B. Ermolaeva-Tomina.

When studying the connection between sociability and the strength of the nervous system, L. V. Zhemchugova (1982) took a different path. She identified sociability through observation, experiment (joint activity of 3-4 subjects) and questionnaires. The dynamic aspects of communication were highlighted: the need for it, initiative in its process, ease of entering into communication, breadth of the circle of communication, stability and expressiveness of communication. At the same time, different relationships between the strength of the nervous system and these indicators were discovered. Initiative, ease of entering into communication and the breadth of the social circle have a positive and statistically significant relationship with the strength of the nervous system, but the stability of communication did not find such a correlation, and expressiveness turned out to be higher in subjects with a weak nervous system.

Contrary to the opinion of a number of authors that extroverts have higher mobility of nervous processes (P. A. Zhorov and L. B. Ermolaeva-Tomina), such a dependence was not found in the sample I recruited.

O. P. Sannikova (1982) studied the relationship between sociability and human emotionality. She showed that a wide circle of communication, high activity of the latter, combined with its short duration, are characteristic of persons with positive emotional attitudes (dominance of the emotion of joy), and a narrow circle and low activity of communication against the backdrop of stable relationships are characteristic of persons prone to experience negative emotions (fear). , sadness). The former are more proactive in communication. A. I. Krupnov, A. E. Olshannikova and V. A. Domodedov (1979) came to a similar conclusion. As a result of correlation analysis, they discovered a connection between the emotion of joy and such dynamic aspects of communication as the need for it, its initiative, ease, expressiveness. Negative connections were identified between asthenic emotions and communication activity; in particular, this concerns the correlations between “anger”, “fear” and the ease and breadth of one’s social circle.

As I.M. Paley and K.D. Shafranskaya (1969) revealed, the level of extroversion is associated with the energy characteristics of the body. Thus, extroverts are less reactive in terms of the cutaneous vegetation and hemodynamics index than introverts: the former have lower skin resistance, more sweating, and higher blood pressure. Similar data were obtained by M.D. Dvoryashina (1969): the rest exchange rate is lower in extroverts.

Jung (1921) believed that the extroverted type of behavior produces hysteria in cases of pathological deviation, and the introverted type produces psychasthenia (dysthymia, in Eysenck’s terminology). Hysteria is accompanied by a constant desire to impress others. An extrovert doesn’t think enough about physical health.