Methods for studying interpersonal communication and interaction

There are many literary sources that convey information in their own way about what the psychology of interpersonal relationships (IRR) is. However, the topic presented has generally accepted features that should be noted. The psychology of communication and interpersonal relationships itself appears to be a very important issue in the modern life of every person.

To correctly understand PMO, one should not confuse it with social-public relations. The role and essence of this kind of relationship is fundamentally different from public relations, since their characteristic feature is an expansive basis. Consequently, they can be analyzed as a factor in the psychological “environment” of a particular group. The expansive component of such relationships indicates that they are formed on the basis of sensory elements that arise between two people. In psychology textbooks in post-Soviet countries, 3 types of emotional glimpses of an individual are distinguished:

• affects;
• feelings;
• emotions.

General concepts of interpersonal relationships

The expansive basis of the presented relationships covers all existing types of emotional glimpses. A connection or contact between people is created not only on the basis of ordinary expansive manifestations. In addition, activity also interprets another series of relationships that are mediated by it. It is very difficult to analyze interpersonal relationships in social psychology, because it is necessary to simultaneously analyze 2 degrees of relationships in a group: both interpersonal and mediated by collective work. Simply put, in addition, you still need to consider the social relations of the same individuals who have direct relationships. For this reason, the question of methodological means of this kind of analysis becomes very acute and relevant.

It is worth mentioning that initially social psychology more often studied only the interpersonal structure, therefore a large number of works have been written in this area, which now help many people. One of the results of these works is the sociometry method described by the North American psychiatrist Jacob Levy Morin. The method created within the framework of the presented theoretical scheme turned out to be very popular.

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Based on this, we can safely say that interpersonal contact is considered as an active component of the psychological environment of the group. However, to fully test interpersonal and intragroup relationships in order to improve and improve them in the future, the above-mentioned sociometry system is used.

METHODS FOR STUDYING AND EVALUATING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN TEAM AND FAMILY

METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE STYLE OF EMPLOYEE MANAGEMENT

Developed by V. P. Zakharov based on the questionnaire of A. L. Zhuravlev. The main methodology consists of 27 groups of statements reflecting various aspects of interaction between management and the team

The technique is aimed at determining the leadership style of the workforce. The testing procedure is contained in the instructions.

INTERPRETATION

Directive component -

D

Focus on your own opinion and assessments. The desire for power, self-confidence, a tendency to strict formal discipline, a large distance with subordinates, reluctance to admit one’s mistakes. Ignoring people’s initiative and creative activity. Sole decision making. Control over the actions of subordinates.

The permissive component of passive non-intervention -

P

Condescension towards employees Lack of exactingness and strict discipline, control, liberality, familiarity with subordinates. Tendency to shift responsibility in decision making.

Collegial Component

- TO

Demandingness and control are combined with an proactive and creative approach to the work performed and conscious adherence to discipline. The desire to delegate authority and share responsibility. Democracy in decision making.

Application of the technique does not require individual testing. It is possible to use it in a battery of tests; it is especially effective to use it together with sociometry in order to optimize the socio-psychological climate in a team.

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Key

METHODOLOGY FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS T. LEARY

The technique was created by T. Leary, G. Leforge, R. Sazek in 1954 and is intended to study the subject’s idea of ​​himself and the ideal “I”, as well as to study relationships in small groups. Using this technique, the predominant type of attitude towards people in self-esteem and mutual assessment is revealed.

When studying interpersonal relationships, two factors are most often identified: dominance - submission

and
friendliness
-
aggressiveness.
It is these factors that determine the overall impression of a person in the processes of interpersonal perception.
They are named by M. Argyle as one of the main components in the analysis of the style of interpersonal behavior and, in terms of content, can be correlated with two of the three main axes of the semantic differential of Charles Osgood: evaluation and strength. In a long-term study conducted by American psychologists under the leadership of B. Bales, the behavior of a group member is assessed according to two variables, the analysis of which is carried out in a three-dimensional space formed by three axes: dominance - submission
,
friendliness - unfriendliness, emotionality - analyticity.
To represent the main social orientations, T Leary developed a symbolic diagram in the form of a circle divided into sectors. In this circle, four orientations are indicated along the horizontal and vertical axes: dominance

—
subordination,
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friendliness

-
hostility.
In turn, these sectors are divided into eight, corresponding to more private relations. For an even more subtle description, the circle is divided into 16 sectors, but more often octants are used, oriented in a certain way relative to the two glacial axes.

T. Leary's scheme is based on the assumption that the closer the test subject's results are to the center of the circle, the stronger the relationship between these two variables. The sum of the scores of each orientation is converted into an index where vertical is dominant (dominance

-
submission)
and horizontal
(friendliness
-
hostility)
axes. The distance of the obtained indicators from the center of the circle indicates the adaptability or extremeness of interpersonal behavior.

The questionnaire contains 128 value judgments, from which 16 items are formed in each of the 8 types of relationships, ordered by ascending intensity. The methodology is structured in such a way that judgments aimed at identifying any type of relationship are arranged through a number of definitions. During processing, the number of relations of each type is counted.

T. Leary proposed using methods for assessing the observable behavior of people, i.e. behavior as assessed by others (“from the outside”), for self-esteem, assessment of close people, for describing the ideal “I”. In accordance with these diagnostic levels, the instructions for answering changes.

The maximum level score is 16 points, but it is divided into four degrees of attitude severity: 0-4 points - low 5-8 points - moderate adaptive behavior

9-12 points - high extreme behavior

13-16 points - extreme to the point of pathology

Different areas of diagnostics make it possible to determine the personality type, as well as compare data on individual aspects. For example, “social “I”, “real “I”, “my partners”, etc.

The methodology can be presented to the respondent either in a list (alphabetically or in random order), or on separate cards. He is asked to indicate those statements

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tions that correspond to his self-image, relate to another person or his ideal

As a result, points are calculated for each octant using a special “key” to the questionnaire. The obtained points are transferred to the discogram, while the distance from the center of the circle corresponds to the number of points for a given octant (from 0 to 16). The ends of the vectors are connected and form a personal profile.

Using special formulas, indicators are determined for two main factors: dominance and friendliness Dominance

=
(I - V) + 0.7 x (VIII + I - IV - VI) Friendliness
=
(VII - III) + 0.7 x (VIII - II - IV + VI) Qualitative analysis of the data obtained is carried out by comparing discograms, demonstrating the difference between the ideas of different people S V Maksimov gives indices of the accuracy of reflection, differentiation of perception, the degree of well-being of the individual’s position in the group, the degree of awareness of the individual’s opinion of the group, the importance of the group for the individual.
The methodological technique allows one to study the problem of psychological compatibility and is often used in the practice of family counseling, group psychotherapy and socio-psychological training

TYPES OF ATTITUDE TO OTHERS

I. Authoritarian

13-16 - dictatorial, domineering, despotic character, a type of strong personality who leads in all types of group activities. He instructs and teaches everyone, strives to rely on his own opinion in everything, does not know how to accept the advice of others. Those around him note this authority, but recognize it

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9-12 - dominant, energetic, competent, authoritative leader, successful in business, loves to give advice, demands respect

0-8 - a self-confident person, but not necessarily a leader, stubborn and persistent

P. Selfish

13-16 - strives to be above everyone, but at the same time aloof from everyone, narcissistic, calculating, independent, selfish. Shifts difficulties onto others, but he himself treats them somewhat aloofly, boastful, self-satisfied, arrogant

0-12 - egoistic traits, self-orientation, tendency to compete

III. Aggressive

13-16 - tough and hostile towards others, harsh, aggressiveness can reach the point of antisocial behavior.

9-12 - demanding, straightforward, frank, strict and harsh in assessing others, irreconcilable, inclined to blame others for everything, mocking, ironic, irritable.

0-8 - stubborn, tenacious, persistent and energetic.

IV. Suspicious

13-16 - alienated in relation to a hostile and evil world, suspicious, touchy, prone to doubting everything, vindictive, constantly complaining about everyone (schizoid character type).

9-12 - critical, experiences difficulties in interpersonal contacts due to suspicion and fear of a bad attitude, closed, skeptical, disappointed in people, secretive, shows his negativism in verbal aggression.

0-8 - critical of all social phenomena and surrounding people.

V. Subordinate

13-16 - submissive, prone to self-abasement, weak-willed, inclined to give in to everyone and in everything, always puts himself in last place and condemns himself, ascribes guilt to himself, passive, seeks to find support in someone stronger.

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9-12 - shy, meek, easily embarrassed, inclined to obey a stronger person without taking into account the situation.

O-8 - modest, timid, compliant, emotionally restrained, able to obey, does not have his own opinion, obediently and honestly fulfills his duties.

VI. Dependent

13-16 - severely unsure of himself, has obsessive fears, concerns, worries about any reason, therefore he is dependent on others, on other people’s opinions.

9-12 - obedient, fearful, helpless, does not know how to show resistance, sincerely believes that others are always right.

O-8 - conformist, soft, expects help and advice, trusting, inclined to admire others, polite.

VII. Friendly

9-16 - friendly and accommodating to everyone, focused on acceptance and social approval, strives to satisfy the demands of everyone, “be good” for everyone without taking into account the situation, strives for the goals of the microgroup, has developed mechanisms of repression and suppression, emotionally labile (hysterical character type )

O-8 - prone to cooperation, cooperation, flexible and compromising when solving problems and conflict situations. Strives to be in agreement with the opinions of others, consciously conformist, follows conventions, rules and principles of “good form” in relations with people, proactive enthusiast in achieving the goals of the group, strives to help, feel in the center of attention, earn recognition and love, sociable, shows warmth and friendliness in relationships.

VIII. Altruistic

9-16 - hyper-responsible, always sacrifices his own interests, strives to help and sympathize with everyone, obsessive in his help and too active in relation to others, inadequately takes responsibility for others (there may only be an external “mask” that hides the personality of the opposite type).

O-8 - responsible towards people, delicate, gentle, kind, emotional attitude towards people

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shows compassion, sympathy, care, affection, knows how to cheer up and calm others, selfless and responsive. Test calculation form

“Q-SORTING” METHOD

This methodological technique is used to study ideas about oneself. Developed by V. Stefanson and published in 1958.

The subject is offered a set of cards containing statements or groups from “most characteristic” to “least characteristic” for him. Tasks can be prepared in accordance with diagnostic purposes. The advantage of the technique is that when working with it, the subject shows his individuality, the real “I”, and not “compliance or non-compliance” with statistical norms and the results of other people. It is also possible to re-sort the same set of cards, but in other respects: “social “I” (How do others see me?);

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“ideal “I” (What would I like to be?);

“actual “I” (What am I like in different situations?);

“significant others” (How do I see my partner?);

“ideal partner” (What would I like my partner to be like?).

The technique allows us to determine six main tendencies of human behavior in a real group: dependence, independence, sociability, unsociability, acceptance of “struggle” and avoidance of “struggle”. The tendency towards dependence is defined as the internal desire of an individual to accept group standards and values: social, moral and ethical. The tendency towards sociability indicates contact, the desire to form emotional connections both within one’s group and outside it. The tendency to “struggle” is an individual’s active desire to participate in group life, to achieve a higher status in the system of interpersonal relationships; in contrast to this tendency, avoidance of “struggle” shows the desire to avoid interaction, maintain neutrality in group disputes and conflicts, and a tendency to compromise solutions. Each of these tendencies, in our opinion, has internal and external characteristics, i.e. dependence, sociability and “struggle” can be true, internal to the individual, or they can be external, a kind of “mask” that hides the true face of a person. If the number of positive answers in each conjugate pair (dependence - independence, sociability - unsociability, acceptance of "struggle" - avoidance of "struggle") approaches 20, then we are talking about the true predominance of one or another stable tendency inherent in the individual, and manifested not only within a certain group, but also outside it.

The research is carried out as follows. The subject is presented with a card of statements and asked to answer “yes” if it corresponds to his idea of ​​himself as a member of this particular group, or “no” if it contradicts his idea, and only in exceptional cases is he allowed to answer: “I doubt it,” i.e. Divide into three groups of answers. The test subject's answers are distributed over

576

corresponding keys and trends are calculated for each of the associated pairs. Since the denial of one quality is the recognition of a polar quality, the number of “yes” answers is added to the number of “no” answers of opposite tendencies.

As a result, we obtain a summary quantitative definition for each of the listed trends. To reduce the results to the range from +1 to -1, we divide the resulting number by 10. It is assumed that the answer “yes” has a positive sign, and the answer “no” has a negative sign. Three or four “I doubt” answers to certain trends are regarded by us as a sign of indecisiveness, evasiveness, and shyness, but in other cases this may indicate a certain selectivity in behavior, tactical flexibility, and shyness. These qualities can be verified by analyzing them in conjunction with other personal characteristics.

A zero score is also possible when the sums of the “yes” and “no” answers coincide. It is precisely this situation that can be a source of internal conflict for a person who is in the grip of opposing tendencies that have the same intensity.

Of particular interest is the use of this technique as a mutual assessment to compare ideas about oneself with the opinion of everyone, about everyone within a group.

Key

I. Dependency3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 39, 45, 51, 54

P. Independence 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 57, 60

III. Sociability 5, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 37, 43, 49, 52

IV. Unsociability 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, 46, 55, 58

V. Acceptance of “struggle” 1,13, 37, 23, 29, 35, 41, 47, 56, 59 IV. Avoidance of “fight” 2, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32, 38, 44, 50, 53

Basics of relationship psychology

The psychology of interpersonal relationships plays an extremely important role in modern society. Relationships themselves are a complex of connections that arise in people through feelings, judgments and contact. Such relationships consist of the following points:

• contemplation and perception;
• outgoing sympathy;
• interactions and actions.

They are divided into the following components: cognitive, emotional and behavioral.

The cognitive part consists of cognitive mental processes:

• feelings;
• understanding;
• performance;
• memories;
• thinking;
• fantasy.

They help a person to know the key characteristics of partners in collective employment and create mutual understanding between them.
The special features of mutual understanding include 2 attributes: adequacy and identification. The first attribute is the correctness of the mental reflection of the person being perceived. The second is comparing yourself with the personality of another person. The emotional part consists of positive or negative experiences that are created during communication with other people:

• sympathy or antipathy;
• satisfaction;
• empathy is an expansive response to the reaction of another person, which can be expressed as empathy, sympathy and complicity.

The behavioral part consists of facial expressions, gestures, pantomimes, speech and actions that express the approach or position of this individual to other people or to the entire group. In addition, this part appears to be the main element in resolving relationships. The effectiveness of interpersonal relationships is assessed by the general state of satisfaction/dissatisfaction of the entire group and each of its members.

Main types and stages of relationships

Industrial relations are formed between employees of organizations when solving their internal problems. These relationships have 3 categories. The first is between a boss and an employee, the second is between employees of equal status, the third is between the bosses of one enterprise and the employees of another.

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Household ones are formed on vacation or in everyday life. Official - normatively pre-established relationships, attached in official documents. Informal ones are formed in everyday life, manifested in ordinary sympathy, appreciation, and so on.

Interpersonal relationships are influenced by factors such as gender, nationality, age, character, specialty, experience in communicating with people, self-esteem, and so on.

There are the following stages of relationships:

1. Acquaintance, when mutual contact, perception and evaluation is created, which forms the basis for further relationships between people.
2. Friendly, when relationships arise between two or more people on a rational and emotional level.
3. Companionship involves a convergence of judgments and mutual support that is strengthened by trust.

Proper communication in relationships, 8 most important tips

Proper communication is the key to a happy relationship. From this article, you will learn about the importance of spiritual connection in love affairs and how to understand the psychology of communication in relationships.

8 important tips to help you understand the psychology of relationships:

1. Simple communication.

For a relationship to grow and develop, both partners must learn to communicate with each other, because improper communication or its complete absence is the cause of most breakups. No matter how long you've been together, you're both constantly changing as individuals, and you may well have a new favorite dish, or a new favorite actor. Therefore, to keep your relationship alive, it is very important to communicate and get to know each other every day.

2. Be aware of all the changes in your partner’s life.

Talk to your loved one about your interests and dreams, what you would like to do in a few years, or where you would like to go on your next vacation. Always talk about how your work day went, how your friends are doing, find out all the little details that concern the two of you. Because when you show interest in each other's lives, your mutual understanding improves.

3. Learn to be frank in love!

A good relationship is not only about constant talking and laughter; in addition, you need to be able to make comments to your partner when necessary, even if it sounds cruel. If you pretend that nothing happened, then your loved one will do it again, so if something bothers you in the behavior of your loved ones, talk about it, for the sake of your relationship. The biggest mistake of any couple is to wait until one of the partners magically gets rid of a bad habit. Agree that it is stupid to hope that your man will stop throwing his socks away, quit smoking and playing in the casino, or your woman herself will stop spending huge amounts of money on fashionable clothes and stop gossiping.

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4. Get out of the house at least once a week.

You can spend a lot of time together, but most often you just lie in bed, watch TV or have dinner. Such a pastime, as you understand, cannot improve your connection and mutual understanding. Therefore, you need to schedule at least one evening a week to leave the house. After spending just a few hours in a cafe, you will have time to find a lot of interesting topics of conversation that will undoubtedly bring you closer together.

5. Find a common activity on the weekend.

Do any of you love gardening or maybe you are crazy about cooking exotic dishes? A day off is a great time to do something together. Come up with an activity that will interest both of you, and at the end of the day you will feel how this activity will bring you closer together.

6. Bitter truth is better than sweet lies.

In order to effectively build good relationships, you need to learn to be truthful. Lying always progresses in a relationship, and having deceived just once, you risk losing trust in the relationship forever. Therefore, it is best to always tell only the truth and not give your partner a reason to doubt you.

Do you think the new employee of your company is very sexy? Fantasizing about someone else at night? Has your loved one gained excess weight? Or maybe your sex life seems monotonous to you? You shouldn’t hide all these things!

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Of course, there is no need to talk about this directly and in detail. You can mention this at the appropriate time and in a gentle manner. It is very important to express your opinion, and this is normal, but at the same time it is necessary to do it delicately so as not to offend your partner. Talk about your thoughts without being shy, because this is the only way to build trust and improve mutual understanding.

7. Talk about your sexual fantasies.

This is one of the most important things for the formation of normal communication within your couple. Often people want more in bed, but they simply don't know how to express their desires for fear of being judged and rejected.

Some people want tantric sex and dirty talk, others fantasize about role-playing games and sexy clothes, others crave animal sex in public places. And all this is quite acceptable as long as it gives pleasure to both partners. After all, all people have a creative nature and sexual fantasies, so why do you think that this is bad and are ashamed of it?

Sexual connection is very important for the development and strengthening of all relationships. If you're both sexually repressed, it can lead to a boring sex life, and one of you may end up having an affair. Therefore, you need to learn to express your opinion in bed, despite the feeling of awkwardness. You don't have to say it directly, just drop a few hints and see how your partner reacts. In turn, you also need to listen to the desires of your loved one, and then your sex life will become much richer.

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8. Soul to soul.

Learn to understand the psychology of your partner, try to talk to him like your best friend from time to time. If you accidentally notice that your loved one is staring at a pretty girl or guy, don’t blame him for this and don’t get annoyed. Instead, acknowledge that it's normal and laugh. You don't need to tell him to stop staring, just tell him, "She's pretty cute, isn't she?" Thus, you make it clear that fleeting glances are quite natural. But your loved one will still feel awkward, although he will know for sure that you believe him.

In addition, you need to learn to read each other's thoughts, for example, when buying clothes or in the grocery store. If your loved one is looking at expensive cufflinks or a set of cosmetics, please him and pay attention to it, instead of nervously running out of the store.

Use all these tips to get an idea of ​​the psychology of good communication in a relationship, and very soon your relationship will become ideal, and you will begin to understand each other better and fall in love more and more every day.