The concept of expressiveness came to psychology from linguistics, where it denotes a certain set of means of expression of the author.
In psychology, expressiveness also expresses a person’s attitude to what is happening with the help of a certain set of characteristic behavioral traits, expressions, facial expressions, and movements.
You will find the concept and types of personality accentuations in our article.
Expressiveness is also a quantitative characteristic of a reaction and means its significant, and sometimes even excessive, expression.
What is this in psychology?
The famous psychologist and scientist A. Maslow argued that expressiveness is a manifestation of the normal functioning of the human psyche, since it expresses its attitude, capable of being noticed by other people.
Expressiveness is a special form of contact and communication with other individuals, being a powerful signal of a person’s expression of opinion or attitude.
To express expressiveness, a person can use different techniques and methods: from behavior style to clothing style. Appearance can already indicate the severity of this possibility in an individual.
Many people deliberately hide their attitude to what is happening and dampen their expressiveness, thereby forming an internal conflict.
Others, on the contrary, are prone to unlimited expression, which can also contribute to the discomfort of both the person himself and those around him. Expressiveness as a psychological concept is reflected at all levels of the human psyche : behavior, habits, reactions, psychological syndromes.
Types of expressiveness
Expressiveness can be divided into the following options:
- Motor : reflects a physical, muscular reaction. Russian physiologists I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov studied the severity of reflex activity and the degree of motor activity in response to various stimuli. Motor reactions expressed the degree of severity of the reaction.
- Emotional : describes a subjective attitude to what is happening; expressiveness can manifest itself both in positive emotions in the form of joy or delight, as well as in negative ones: anger, crying.
- Behavioral : expresses the characteristics of human behavior depending on the level of expressiveness. At the same time, it is a higher level in relation to the previous ones. Behavioral expressiveness is manifested in the severity of reactions assessed by others.
At the junction of the first two types are speech and facial expressiveness, which is realized with the help of characteristic speech patterns, the work of facial muscles in the form of certain “masks,” sets of microexpressions.
Verbal communications
People use this type of communication almost every minute of their active life. After all, each of us constantly exchanges information with friends and colleagues, teaches someone, listens to someone’s thoughts, etc. Such listening, as well as speaking, is understood as verbal communication.
The means of this type of communication are word, speech and language. The last of them has been a means of transmitting information since ancient times. Language is one of the most basic tools of various types of communication. Words in this case are iconic symbols that simultaneously have several meanings.
Also, verbal communication is impossible without various forms of speech. Namely oral and written, external, internal, etc. With the help of speech, a person encodes certain information. Only after this should it be transferred to the interlocutor.
Types of speech communication include oral and written forms of communication between people. In addition, depending on one or another development of events, the transmission of information may have signs of a monologue or dialogue. Most often in everyday life we encounter the second of these types of verbal communication. In this case, the dialogue can take different forms. So, it happens:
- factual, when the exchange of information with the interlocutor is intended only to support the conversation and does not involve listening to the answer;
- informational, which is an active process of discussing a topic;
- confessional, which is a confidential type of dialogue that serves to express deep experiences and feelings.
- debatable, which arises when contradictions arise in points of view.
Not as often as with dialogues, we can encounter monologues in everyday life. They usually take place when delivering a report or lecture.
The main types of verbal communications, in addition to speech, also include conversation. What is it? It is the exchange of knowledge, thoughts and opinions using sound symbols. This process involves two or more people whose communication takes place in a relaxed atmosphere. Only in certain cases is this type of communication used. Both the types of information, the coverage of the problem, and the explanation of any issue in this case are presented in an informal setting. A slightly different direction is typical for an interview. It also refers to verbal types of communication, and its functions are to convey information concerning social, scientific or professional issues.
Communication between people can also occur through dispute. This type of verbal communication is a debate on socially important as well as scientific topics. Rigid boundaries of dispute limit communication between people.
In verbal communications, discussion is also distinguished. It, like a dispute, refers to a public form of information transfer, but at the same time a specific result is important for it. During the discussion, various opinions on the issue raised are discussed and people present their positions and points of view. The result of such communication should be a solution to the problem posed.
Another type of verbal transmission of information is an argument. It represents a confrontation of opinions expressed in a verbal struggle between people, each of whom defends his point of view.
Causes
There are several reasons for this phenomenon:
- anatomical-functional or biological,
- genetic,
- socially determined
- historical.
Biological reasons form the material basis of the ability to clearly express one’s “I”.
This includes neurotransmitter systems, metabolic features, and constitution.
Adrenaline and norepinephrine are responsible for the severity and speed of the reaction, the ability to euphoria is due to the presence of endorphins, serotonin and dopamine.
Depending on the activity of these systems, as well as on the speed of inactivation of products, characteristic behavioral features .
A special structure of the brain called the limbic system is responsible for the emotional sphere. With its active work and stimulation, emotional and motor activity increases.
In depressive states, when there is a marked decrease in expressiveness, a deficiency of serotonin is observed, which is what therapy is aimed at. However, this does not mean that only biology governs behavior.
Genetic reasons predetermine the structure of the body, and accordingly its anatomical and physiological characteristics, as mentioned above.
Genes contain information about the so-called norm of reaction for a given person, the boundaries within which the implementation of a particular function is possible, in particular the expressiveness of emotions, movements, and behavior. However, this may change during life.
Based on anatomy and genetics, a temperament is formed, which is characterized by a certain degree of expression for each type : sanguine and choleric people will have a pronounced reaction, but phlegmatic people, and especially melancholic people, on the contrary.
It is possible to correct your temperament, but this is an innate predisposition that is realized in appropriate conditions.
Socially determined reasons play the largest role in the formation of expression. This includes:
- family upbringing,
- communication in the school community, in educational institutions,
- working team,
- chat with friends,
- forced communication (with service sector workers).
Social connections leave their mark , stimulating or weakening personality expression. In the family, such reactions may be limited; even more restrictions occur in work and educational groups.
Also, the formation of this process is greatly influenced by the self-determination of the individual in the team and his self-esteem. Confident people tend to have a bright temperament and expression, but this is also not an absolute rule.
Historical reasons shape national traits and characteristics. Italians and Spaniards are considered one of the most expressive nations. Representatives of these nations tend to speak loudly, actively gesticulate and express themselves.
The same trend can be seen in folk culture and folklore: rhythmic, clear and captivating motifs, colorful outfits.
National customs and historical circumstances leave a significant imprint on the formation of expressiveness in an individual.
Types of communication
The first thing that is important to note here is that communication and communication are not the same thing. At the very least, these concepts cannot be identical and should not be used as synonyms.
If communication is a shallow, easy and most often everyday interaction, then communication is a professional, interactive interaction, with conscious goals and pre-prepared scripts.
Absolutely any interlocutors can become participants in communication, and participants in communication can only be those who set themselves the task of influencing their partner, those who realize that their interlocutor faces exactly the same task.
Unlike communication, communications are absolutely not characterized by either feelings or emotions (what are they?), and if such appear, it is certainly with a pragmatic purpose - that is, with the understanding that now it is necessary to solve this or that situational problem .
There are a variety of classifications regarding types of communication. Let's present just a few of them:
- cognitive – pursues the goal of expanding the circle of knowledge of the partner, his information fund. The expected result is the mastery of newly acquired information and the subsequent application of new knowledge in one’s practical activities;
- persuasive , the main goal of which is to evoke in the interlocutor certain feelings necessary for the formation of value orientations and attitudes necessary for the initiator. The expected result is to make the interlocutor a like-minded person, attract him to your position, change his personal guidelines and then use his intellectual capabilities;
- expressive - pursues the goal of forming a special psycho-emotional mood in the interlocutor, in order to then encourage him to perform the action you need. The expected result is a change in the emotional background of the partner, his involvement in specific actions and actions beneficial to the initiator.
Thus, each of the participants in communication is a kind of manipulator who has the ability to influence partners for a specific purpose or has such a task in front of him.
Expressive person, who is he?
An expressive person rarely goes unnoticed. His appearance and behavior usually speak before the dialogue with him.
Characteristic features of such a personality:
- Fast, sweeping movements with large amplitude.
- A large number of small movements accompanying gait or speech, active articulation and gestures.
- Jerky, abrupt nature of movements.
- An abundance of words in the dialogue, a loud voice, laughter that attracts attention.
- Lively facial expressions, easily interpretable.
- Mannered behavior, pretentiousness.
- Real or fabricated role of the leader, “ringleader”.
The fabricated role of a leader means that a person is ready to accept all the attention and all the rights of a leader, but is not ready to bear responsibility.
An expressive person does not always mean confident or dominant . It often happens the other way around: with outwardly bright behavior there is a lack of willpower and self-control.
Such people often make a lot of promises, make a lot of plans, and also like to express their opinions in public.
Expressive girls often attract attention with their atypical persistence in expressing themselves or responding to communication.
They are often the center of men's attention, but have difficulty building relationships due to lack of restraint. Also, expressive ladies are characterized by lability of emotional reactions and a tendency to hysteria .
The first sign of female expression is appearance: bold combinations of colors and models predominate, often absurd, but lively facial expressions and visible optimism successfully compensate for such inconsistencies.
Types of communication
There are different types of communications: intrapersonal (personal), interpersonal, intragroup, intergroup, mass communications. They can be carried out in various spheres (cultural-spiritual, scientific, industrial, recreational, educational), among people of different ages, genders, belonging to different peoples, nations, ethnic groups, races (gerontocommunications, gender, national-ethnic, interracial communications), between different categories of the population (youth, women, religious), between planets, continents, countries, states, peoples, territories (interplanetary, intercontinental, interstate, international, interterritorial), etc.
There are different approaches to the typology of communication. Let's consider different types of communications, classifying them according to the most significant grounds.
Based on the scale of the communication process and the mass character of the persons involved in it, they distinguish between mass (at the level of the societal system), medium level (limited on the scale of social groups and organizations - intra-organizational communications) and local (intra-family, triad, etc.), intra-group (interaction does not go beyond framework of a certain group), intergroup (between different groups or a large group with its fairly independent subgroups. In relation to each of the external subjects of intergroup relationships, communications are external in nature - external communications), interpersonal (between individuals - dyadic), intrapersonal (communication with yourself).
Mass communication
is a system of interconnections that allows almost simultaneous access to socially significant messages to a large number of people, regardless of location, position, social status (for example, the media, the Internet). Such communication develops based on the use of technical means of reproduction and transmission of messages. As a rule, mass communications are carried out by specialized organizations (publishing houses, agencies, editorial offices, studios).
Mass communications can also be understood as the simultaneous presence of a large number of people in a limited space, allowing them to interact (communicate) with “opinion leaders” (for example, rallies, processions, presentations, concerts in large open or indoor spaces (for example, indoor stadiums) A common criterion for both types of mass communication is the simultaneous consumption of mass information by a large number of people.
Intraorganizational communications
represent interactions within the organization. Such communications include the interaction of a member of an organization with its structural divisions, as well as the structural divisions of the organization with each other.
External communications -
this is a system of connections of any social system with external social formations that exist outside of it. Any social organization cannot exist without connections with the external environment and therefore external communications become an essential component of the functioning of any social system (organization, institution).
Communication in the group
(intragroup communication). In a relatively small group, each participant has approximately an equal chance of participating in communication. In groups where the number of participants is within 10-12 people, it is possible to carry out direct and feedback between all participants in the discussion. In a classroom with so many students, it is possible to conduct active discussions, lectures and conversations. The direct communication channel here is more structured than in interpersonal communications, but feedback has the same possibilities as in interpersonal communications.
Interpersonal communication
carried out between two people. Both parties act as both transmitting and receiving parties. The message of one side is transmitted by a communication channel in the form of sound (additional channel - gaze, gesture, facial expressions). Feedback is the response of each participant.
Intrapersonal communication
arises within an individual if a person discusses problems with himself, looks for solutions, asks himself questions and answers them himself. The feedback here is the fact of a refutation or correction of the information posed in the question.
Communications based on the method of establishing and maintaining contact are divided into immediate (direct) and indirect (remote).
Direct communication
- communication carried out directly using verbal and non-verbal means within the limits of visual perception (for example, conversation, public speaking).
Indirect communication
- interaction carried out through an intermediary. Communication in this case is carried out both through individuals - intermediaries, and through various means of communication, including technical ones (mass media and advertising, such technical means as a bullhorn, loudspeaker, telephone, radio, video communication, computer communication networks of a local or global nature).
Based on the initiative of communicators, communications are divided into active and passive communications.
If the communicator influences a recipient who does not respond to messages, then the latter plays a passive role, and this communication as a whole is also passive.
Communication becomes active
, if all communicators participating in the communication process initiate messages and immediately respond to the information received with their actions.
According to the degree of organization, communications are divided into random and non-random (organized).
Random communications
arise spontaneously. There is a random exchange of information between people. During casual meetings, they discuss business issues and even make quite important decisions. These types of random communications enhance the degree of self-organization of the system.
Specially organized communications
- prepared in advance.
Depending on the direction of information flow, communications are divided into horizontal and vertical.
Vertical direction
, in turn, is divided into descending and ascending.
The flow of communication that moves from one level in a group or organization to another lower level is downward
. It is used by group leaders to set tasks, describe work, inform about procedures in order to highlight problems that require attention, and offer options for feedback on the results of work. Moreover, the more levels information passes through, the less likely it is that it will not be distorted. The most typical example is the communication of a boss with his subordinates.
Upward direction
. Ascending information from lower to higher levels is used to provide feedback from subordinates to the manager to inform them about performance results and current problems. Such information not only serves as a means of conveying the opinions of employees to managers, but allows higher authorities and managers to respond in a timely manner to changes in collective opinion. Managers analyze this information in order to make the right management decisions. Bottom-up information is used to inform lower-level managers at a certain level. This can be done by submitting reports, reports, and final documents on individual projects to higher levels of management. The production process is still dominated by top-down communication systems. In such systems, the main production level is perceived as the executive level, which must carry out the orders of management and functional management structures. Coordination of the work of the units of such an organization is carried out through management, which turns into an intermediary in communications between them. Employees develop the mentality of a performer, therefore, any discrepancy in resolving production or social issues can cause dissatisfaction with managers. Management practice in such a system is based on the principles of division and specialization of labor, its unification, and the predominance of administrative, legal and economic management methods. Modern managers, brought up in old management structures, prefer this system and cannot always fit into new communication systems.
Horizontal direction
occurs between group members of equal rank, as well as between groups of equal rank. This communication process is called horizontal. Horizontal communications in some cases are an indispensable attribute of the implementation of a certain control algorithm, and in other cases it occurs spontaneously. The largest American manager, Lee Iacocca, after joining as general director, “could not believe that the manager heading the design department did not maintain constant contact with the head of the production department.” “Nobody at Chrysler seemed to understand that the interaction of various functions in the company was absolutely necessary. Designers and production workers almost had to sleep in the same bed. And they didn’t even allow themselves to flirt with each other!” Another example: sales and production of automobiles were under the responsibility of one vice president. This was incomprehensible to me, since we are dealing with extremely time-consuming and completely different functions here. Moreover, and what’s even worse, both of these areas of activity maintained virtually no connection with each other.”
Depending on the sign systems used, communications are divided into verbal and non-verbal.
Verbal communication
. Verbal communication means verbal interaction between the parties. Verbal communications are carried out using sign systems and symbols, the main one of which is language. Language as a sign system is the optimal means of expressing human thinking and a means of communication. The functioning of linguistic signs is possible only in a system based on rules that regulate the construction of sign series from the original signs. Interpersonal speech communication always represents social interaction, dialogue. By participating in verbal communication, a person expresses judgments and perceives the words expressed by other people. Information expressed in language by one person is appropriated by others, and thus understanding occurs in dialogue. In dialogue, as a communicative process, people interact by expressing semantic positions in words. In dialogue, thought is assessed and mastered in accordance with business, political, ethical, aesthetic and other criteria. Thus, dialogue is an indispensable component of linguistic communication.
The units of verbal communication are utterance and discourse. A speech act is a purposeful speech behavior in accordance with accepted rules. The speech act characterizes intentionality as a specific communicative attitude of the speech act; purposefulness, as the desire to influence the interlocutor using expressive means of transmitting and evaluating information; conventionality, as compliance with speech norms accepted in a given society.
The verbalized result of an utterance, the product of a speech act, is an utterance. The statement in form and structural characteristics basically coincides with the sentence. However, an utterance has broader communicative capabilities than a sentence. This is achieved by using intonation, logical stress, combining statements with such non-verbal means as pause, tonality, rate of speech, pitch of voice, and its timbre. An utterance is a communicative unit of the verbal (linguistic) level. The utterance is characterized by situationality; social conditioning, variability, selectivity, instability.
Discourse is a connected, integral text modeled in speech, considered in terms of events. Discourse contains both linguistic and nonverbal means. Linguistic factors take into account the compatibility of words, the sequence of statements, intonation nuances, the inclusion in speech of elements of reaction to questions, asking again and interrupting a partner. Nonverbal factors of discourse and means of business etiquette contribute to the actualization of speech in life situations. Social communication is interested in discourse as speech activity as a tool for transmitting, perceiving and exchanging information. With its help, communicative interaction of individuals who are part of society is organized.
Nonverbal communication
. As non-verbal communication means, people have used and continue to use the languages of flags, smoke, etc., embroidery, ornaments, folk images using symbols and signs. In interpersonal communication, posture, gestures, facial expressions, facial expressions, gaze, etc. are used as nonverbal communication means. Nonverbal means of communication, despite the richness of the verbal language of communication, are used very widely in interpersonal communication. Unlike words (sentences), nonverbal means are perceived directly by a person and act strongly, conveying the subtlest nuances of attitude. Nonverbal means of communication (as well as verbal ones) perform basic communication functions (informational, pragmatic and expressive).
Nonverbal signs (for example, gestures, facial expressions) are most often unmotivated indexed signs and reveal feelings, emotions, and evaluative attitudes. The pragmatic function includes establishing contact, feedback, social orientation, incentive and regulatory motives. Expressive functions include adaptive, emotive (evoking emotions) and emphatic (emotional highlighting of a certain fragment).
Characteristics of behavior
With this model of behavior, actions that attract attention predominate: such people tend to be the center of everyone's attention.
They often become successful actors, singers, and musicians. Expressive behavior is characteristic of a creative environment .
Also in this behavior there is often a duality of standards: confident in public, such people are indecisive in their real actions, often trying to shift responsibility to someone else.
Expressive behavior is often associated with directness and honesty, but with the right skill, behavioral reactions can skillfully simulate something. Behavior is characterized by a constant dynamic desire: from the speed of movements to the speed of decision-making.
Speech is dominated by affirmative sentences and exclamations , both positive and negative. Sentences are constructed from complex constructions, characterized by an abundance of interjections, prepositions, and adverbs.
There are usually traces of facial wrinkles on the face, especially around the eyes, rapid movement of the eyes and lips, and a constantly changing facial expression.
A striking example of an expressive personality is the hero of Russian folk tales, Ivanushka the Fool .
His sweeping movements, elastic gait, fast and bright speech, as well as his image in eye-catching clothing colors with an expressive smile on his face allow us to create a portrait of an expressive person.
Expressive behavior
tags:
Smile, Facial expressions, Person, Raise, Eyebrow, Expression, Experience, External Expressive behavior in communication and its understanding.
Expressive behavior [lat. expressio - expressiveness] - an expressive, vivid manifestation of feelings and moods. The terms expression and expressiveness are used when it is necessary to emphasize the degree of expression of a person’s spiritual world or indicate the means of its expression.
Expressive behavior, or what psychologists mean by this term, is, as a rule, unmotivated, although, of course, it is certainly determined by something. Expressive behavior is a kind of mirror; it reflects, denotes or expresses a certain state of the body. Moreover, expressive behavior tends to become part of this condition, such as the stupid antics of an idiot; the smile and cheerful, springy gait of a healthy person; the friendly expression of a good man; the beauty of a beautiful woman; heavily slumped shoulders, low tone and a sad face of a depressed person; handwriting, gait, gestures, smile, dance style. All these external expressive manifestations have no purpose, no intention. They are not aimed at anything. They do not satisfy any of the basic needs.
An expression includes elements having:
- high degree of variability (dynamic - facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.),
- average (hairstyle, clothes) and
- low degree of variability (physiognomic components of expression).
The psychology of expressive behavior examines a wide range of means by which a person expresses himself or his characteristics can be expressed by an observer. The class of means that reveal the uniqueness of a person includes facial expressions, gestures, postures, body shape, hairstyle, cosmetics, jewelry, clothing, speech style, handwriting, drawing, environment, etc.
Facial expressions
Under the influence of the feelings experienced by the individual, coordinated contractions and relaxations of various facial structures are born, which determine the facial expression that perfectly reflects the emotions being experienced. Since it is not difficult to learn to control the state of the facial muscles, they often try to mask or even imitate the display of emotions on the face.
The sincerity of a human emotion is usually indicated by symmetry in the display of feelings on the face, while the stronger the falsehood, the more different the facial expressions of its right and left halves are. Even easily recognizable facial expressions are sometimes very short-lived (fractions of a second...) and often go unnoticed; To be able to intercept it you need a lot of practice or special training. At the same time, positive emotions (joy, pleasure...) are recognized more easily than negative ones (sadness, shame, disgust...).
15 pages, 7045 words
Human emotions and basic approaches to their study in psychology
... a person expresses his emotions through facial expressions, gestures, voice, motor reactions, the more expressive he is. The absence of outward manifestations of emotion does not mean the absence of emotions; person...all emotionally expressive expressions. ... emotions and physiological changes affect the quality of activity and human performance. Playing a role that controls human behavior and activity, emotions...
A person’s lips are particularly emotional, and they are not difficult to read (increased facial expressions or biting of lips, for example, indicate anxiety, while a mouth twisted to one side indicates skepticism or ridicule...).
A smile on the face usually shows friendliness or a need for approval. A smile for a man is a good opportunity to show that he is in control of himself in any situation. A woman's smile is much more truthful and more often corresponds to her actual mood. Since smiles often display different motives, it is advisable not to rely too much on their standard interpretation:
- excessive smiling - need for approval;
- a crooked smile is a sign of controlled nervousness;
- a smile with raised eyebrows - readiness to obey;
- a smile with lowered eyebrows - showing superiority;
- a smile without lifting the lower eyelids is insincerity;
- a smile with constant widening of the eyes without closing them is a threat.
Typical facial expressions that communicate emotions are:
- *joy*: the lips are curved and their corners are pulled back, small wrinkles have formed around the eyes;
- *interest*: the eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids are slightly widened or narrowed;
- *happiness*: the outer corners of the lips are raised and usually pulled back, the eyes are calm;
3 pages, 1486 words
What does facial expression mean?
... facial expressions that indicate the emotions being experienced are as follows: joy: the lips are curved and their corners are pulled back, small wrinkles have formed around the eyes; interest: eyebrows a little... nervousness; a smile with raised eyebrows - readiness to obey; smiling with lowered eyebrows - showing superiority; a smile without lifting the lower eyelids is insincerity; a smile with constantly widened eyes without...
- *surprise*: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, the eyes are widened, and the slightly open mouth has a rounded shape;
- *disgust*: eyebrows are lowered, the nose is wrinkled, the lower lip is protruded or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to be squinting; the person seems to be choking or spitting;
- *contempt*, eyebrow raised, face elongated, head elevated, as if a person is looking down at someone; he seems to distance himself from the interlocutor;
- *fear*: the eyebrows are slightly raised, but have a straight shape, their inner corners are shifted and horizontal wrinkles run across the forehead, the eyes are widened, with the lower eyelid tense and the upper one slightly raised, the mouth can be open, and its corners are pulled back, pulling and straightening your lips over your teeth (the latter just speaks of the intensity of the emotion...); when only the mentioned position of the eyebrows is present, then this is controlled fear;
- *anger*: the muscles of the forehead are moved inward and downward, organizing a threatening or frowning expression in the eyes, the nostrils are widened and the wings of the nose are raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or pulled back, taking a rectangular shape and exposing clenched teeth, the face often turns red;
- *shame*: the head is lowered, the face is turned away, the gaze is averted, the eyes are directed downwards or “run” from side to side, the eyelids are covered and sometimes closed; the face is quite flushed, the pulse is rapid, breathing is intermittent;
- *sorrow*: eyebrows are drawn together, eyes are dull, and the outer corners of the lips are sometimes slightly lowered.
Knowing facial expressions during various emotions is useful not only for understanding others, but also for carefully practicing (usually in front of a mirror) your working imitations.
Gestures
“Gesture is not a movement of the body, but a movement of the soul.” It communicates a person’s desire and what he is experiencing at that moment, and a habitual gesture for someone testifies to a trait of his character.
Outwardly identical gestures from different people can mean completely different things, but there are also identical points:
- active gestures - a frequent component of positive emotions, understood by others as an expression of friendliness and interest;
14 pages, 6683 words
Brain gymnastics exercises - crossing the midline of the body.
… hands. Focus both eyes through the window on a linear object (another person's face, a door frame, etc.). Without moving the window or head, close one eye... Lunge towards your supporting right leg. Turn your head to the right too. The body weight remains centered. At the same time, the body does not... Also, one of the important points is that through a better understanding of ourselves - our body, our psyche, we can reduce...
Excessive gesticulation is a sign of anxiety or uncertainty.
When determining an individual’s thoughts and emotions, only involuntary gestures should be noted:
- demonstration of open palms - an indicator of frankness;
- clenching of fists - internal excitement, aggressiveness (the stronger the fingers are clenched, the stronger the emotion itself);
- covering your mouth with your hand (or a glass in your hand) at the moment of speech - surprise, uncertainty in what is being said, a lie, a confidential message, professional insurance against lip reading;
- touching the nose or lightly scratching it - uncertainty in what is being communicated (both by oneself and by a partner), lying, searching for a new counterargument during the discussion;
- rubbing your eyelid with a finger is a lie, but sometimes - a feeling of suspicion and lies on the part of your partner;
- rubbing and scratching various parts of the head (forehead, cheeks, back of the head, ear...) - concern, embarrassment, uncertainty;
- stroking the chin - the moment of decision making;
- fidgety hands (fiddling with something, twisting and untwisting a pen, touching parts of clothing...) - alertness, nervousness, embarrassment;
- pinching the palm - readiness for aggression;
- nail biting - internal anxiety;
- various movements of the hand across the body (adjusting a watch, touching a cufflink, playing with a button on a cuff...) - masked nervousness;
2 pages, 912 words
Correction of fears using art
Correction of fears using art therapy It is generally accepted that fears are emotional disturbances or unpleasant experiences. Normally, they perform a protective function (self-preservation), therefore they are necessary for the proper functioning of the psyche and the formation of behavior. However, the presence of a large number of different fears in a child is an indicator of a pre-neurotic state. When …
- picking up “lint” from clothes is a gesture of disapproval;
- pulling a collar that is clearly in the way from the neck - a person suspects that others have recognized his deception, lack of air when angry;
- wiping the glasses or placing the frame of the glasses in the mouth - a pause for reflection, please wait;
- taking off glasses and throwing them on the table is an overly heated conversation, a difficult and unpleasant topic;
- extinguishing or putting aside a cigarette is a period of maximum stress;
- knocking ash off a cigarette too often - a painful internal state, nervousness;
- tilting the head to the side - awakening interest;
- a quick tilt or turn of the head to the side - a desire to speak out;
- constant throwing away supposedly “interfering” hair from the forehead - anxiety;
- a clear desire to lean on something or lean against something - a feeling of difficulty and unpleasantness of the moment, a lack of understanding of how to get out of the current situation (any support increases self-confidence...).
Poses
Significant information about a person’s internal mood is provided by the static position of his body. At the same time, a frequently repeated pose communicates stable personality traits.
Since during changes in feelings people usually control their face better than their body, it is often not facial expressions at all, but posture that can tell about an individual’s true experiences.
*Possible connections of body positions to a person’s mental state are as follows*:
- hands clasped behind the back, head raised high, chin pointed out - a feeling of self-confidence and superiority over others;
- the body is leaned forward, hands (akimbo) on the hips - self-confidence and readiness for active action, aggressiveness, nervousness when talking, the desire to defend one’s position to the end;
- standing with your hands on a table or chair - a feeling of incomplete contact with your partner;
14 pp., 6911 words
Lies and deception as a socio-psychological phenomenon
...the meaning of which is completely clear. For example, a nod of the head. In some cases of deception, such signs are not completed, sharply... shame for one’s action. People lie because they do not want to harm others; protect those they love; protect your inner... detection. Finally, emotions can show on the face. Fear, for example, automatically manifests itself in raising and drawing together the eyebrows...
- hands with elbows spread behind the head - awareness of superiority over others;
- putting your thumbs in your belt or in pocket slots; - a sign of aggressiveness and demonstrated self-confidence;
- sticking your thumbs out of your pockets is a sign of superiority;
- crossed limbs - skeptical defensive attitude;
- uncrossed limbs and an unbuttoned jacket - establishing trust;
- head tilt down - negative attitude;
- a slight tilt of the head back is a sign of aggressiveness;
- sitting on the tip of a chair - readiness to jump up at any moment in order to either leave, or act in the current situation, or to calm the accumulated excitement, or to attract attention and join the conversation;
- crossing your legs and crossing your arms over your chest is a sign of “disconnecting” from a conversation;
- throwing your leg over the armrest of a chair (while sitting on it) - disdain for others, loss of interest in conversation;
- crossed ankles of a person sitting - restraining a disapproving attitude, fear or anxiety, an attempt at self-control, a negative defensive state;
- position (sitting or standing) with legs oriented towards the exit - a clear desire to stop talking and leave;
- frequent changes of posture, fidgeting in a chair, fussiness - internal restlessness, tension;
- standing up is a signal that a certain decision has been made, the conversation is boring, something has surprised or shocked...;
Involuntary reactions
These reactions are usually difficult to control (although various techniques are used to mask them) and are therefore very informative. Some of them are detected during hardware diagnostics of deception, carried out by devices known under the general name “lie detector” (as well as “polygraph”).
6 pages, 2943 words
Understanding children's deception under conditions of family deprivation.
A. V. Khachaturova The understanding of deception as a key phenomenon of the model of mind in 9-year-old children brought up in conditions of family deprivation (orphanages) is considered. Understandings of deception in different domains (knowledge, emotions and intentions), as well as types of deception (expressed, default, altruistic, egoistic, intentional and unintentional) were compared with similar understandings of deception in ...
*The standard reading of these reactions is*:
- redness of the face (sometimes in spots) - shame, anger;
- whitening of the face - fear, a sign of guilt;
- dilated pupils - interest, pleasure, agreement, severe pain;
- constriction of the pupils - displeasure, rejection;
- increased pulse beating in the veins of the arms or arteries of the neck (tugging at the tie around the neck due to an active heartbeat...) - anxiety, fear, shame, deception;
- decreased heart rate - increased attention;
- fast or shallow breathing - internal tension;
- short breathing through the nose - anger;
- difficulty breathing, spasmodic movements of the throat and reflex swallowing of saliva - anxiety, shame, deception;
- dry mouth (swallowing, licking lips, thirst...) - fear, deception;
- sudden exposure of teeth - a sign of rage, aggressiveness;
- perspiration, sweat - anger, embarrassment, nervousness, deception;
- trembling (in fingers and toes, facial muscles...) - internal tension, fear, deception;
- frequent blinking - excitement, deception;
- rumbling in the stomach - fear (not always, of course...);
- grinding your teeth - extreme nervousness, stress, inability to implement your plans.
Such reactions are usually easier to detect in men than in women, who are also better at fooling a lie detector.
Expressive crowd concept
Such a crowd of people is formed against a general excited background : all members of this crowd are in high spirits and, as a rule, ready for action, but they do not perform any action.
An expressive crowd has no goal, but has great energy potential; individuals are united by the similarity of their state and readiness to express it.
Such a crowd usually has a leader, but this does not always give purpose to the crowd of people.
A striking example of an expressive crowd can be seen at football matches or carnival processions.
In some cases, such a crowd poses a danger because it has no means of control or direction and is subject to the chaotic influence of an excited mood.
