Types of communication - forms, means and goals

Components of communication and its varieties

Components of communication are those components that are not included in the structure of communication.
These include:

• target,
• facilities,
• subjects (participants of interaction),
• type of connection between subjects,
• style,
• tactics,
• techniques, methods,
• result.

Depending on the components, various types and forms of communication are distinguished:

• emotional – exchange of emotions;
• cognitive – knowledge sharing;
• activity - exchange of skills and abilities;
• motivational – exchange of desires and goals;
• material – exchange of objects or products.

Types of social interaction can be defined as its levels. Level – certain behavioral manifestations of a personality that allow us to draw conclusions about a person and the ways of his interaction with other people. The types and levels of communication change as it becomes more complex from simple, primitive to complex, spiritual.

Content component of the communication process

Communication is a way to convey information to others. Therefore, one of the classifications is based on the content of statements.

1. Material - in addition to verbal skills, material objects are exchanged for the implementation of any activity. Material communication often occurs between close people, for example, the transfer of household items or purchases in a store. The purpose of such interaction is to satisfy urgent human needs.
2. Cognitive serves to transmit various information. Aimed at broadening horizons and sharing experiences. During the conversation, skills and abilities can be discussed. More common in professional environments.
3. Conditioning – aimed at influencing a person’s emotional state. Manifests itself as providing moral support and consolation.
4. Motivational – goal – motivating a person to perform actions, achieve goals.
5. Activity – combines communication and implementation of practical actions. In the process of such communication, experience, skills and abilities are exchanged.

Several types are often combined: it all depends on the degree of closeness of people and the type of their relationship.

By means of communication can be:

3.1 Direct (Carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being - arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.)

3.2 Indirect (related to the use of special means and tools)

3.3 Direct (involves personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication)

3.4 Indirect (carried out through intermediaries, who may be other people).

Levels of communication:

Communication as interaction presupposes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities and cooperation. For communication as interaction to occur smoothly, it must consist of the following stages:

1. Establishing contact (acquaintance). Involves understanding another person, introducing oneself to another person.

2. Orientation in a communication situation, understanding what is happening, pausing.

3. Discussion of the problem of interest.

4. Solving the problem.

5. Ending the contact (exiting it).

Communication functions:

1) instrumental function

characterizes communication as a social mechanism for managing and transmitting information necessary to perform an action;

2) integrative function

reveals communication as a means of uniting people;

3) self-expression - the function defines communication as a form of mutual understanding of the psychological context;

4) translation function

acts as a function of transferring specific methods of activity, assessments, etc.

Communication means

- methods of transmitting information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another.

verbal

(communication is carried out through speech)
non-verbal
(gestures, facial expressions, postures, eye contact, timbre of voice, tone, touching, hugs, kisses, etc.)

Other types of communication

In addition to the types listed, communication can be:

• business;
• personal;
• instrumental;
• target;
• verbal;
• non-verbal;
• formal-role;
• manipulative.

The content of business communication is the work performed together. Specialists negotiate, discuss the preparation of a report, a work plan for the next six months, etc. When entering into personal communication, people are interested in each other’s opinions, moods, and inner worlds, express their attitude to phenomena and events in the surrounding world, and resolve conflicts.

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Instrumental communication is the establishment of contacts to achieve certain goals. It is used by employees who want to make a career or simply be successful at work (this is facilitated by the ability to interact with different people, build friendly relationships), politicians (they learn to persuade, lead), etc. Targeted communication is designed to satisfy the need to establish contacts with other people.

Verbal communication is carried out through sounding speech and is realized in the form of conversation. Conversations can be formalized (conference, dissertation defense, protocol reception), semi-formalized (small talk) and informal (communication in everyday life).

In non-verbal communication, partners exchange “replicas” using gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, touches (nod of the head, raised hand in class, waving goodbye, etc.).

Each person has a social status and role (teacher, head of department, director of a company, junior researcher, etc.). In order to correspond to the position, the individual behaves as prescribed by the norms accepted in society. The type of communication, depending on status and role, is called formal-role .

One of the ways of interaction between people is manipulation. Wanting to persuade the other to take some action, one of the partners uses manipulative communication. Flattery, threats, whims, etc. are used.

Pedagogical communication

Without communication, it is impossible to effectively raise and educate children. Pedagogical communication means the interaction between a teacher and a student, which contributes to the creation of a favorable microclimate in the team and the diversified development of the individual.

When working with children, the teacher chooses one of the styles:

• based on passion for a joint business;
• based on friendship;
• dialogue;
• distancing;
• intimidation;
• flirting.

Ways of interaction based on passion for a common cause, friendly communication and dialogue are considered positive. A creative teacher-enthusiast is able to captivate and interest children, but while practicing this, he will not allow familiarity. Distancing is appropriate if the logic of the educational process requires it. Intimidation and flirtation are unacceptable styles; their use indicates the teacher’s professional incompetence.

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Question 3. Communicative information side of communication. Communication process model

The information side of communication, i.e.

law enforcement officers attach particular importance to the transmission and receipt of information, as evidenced by the fact that 2/3 of the surveyed practical workers, as well as cadets and students of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, when asked what they understand by communication, noted the importance of information exchange . The importance of operational information cannot be overestimated. Information exchange is relevant for the investigator, and for the detective, and for an employee of any police unit who, in the course of their official activities, establish the causes and circumstances of offenses, the motives for criminal activity, solve practical, educational problems and many others.

In the process of activity, people exchange various perceptions, interests, ideas, emotions, etc. Moreover, everyone strives to be correctly understood, wanting to receive from a partner a certain confirmation, a response to the information transmitted to him. The process of transferring information from one partner to another (or others) is not one-sided; it is always a relationship between people communicating, where the element of “feedback” plays a very important role.

In the “Who” scheme - the communicator, i.e. the person sending information; “What” is the content, the information itself; “To” - communication partner who receives information; “Effect” shows the effectiveness of communication, as understood by the communicator, and signals him about feedback. However, in order for this scheme to “work”, it is necessary for partners to use common communication tools: a system of signs, understanding situations, etc.

In essence, Code + Contact are tools of communication, means of transmitting information. The code consists of signs (symbols) and languages. There are different signs - genetic, chemical, thermal, road, etc. Human signs are of an extremely abstract nature and are conventional in nature. The system of signs is organized into languages: verbal language (sound, verbal), facial language, intonation, topomimic (gestures), written, etc. For effective communication, several sign systems are often used in parallel; in this way, reliable information transmission is achieved. Unconvincing acting on stage indicates improper use, for example, of verbal and facial language.

Learning signs (and languages) occurs in the first years of human life. There are phenomenal cases of proficiency in 12 languages. The wider a person's vocabulary, the greater his thinking and conceptual abilities. Context is the meaning field of a word. In different texts (and in different intonations), the same word can change its meaning. Depending on the social sphere and psychological characteristics of a person, differences are noted in the level and forms of his communication, the completeness and depth of mutual understanding with other people. In any given communication situation, we always learn something from our partner and communicate something to him. The content of a specific communication can be very different: an order from a boss, a call to wash your hands before eating, an interrogation of the accused, a conversation with witnesses, victims, etc. Whatever it is, it is always communication, and it is impossible to imagine communication without it.

Group communication

This is communication between groups of people or communication between one person and a group of people (for example, a conversation between a presenter and spectators). Group contact is associated with public activity and mass communication.

Public communication presupposes that a person is familiar with the audience, sees it directly, and can immediately react to how his words are perceived.

Group communication

Public communication is carried out in the genres of lectures, reports, religious sermons, parliamentary speeches, etc. Mass communication is a speech impact on an anonymous, heterogeneous, dispersed audience. Mass media include periodicals (newspapers and magazines), radio, television, and the Internet.

The media can have a tremendous impact on people, introducing into them certain stereotypes (behavior, appearance, social attitudes). Of course, television and radio, for example, strive to overcome the mediation of communication: they use live broadcasts, shows with viewers in the studio, etc.

Unfortunately, the share of direct communication, according to scientists, is decreasing; accordingly, the share of indirect communication is growing.

Our presentation on the topic:

Description of communication models

The structure of communication determines the patterns of communication. Some people are more sociable, love to be in company and can talk for hours about nothing, while others are closed, prefer internal dialogues to external ones, talk little and only about business.

Sociability as a character trait develops, you can improve communication skills, the ability to objectively perceive people and interact effectively with them.

Communication patterns, as a rule, are formed in childhood or adopted from parents. Also, communication patterns can be determined by the specifics of the position held and even be a sign of professional deformation of the individual (for example, a teacher communicates with relatives, as well as with students).

COMMUNICATION MODELS:

"Mont Blanc". Aloof, cold interlocutor

He focuses on the communicative side of interaction; he is not interested in interactions. "Chinese Wall". A person who considers himself higher and more significant than others

Perceives others as less successful/beautiful/smart people, which makes it difficult to interact with him. "Locator". A person who chooses a narrow circle of friends. Often one loved one or close friend is enough for him. "Grouse". A very uncommunicative person who creates only the appearance of communication and interaction. At the same time, the structure of Teterev’s internal communication with himself is preserved and oversaturated with dialogues and introspection. "Hamlet". Social perception is extremely important for this type of communication model. He tries to make the best impression, which is why he often plays to the audience. "Robot". This person talks and acts “dryly”, unemotionally, always knows what, when and why to do or not to do. "Egoist". A person speaks only about himself, all his actions are aimed at obtaining personal gain. "Ally". The best form and type of communication, as it is two-way. The interlocutors are interested in productive interaction, take into account personality, strive to understand each other and come to an agreement.

The importance of communication in ontogenesis

In ontogenesis (individual human development), the role and characteristics of communication are no less important than in phylogenesis. The development of an individual is impossible without interaction with other people.

Newborn babies, not knowing how to speak, already react to the voice and affection of an adult, and later begin to smile back at him. Later, the so-called revitalization complex appears - the first form of interaction of a new person with his own kind.

Forms of communication that arise in the process of ontogenesis:

Directly emotional

When a baby develops a revival complex, he does not yet interact with his parents as an equal partner, but expresses his attitude through facial expressions and gestures: he cries and laughs, is surprised and frightened, and so on. Such forms of communication are characteristic of infants up to the first year of life.

Subject-effective

The child interacts with people by manipulating objects and playing. The baby extends his hand when he wants to take or give something, and understands that in order to establish contact he needs to get closer to the person. This form of interaction undergoes significant changes, but is generally maintained during the first six years of life.

Extra-situational intimate-personal

It appears by the end of preschool age, but the main forms of this communication develop already in the puberty period (puberty).

Forms of communication undergo changes as an individual grows and matures; they are combined and complemented differently in different individuals.

Without a child’s contact with adults, he will not be able to develop as a person.

The importance and necessity of communication between a child and his parents cannot be overestimated. Relationships with parents are the foundation, guideline and measure by which all subsequent connections of a person with people, society, and himself will be measured.

Types and forms of communication are formed especially intensively in adolescence. This is the age of active interaction with peers, the time of first love and the formation of the self-concept.

The teenager’s activities become multifaceted, the content of communications and actions is enriched. A qualitatively new level of forms and types of interaction between young people contributes to the development of awareness, responsibility, independence and personality as a whole.

The structure of communication affects the structure of personality. Violation or lack of interaction with people invariably leads to a transformation of the individual’s “I”. Personality changes that are not for the better (including pathological ones) cannot but affect the ability to interact and understand other people and oneself.

Types of communication by purpose

In order to satisfy basic needs and procreate, people enter into biological communication. This includes sexual activity and breastfeeding.

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The goals of social communication are establishing contacts with other people and personal growth. In addition to general ones, there are private goals, of which there are exactly as many as the needs of each inhabitant of the Earth.

Topic 1.4. Types and levels of communication

Plan:

1. Types, levels and functions of communication
2. Sides of communication
3. Ways one person influences another

Concepts:

communication;
communicative, interactive ,
perceptual aspects of communication; kinesics, proxemics, prosody, paralinguistics, extralinguistics; gestures and postures, eye contact; non-verbal communication; identification, empathy and reflection; persuasion, infection, coercion, imitation.

Questions for discussion

:

1. Communication strategies: open - closed, personal - role-playing, monologue - dialogical.
2. Types of communication and their characteristics: “mask contact”, primitive, formal-role, business, spiritual or interpersonal, manipulative, secular communication.

Three sides of communication

The structure of communication conditionally divides it into three processes that are interconnected and interdependent:

Social perception - the perception of an interaction partner

People perceive each other through their senses, evaluate their appearance, speech, behavior and draw conclusions about the possibility of continuing social contact

The first impression is especially important. How another person is perceived for the first time, when meeting for the first time, influences the willingness to exchange information and interact with him.

Communication – exchange of information

Contacts are meaningless if people do not know how to convey the necessary information, knowledge and experience to each other verbally and non-verbally.

Interaction – exchange of actions

A conversation without the ability to perform actions that affect the interlocutor and exchange actions with him would be ineffective and ineffective.

The concept of communication ethics

In order to understand what the term “ethics of communication” means, we need to consider separately the basic concepts of “communication” and “ethics”.

Communicative interaction in the narrow sense is the interaction of individuals through verbal and nonverbal communication tools. And ethics is a discipline that studies morality and ethics. Therefore, communication ethics is a moral, moral and ethical analysis of the values ​​of communication, its features (virtues and vices), and techniques. Such an analysis permeates the entire diversity of communication phenomena. At the same time, communication ethics considers and evaluates the procedural side of communications, i.e. she considers the art of communication based on moral and ethical experience and value and moral guidelines.

Communication ethics in the narrow sense is a set of certain practical techniques, rules and norms (mainly moral) of communication. It covers the study of communication problems, both from the point of view of the existing and from the position of what should be.

The ethics of communicative interaction is intended not only to explore the processes of communication from the standpoint of concepts, but also to teach communication, to influence the true processes of communication through the creation of new normative elements. It is designed to perform a variety of functions. Among such functions there are synthesizing and imperative-forming. The first function is to synthesize moral experience in the field of communications, the second is to argue for the choice of humanistic value-moral guidelines and justify the need to follow them.

Communication ethics teaches how to properly interact in the field of communicative relationships, and how not to communicate. The goal of ethics is not knowledge in the general sense, but actions and behavior. And a person should study ethics in order to become virtuous.

The concept of communication and communication from the point of view of ethics is the instilling in an individual of a culture of speech and moral standards of behavior, virtue and value guidelines that are accepted in a particular society or determined by nationality, place of residence. The concept of speech communication in ethics comes down to the process of establishing and further pursuing cultural, purposeful, direct or indirect contact between individuals using language systems.

Description of types of communication

The concept of “type of communication” is close to the concept of the model. Types of communication, as well as models, are used to indicate the characteristics of communication.

Types of communication:

1. Mentorsky. With this type of communication, a person constantly teaches, instructs, and subjugates his interlocutor.
2. Informative. A type of communication that is simply a relay of information, without the ability or desire to receive feedback.
3. Inspiring. The individual participates in the fate of the interlocutor, supporting him, guiding him, helping him, advising him. With this type of communication, there is a productive dialogue, cooperation, and mutual assistance between the subjects of the relationship.
4. Confrontational. Unlike other forms of communication, it involves discussion, dialogue with an opponent, constructive criticism with the goal of finding the truth through confrontation between personal subjective and objective views, reality.

Types of communication are needed in order to be able to select the most appropriate methods of communication in different situations: persuasion, suggestion, infection, request, coercion, ignoring and even manipulation.

The concept of communication and its role in the development of humanity

There are many theories and points of view on communication problems. Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the study of this phenomenon, as well as to social psychology in general. Their experiments and experiences, carried out in the middle and second half of the last century, became classic examples of the peculiarities of communication and people’s perception of each other, as well as the scientific basis for subsequent scientific research.

Interpersonal and intergroup interaction is the area of ​​human activity in which psychological difficulties most often arise.

It is extremely important for every person to be able to interact competently and effectively with other people.

In addition, it can act as a separate, relatively independent occupation. After all, people do not always talk to each other with the goal of inventing, controlling, and carrying out a joint action.

The transmitted verbal or nonverbal signal can be both informational and affective-evaluative in nature. It is believed that it was the need of our distant ancestors to transfer knowledge to each other, not only through signs and shouts, that served as the main reason for the development of human speech. Animals interact with each other, but speech is unique to humans.

The characteristics of communication between different people and groups depend on the extent to which the subjects of interaction have a pressing need for social contacts. The need to be involved, to belong and to interact developed in the process of phylogenesis, the socio-historical development of humanity.

Interestingly, satisfying the need for social contact supposedly led to the birth of such a wonderful feeling as joy. Joy is still the leading motive that motivates people to interact with each other.

Features of communication that can bring pleasure and joy are its humanity and democracy. Rude, disrespectful interaction, ignoring and manipulation are immoral and do not fit into the principles of communication that usually guide a cultured person.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:

• self-esteem;
• respect for the interlocutor, recognition of his rights and interests;
• tolerance, tolerance;
• justice, honesty;
• unbiased attitude towards people.

Communication of cultures

No culture exists in isolation. Relationships between cultures may vary. Thus, a foreign culture can be considered as a standard, a model (Anglomania - imitation of everything English) or cause hostility, even a hostile attitude (xenophobia - hostility towards everything foreign).

In fact, people of different cultures must understand that the main thing in the dialogue of cultures is tolerance (respect for the rights of every person and every culture to preserve individual and cultural diversity). Tolerance in intercultural relations is a moral duty, a political and legal need (“Declaration of Principles of Tolerance” of the UNESCO General Conference of November 16, 1995).

Different cultures constantly interact with each other, which is manifested, in particular, in language: for example, the word monument came to us from the Latin language, the word orange - from French, the word taiga - from the dialects of Siberia

Persuasive communication model.

This model allows you to make communication participants like-minded people and get out of a particular situation with the greatest productivity. However, the conviction

is a complex communication process, and not everyone is able to use this communication model with maximum effectiveness.

It is known that persuasion was formalized as a specific concept more than two thousand years ago by the Greeks, who made rhetoric

(from the gr. rhetorikos - beautiful, pompous, but little content speech) - the art of using speech effectively and convincingly - part of your educational system. Aristotle was the first to introduce the concepts of ethos, logos, and pathos, which roughly translate to "reliability of sources," "logical argument," and "emotional appeal." All of these are necessary components of a persuasive communication model.

Belief

is a communicative process in which a communicator attempts to bring about a change in the beliefs, attitudes or behavior of another individual or group of individuals through the transmission of a message in a context where the person being persuaded has some degree of freedom of choice. The literature describes the basic principles that influence persuasion. Among them, oral, positive messages, restrained emotional appeals, logical conclusions based on facts and compelling arguments, satisfaction of altruistic human needs, oratory skills are preferred.

The most difficult task of persuasion is to turn opposing opinions about certain actions or decisions into coinciding ones. People make generalizations based on personal experience and what members of their group tell them. Persuasion occurs much easier if the message is compatible with the general position in relation to a particular subject, situation, or problem. The easiest form of persuasion is communication that reinforces favorable opinions and positions. Each participant in communication needs to make continuous efforts to maintain a reserve of goodwill and thus proactively create conditions for effective joint activities.

Belief

- This is also a method of influencing the consciousness of an individual through appealing to his own critical judgment. In order to convince professional partners and colleagues, whose intelligence is usually highly developed, of something, participants in communication need to use special communication techniques. The result of persuasion is considered successful when the interlocutor is able to independently justify his decision or opinion, evaluate its positive and negative aspects, as well as the possibilities and consequences of other options and decisions.

In the process of communication, it should be remembered that persuasion as a communication technique is more convincing and effective in the following situations: - within the framework of one need; - with low intensity of emotions; - with an intellectually developed partner.

Types of communication by content

Depending on what exactly people exchange, there are:

• material;
• cognitive;
• conditioned;
• motivational;
• activity and
• conventional communication.

In material communication, products of activity are exchanged, for example, in a store. Cognitive communication is the exchange of knowledge. It is used by teachers, educators, lecturers, department teachers, colleagues in a scientific laboratory, engineers at an enterprise, employees in an office, etc. Since people do joint work, this type of communication is implemented in combination with activity (conversations about joint activities in execution time).

Conditional communication aims to change the mental state of the interlocutor: to console a crying friend, to bring an athlete into combat readiness, etc. Motivational communication is based on an incentive to a particular action, the formation of needs, attitudes: the child wants to play, and the mother convinces him to sit down lessons. Conventional communication is designed to prepare for upcoming activities (ceremonies, rituals, norms and rules of etiquette).

Classification

Classification of communication depending on the goals of interaction and its level:

1. Primitive. The interlocutor is considered as a means to achieve a goal and is assessed on a “needed – not needed” scale. This direct and simple attitude is not hidden.
2. Manipulative – interaction for the purpose of obtaining one’s own benefit. Unlike primitive contact, manipulation is a subtle game, using many techniques and techniques (lies, flattery, and so on).
3. Formal-role – completely regulated interaction. People interact with each other from the perspective of social roles. For example, boss and subordinate, teacher and student, doctor and patient, and so on.
4. “Mask contact” is a dry, formal interaction in which standard, memorized phrases and gestures are used. It is designed to hide any emotions and true thoughts behind a mask of polite courtesy or indifferent calm. Also, some people use modesty, ostentatious caring and other techniques as a social mask. The participants in the interaction do not strive to understand each other.
5. Business. The purpose of such social contact is to find a common solution on an issue of interest. The personality of the interlocutor is certainly taken into account, despite the fact that there are special rules and principles of business communication.
6. Secular. Subjects do not express their thoughts, but say what should and is accepted in a particular situation. Small talk is, as a rule, “talk about nothing”, empty and aimless gossip.
7. Spiritual. Such interaction is possible in close, trusting relationships. The interlocutors know each other well, respect beliefs, interests and views, are able to predict each other’s reactions, and communicate at the “Personality – Personality” level.

In addition, when determining the level of human interaction, they use a three-stage structure:

• The micro level is a single act of verbal or nonverbal contact that carries information and meaning. For example, nodding your head as a sign of agreement, shaking your hand as a sign of greeting, and the like.
• Mesa level - conversation and actions within the same topic, occurring once or repeated.
• The macro level is the established preferential strategy of interaction, chosen and developed by a person in the process of life, corresponding to the requirements of society, traditions and customs.

The following types of communication are also known:

1. Direct. It is carried out using the vocal cords, eyes, ears, hands and other organs of the human body.
2. Indirect. Interaction using specially manufactured devices and means of information exchange (by correspondence, by telephone, through Internet resources, and so on).
3. Direct. Personal contact and direct perception of the interlocutor.
4. Indirect. Interaction through intermediaries or representatives who transmit and reproduce the necessary information.
5. Verbal – interaction through oral speech.
6. Nonverbal - interaction without words, but with the help of facial expressions, gestures, postures, touches, and so on. Nonverbal body signals influence the perception of words and are processed unconsciously, while speech is conscious and consciously analyzed.

Words can be chosen and arranged into sentences; gestures and facial expressions are difficult to control; they are spontaneous, which is why they are more likely to express a person’s true thoughts and intentions.

What is missing from the Internet connection?

You can clearly see the person on the other end, watch his movements and hear his voice. But large distances between people can interfere with the data flow, sometimes making voice distorted and images and movements blurred.

In fact, you are very lucky if you can clearly see a good image of the person on the screen along with their clear voice and movements. By the way, a lot depends on the Internet speed on both devices of the interlocutors.

When communicating live, it is possible not only to catch the gaze of the interlocutor, but you can also notice some other qualities, for example, such as the warmth or coldness of a person.

You can feel the person physically, such as through a handshake, pat on the shoulder, hug, or touch on the arm. Such contacts simplify communication and help to better understand the interlocutor.

For what other reasons is Internet communication inferior to live communication? Although software tools for communicating with another person over the Internet are well developed, virtual reality is still only on your screen, and you cannot get a complete, holistic experience when talking to another person over a long distance. It feels artificial, robotic, and you may end up not connecting with the person on the other end, feeling something missing that can't be detected through a computer monitor.