Socialization. Desocialization and resocialization

Use of the term

The concept of “resocialization” is quite widely used not only by representatives of social psychology and sociology.
This term is also mentioned by lawyers and teachers. It concerns social measures that are applied by society to people who have taken the criminal path. In pedagogy, resocialization is the acquisition of new skills and values that should replace the old ones that are outdated or insufficiently learned. This entire process is directed towards individuals with various types of deviant behavior. The goal pursued by resocialization is the restoration of lost social status, as well as the reorientation of negative attitudes. The solution to this problem lies in the positive attitude of the pedagogically oriented environment towards the individual. “Resocialization of convicts” is a term used by lawyers when solving problems of penal policy. It applies to young people. It is noted that young subjects have a higher ability to resocialize than representatives of the older generation. For young people, this term may not mean the process itself, but its result.

Who carries out resocialization?

The entry of an individual onto the path of antisocial development is recorded by institutions that exercise social control. At the same time, they can also take appropriate resocialization measures. This process involves educational, military and labor groups, schools and families, public organizations, as well as law enforcement agencies represented by their preventive structures. Often, the resocialization of an individual is carried out without imprisonment. However, if a person commits a socially dangerous act, more stringent measures may be taken against him. In this case, by a court verdict, he is sent to prison. At the same time, resocialization is a certain stage designed to restore the socially useful connections of the individual with society. During this process, asocial roles and behavior must be destroyed, and positive patterns of social values must be consolidated. The special institutions that carry out the process of resocialization in this case are the following:

— educational and labor colonies where minors are kept;

— corrective labor colonies;

- prisons.

The main task that these social institutions are designed to solve is the re-education and correction of convicts, that is, resocialization.

Asocialization. desocialization and resocialization of personality

The concept of “socialization” means involvement, connection with society, while the prefix “a” in the concept of “asocialization” means the antisocial nature of such a connection, as if the socialization of an individual with the opposite sign. If the essence of the socialization process discussed in the previous paragraph, in general, comes down to the individual’s assimilation of social norms, values, roles, approved by society and aimed at its stabilization and normal functioning, then the term “asocialization” means the process of the individual’s assimilation of antisocial, antisocial norms, values, negative roles, attitudes, behavioral stereotypes, which objectively lead to the deformation of social relations and the destabilization of society.

Along with the concept of “asocialization” of the individual, the term “social maladjustment” is widely used.

Speaking about asocialization, one cannot fail to mention two more terms related to this problem: “desocialization” and “lag in socialization.” The first means that at a certain stage of normal socialization of a person, some deformation occurs when he comes under the influence (spontaneous or purposeful) of a negative microenvironment - a courtyard group of peers, a criminal group, etc. As a result of this, the individual experiences the destruction of previous positive norms and values, in replacement of which new antisocial norms and values and patterns of behavior are adopted. Thus, the term “desocialization” is close in content to the concept of “asocialization”, but reflects a slightly different facet of this process in the social context.

A lag in socialization means an untimely, belated assimilation by an individual of those positive norms and patterns of behavior that are prescribed by society for each stage of socialization. This term seems far from the concept of “asocialization,” but nevertheless it is related to it in the following way. A lag in socialization, without being antisocial, can still lead over time (and often does) to the individual’s assimilation of negative norms or to the thoughtless subordination of such a person lagging behind in socialization to the will of other antisocial elements.

Asocialization of the individual occurs during the same chronological periods (childhood, adolescence, adolescence) as socialization, while desocialization can also occur in adulthood. True, in this case we are more often talking about partial desocialization, when a person breaks one or more positive ties with society or the state, while others remain positive. For example, a mature person who has embarked on the path of stealing state property under the influence of a group of hidden criminals can at the same time remain a good father of the family, be cultured, polite, and normally perform all other social roles. K. Marx wrote about this in one of his early works: “Isn’t each citizen connected with the state by a thousand vital nerves, and does it have the right to cut all these nerves just because this citizen arbitrarily cut one nerve? The state must also see in the violator of forest rules a person, a living piece of the state in which the blood of his heart beats, a soldier who must defend the Motherland, a witness whose voice the court must listen to, a member of the community performing public functions, the head of a family whose existence is sacred , and, finally, most importantly - a citizen of the state. The state cannot lightly remove one of its members from all these functions, for the state cuts off its living parts from itself whenever it makes a criminal out of a citizen.”

In our opinion, this statement by K. Marx, together with his well-known thesis that the essence of man in his reality is the totality of all social relations, can be taken as the initial methodological premise both for classifying the degrees of asocialization and for considering the process of resocialization of the individual.

As for the classification of asocialized individuals, they can be placed on a scale where at one pole there will be persons who are minimally asocialized and have “severed” one or two “vital nerves” with society and the state, and at the other there will be persons who have practically severed the majority basic connections with society, for which the criminal lifestyle has become a source of existence and a natural activity.

What is the socio-psychological mechanism of asocialization (desocialization) of a person, how does he take the antisocial path of behavior? At the early stage of asocialization, the main mechanism is imitation, when children or adolescents unconsciously or partially consciously adopt negative patterns of behavior and a certain subculture from adults leading an antisocial lifestyle. At the same time, their main motive is the desire to be adults, to gain approval in this negative microenvironment. The latter stimulates the consolidation of such patterns of behavior and, on the contrary, condemns generally accepted norms of behavior. In other words, here social control is exercised over the individual, during which either positive sanctions (praise, approval, support, etc.) are applied to him, provided that the behavior of this individual is “normal” from the point of view of the environment, or negative ones (condemnation, disapproval , threats of beating, etc.) in case of deviation from compliance with the rules of behavior established in this environment. For example, kindness, mercy, and hard work may be ridiculed and, conversely, cruelty and contempt for honest work may be approved.

The process of asocialization of a person, although it is carried out mainly spontaneously, unconsciously, nevertheless, like socialization, it can take place purposefully. After all, parents and leaders of criminal groups can teach adolescents (and in the case of desocialization, adults) criminal behavior quite consciously, through gradual involvement in criminal activity, using the same mechanism of rewards and punishments. Taking into account the influence of the broader social environment and other institutions of socialization, such a “teacher” can motivate the student’s criminal behavior with positive, socially approved values, for example, honesty, justice, concern for one’s neighbor, hiding the true motives.

In relation to an individual who has embarked on a criminal path of behavior, society, represented by socialization institutions and social control bodies, carries out re-socialization, i.e. the process of social restoration of the individual, his assimilation again (in the case of desocialization) or for the first time (in the case of asocialization or lag in socialization) of social norms and values, patterns of behavior that are positive from the point of view of society. The prefix “re” in the concept of “resocialization” means dismantling, destruction of negative, antisocial norms and values acquired by a person in the process of asocialization (desocialization) and instilling in him positive norms and values approved by society.

The term “resocialization” is quite widely used by representatives not only of sociology and social psychology, but also by teachers and lawyers. Thus, some teachers believe that “the re-education of convicts is aimed at their re-socialization and return to an honest working life in freedom” (i.e. in this case, re-socialization is considered as the result of the re-education process). Lawyers also use this term, in particular, when studying issues of penal policy in relation to youth, noting the greater ability of a young subject to resocialize compared to an adult (here resocialization is considered not only as a result, but also as a process).

Society and social institutions engaged in socialization and social control can detect the entry of an individual onto an asocial path and take appropriate resocialization measures. In this case, the same social institutions that carry out the process of socialization are involved - family, school, labor, military, educational groups, public organizations, preventive structures of law enforcement agencies. Often, through such measures, the process of resocialization of the individual can be carried out without deprivation of liberty. However, if asocialization (desocialization) was carried out secretly from society, if certain failures and discrepancies were allowed in the activities of the named institutions of socialization, and the individual committed a criminally punishable socially dangerous act, then he may, upon sentencing, end up in prison. The essence of this stage of resocialization is the restoration and development of the individual’s socially useful connections with society, the destruction of asocial behavior and roles, the assimilation and consolidation of positive patterns of behavior and social values. In this case, resocialization is carried out by such special institutions as educational and labor colonies for minors, correctional labor colonies of general, strict and special regimes and prisons for adult convicts. The main goal of these social institutions is the correction and re-education of convicts, i.e. their resocialization.

The problem of resocialization is connected not only with the correction of convicts. It addresses the problem of including convicts and other categories of people into the normal process of socialization: patients, drug addicts, people who have experienced stress during accidents, military operations, and natural disasters. Therefore, at present, along with the concept of “social adaptation,” the term “social rehabilitation” is widely used in social psychology. In many ways, these terms are synonymous with each other; in any case, they constitute the main content of social work. But there are also differences between them - primarily in the object of social work. Social adaptation is necessary for both healthy and sick people. As for social rehabilitation, people who are characterized by post-traumatic syndrome need it, in particular “Afghans”, liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, people who have suffered natural disasters, refugees from so-called “hot spots”, released from prison, disabled people, etc. These people need not only social assistance, but also psychotherapy, psychocorrection (auto-training, etc.). Without relieving emotional tension (rehabilitation), social adaptation is impossible. In this case, it is important not only to restore social functions, but also to normalize mental states.

In the West, experience in social rehabilitation has been accumulated by various foundations, relief societies, the church, the Salvation Army, etc.

Social work of similar content is being developed in Russia, as evidenced by the creation of rehabilitation centers. This circumstance determines the need to accelerate the development of humanistic psychology, focused on the needs of social practice.

Resocialization work

Social rehabilitation in Western European countries is carried out by relief societies and various foundations, the Salvation Army, the Church, etc. Similar work in Russia is carried out by rehabilitation centers. In this regard, there is a need for the accelerated development of a humanistic psychology that would be focused on the needs of this social practice.

It is worth saying that the need for social adaptation exists for almost every person. Moreover, positive results appear only when emotional stress is relieved.

There are certain life cycles in a person's biography. These are periods that separate important milestones from each other. In each new cycle, social roles change and a new status is acquired. Often life stages are characterized by a rejection of the previous environment and habits, friendly contacts, and changes in the usual routine. When moving to a new step, a person enters a new cycle. At the same time, he has to constantly retrain. This process is divided into two stages, which have special names. When a person is weaned from previous norms, values, rules of behavior and roles, they speak of desocialization of the individual. The next stage is learning. It allows you to acquire new roles, rules of behavior and values to replace the old ones. This process is called resocialization, which can be so deep that it leads to radical changes in lifestyle.

An example of this is a Russian emigrant who, having arrived in America, finds himself in a completely new, diverse and rich culture. The individual has to abandon old norms and traditions, which happens under the influence of new life experiences.

How does the desocialization process work?

Many researchers in the field of psychology are interested in the question of the reasons for choosing antisocial behavior. According to experts, the choice of an antisocial model is carried out unconsciously. Many children, adopting the behavior of others, do not think about its direction. It is important to note that receiving approval from representatives of a negative social microclimate leads to an increase in the manifestation of antisociality. In the minds of many teenagers, a clear attitude is created that such behavior is inherent in every adult.

Social control makes it possible to prevent such unfavorable development. In the case when a teenager has embarked on the path of correction, it is very important that he feels support and attention to his difficulties. It should be understood that in a dysfunctional environment, values such as kindness and hard work are relegated to the background.

What is personal desocialization and why is this issue of particular importance? According to psychologists, this process has a spontaneous course. Quite often, criminal elements deliberately cause desocialization in adolescents in order to involve them in criminal activities. This process is based on the technique of reward and punishment.

Resocialization means a change in a previously socialized person, a rejection of previous attitudes and ideas.

A person following an antisocial path needs strict control aimed at resocialization. Various municipal services can act as a supervisory authority. The term "resocialization" is used to refer to the process of changing behavior, which is exactly the opposite of the previous one. In a specific example, the prefix “re-” is used to denote the dismantling of negative norms and rules that were previously used by the individual. Throughout the entire process of resocialization, a person is engaged in self-improvement and discovers in himself those qualities that cause public approval.

The term “resocialization” is widely used in various fields of human activity, including social psychology, sociology, pedagogy and jurisprudence. This concept is closely related to the measures that are used in society in relation to people leading a criminal lifestyle.

Pedagogy uses resocialization as a tool through which new life values are instilled in a person, which can replace those previously learned. The focus of this process is carried out in relation to people whose behavior patterns differ significantly from generally accepted rules. The main goal of such a tool is to restore lost status and change negative attitudes. In order to achieve the necessary result, the person being corrected must be immersed in a prosperous environment.

Resocialization of convicts is a term that is widely used in jurisprudence. Most often, this concept is used when resolving issues related to penal policy. This tool is used only for young people, since representatives of this age group are more susceptible to resocialization. In this example, resocialization is not the process of instilling generally accepted norms and rules, but the end result.

Socialization goes through stages that coincide with the so-called life cycles

Who is responsible for resocialization

Resocialization is a series of social control measures aimed at correcting an individual with an antisocial behavior pattern. Such control is carried out by educational and military groups, schools, institutes and public organizations. Representatives of law enforcement agencies, who act as preventive structures, have special power in this matter. It is important to note that in most cases, resocialization implies the absence of measures depriving freedom. However, in the event of criminal acts committed against an individual, various sanctions may be taken.

In some cases, violation of generally accepted norms and rules can lead to long-term imprisonment. Considering the above factors, we can say that resocialization is an important tool that allows individuals to return their former social skills. Throughout this process, various methods are used to help eliminate antisocial behavior and reinforce positive attitudes. The following organizations can act as regulatory bodies carrying out resocialization:

educational and labor prisons for juvenile offenders;
correctional labor institutions;
rehabilitation centers for drug addicts and alcoholics.

The task of such institutions is to correct people who have taken the wrong path in life.

What is resocialization of convicts?

Resocialization of convicts implies the process of adaptation and restoration of skills for entering society after release from punishment; This is a system of rehabilitation measures to restore weakened or lost social functions while serving a criminal sentence and personal status.

What is called resocialization in Russia is defined in foreign practice as social therapy, the main areas of which include:

training of convicts;
labor activity;
playing sports;
participation in cultural and educational events.

Relevance of the issue

The topic of resocialization is closely interconnected not only with criminal actions. A similar process is carried out in relation to people from other categories. An important role in the development of modern society is given to the process of resocialization of people with addiction, personality disorders and mental illnesses, as well as in relation to people under severe stress due to natural disasters, terrorist attacks or road accidents.

Desocialization and resocialization are two sides of the same process: adult, or continued, socialization

People in the above categories need more than just social support. An important component in the process of resocialization is psychotherapy, auto-training and psychotherapeutic correction. In order to speed up adaptation in society, emotional stress should be eliminated.

Vivid examples of resocialization are demonstrated by such municipal services as the Church, the Salvation Army and charitable public organizations. However, such municipal services operate only in foreign countries. On the territory of the Russian Federation, specialized centers are engaged in social rehabilitation. Today, the issue of developing such centers is highly relevant, since the percentage of people in need of help is only increasing every year. Every person throughout his life is faced with the need for social adaptation. In order to achieve the desired result in this process, it is very important to relieve psychological stress and eliminate internal conflicts.

The biography of each person is based on certain current cycles that are separated by fundamental milestones. During a cycle change, changes in the social plane are observed, which is expressed in the form of the acquisition of a new status. During a cycle change, a person changes his lifestyle, social circle and worldview. Thus, a transition to a new stage of self-development is carried out. The above process is an integral part of the development of the human personality.

The process of personal development consists of two important components. Refusal of habitual norms and values, as well as the performance of a familiar role, is called desocialization. The second component of personal development is resocialization, which involves learning new rules and assimilating norms characteristic of the acquired status. Constant personal development contributes to changes in lifestyle, which directly affects the process of human life.

Desocialization and its causes

So what is desocialization? This is, first of all, a person’s loss of social experience, which is reflected in all his activities and the possibility of self-realization. A person becomes an outcast, as a rule, not of his own free will - this is caused by severe stress or initially incomplete socialization.

Of course, desocialization is a multi-level process. A slight desocialization can occur during a long absence from the team, for example, during a prolonged illness or a long vacation. A person loses direct contact with people and “falls out” of his usual way of life. The same effect can be caused by the abuse of social networks, television programs and computer games, that is, if real life is replaced by virtual life.

At this level of desocialization, deep changes in the psyche do not occur, so this process can be reversed. If a person decides to change his lifestyle and change his attitudes, then he will begin to resocialize. Resocialization involves self-education, acquiring new values and mastering new roles, or returning to a normal standard of living. Desocialization and resocialization are also natural processes of growing up, as an individual changes throughout life and revises his views.

Deeper desocialization occurs, for example, due to improper upbringing in the family. Surrounding a teenager with an atmosphere of indulgence and trying to protect him from all the difficulties of life will increase the chances that socialization will go wrong. Greenhouse conditions do not contribute to the assimilation of the norms and rules of the society that surrounds the individual, so it is more difficult for such a person to get used to it and sometimes it is difficult to perform the simplest actions, including communication with people. In addition, the process of socialization can be influenced by belonging to various kinds of subcultures or criminal groups: their norms and rules are often opposite to social ones, which also creates unfavorable development conditions for the individual.

At a more mature age, factors such as:

job loss
death of loved ones
participation in prolonged hostilities
presence of mental illness or personality disorders
various addictions

Severe stressful events can take a person out of his usual lifestyle and social circle for a long time; he becomes withdrawn and loses developed social skills.

In addition to all of the above, there is also voluntary desocialization. A classic example is going to a monastery - a person withdraws from the world and everything that is inherent to him, but does not degrade, but adopts other norms of behavior and is spiritually enriched. It is worth noting that in such cases, desocialization and resocialization occur simultaneously.

If we summarize all the factors that lead to deep desocialization, we can see that the main reason is the voluntary or involuntary alienation of the individual from a social group or institution. This limits the understanding of the norms and foundations of society and prevents a person from finding his place in life.

Since psychology distinguishes between two main levels of socialization, the reverse process also occurs at both. The primary level of socialization includes the individual’s inner circle: family, close relatives, friends. The secondary one represents a large number of people surrounding the individual: acquaintances, colleagues, various social groups and public institutions. If social skills are lost at one of these levels, they speak of the corresponding type of desocialization.

This process is also significantly influenced by a person’s age: the older he is, the lower the severity of the violations, since all basic knowledge and skills are already firmly established in the psyche. Most often, in such cases, desocialization may mean the severance of some social ties, which in general has virtually no effect on other areas of an individual’s life.

Desocialization is much more dangerous for young people. Here, the process of socialization can not only be greatly distorted, but also lead to such sad consequences as crime, drug addiction, etc., including exclusion from communication with people in general. The extreme degree of this process is the degradation of personality, that is, the complete loss of guidelines in life and any interests other than the most primitive ones.

It is important to note that deep desocialization is dangerous not only for the person who has become its victim, but also for society as a whole. For example, crime poses a direct threat to people’s lives, and a major military conflict, which results in many soldiers who have lost the skills of peaceful life, damages their well-being and health. This is why resocialization is so important.

How does the resocialization of drug and alcohol addicts proceed?

During the period when the patient leaves the hospitable walls of the Rehabilitation Center, he gets the opportunity to test the acquired knowledge and skills in practice. During resocialization, drug and alcohol addicts will have to go through the following stages:

The transition from communication with a limited number of people - Center employees, other participants in the rehabilitation program to life in society, everyday, everyday contacts with the outside world. For individuals who have lost basic communication skills, this can often become incredibly difficult. Even simple attempts to apply for document restoration or buy groceries in a store turn out to be akin to an ordeal.
Restoring relationships with family members. In this case, we are often talking about codependency, in which the help of psychologists is required for everyone who finds themselves in close emotional contact with people who abuse psychoactive substances.
Improving quality of life. Restoration of previous professional skills or retraining, giving a chance for new creative, social realization. As part of individual rehabilitation programs, people with addictions are introduced to sports, they acquire a hobby, a new, more prosperous social circle that provides the necessary support.
Finding means and ways to release negative emotions without alcohol and drugs. Both group and individual psychological work in this case allow you to control your emotional state, teach self-discipline, instead of trying to escape from the problems of real life.
Application in practice of all acquired knowledge about the disease, prevention of possible relapses. Before moving to outpatient rehabilitation, the patient goes a long way and gains real ground with which he can continue to lead a healthy, sober lifestyle without additional stimulants.

Resocialization

Resocialization is focused on returning people to society and restoring their appropriate abilities. Resocialization includes instilling the values of society, developing the skill of setting positive goals and restoring broken social ties.

Today, the problem of resocialization of convicts is quite relevant. To prevent them from committing new crimes, it is necessary to take care not only of their punishment, but also of proper re-socialization, because only in this case will correctional institutions fulfill their function and contribute to the protection of law and order. An example of such actions could be:

individual approach to each prisoner
identification of violations in the process of socialization
development of a program for the correction of personal qualities
encouraging socially adaptive behavior

Correctional psychology deals with all this.

Another important task facing society is the resocialization of children and adolescents. Since they can only assimilate social norms and not evaluate them, the organization of the pedagogical process plays an important role, allowing them to develop the necessary skills. Successful socialization at an early age helps prevent many adverse events.

>Desocialization

Resocialization in the family

The family is the first environment in which an individual is socialized. Moreover, in it he not only acquires the first skills and knowledge, but also repeatedly develops new ones, getting rid of old ones. Socialization depends on what kind of atmosphere reigns in the family and the methods of education that exist in relation to children. The family is the first institution that teaches the child the main and important social rules and norms of life to which he must get used.

As the child grows up, he is resocialized several times. The family takes part in this. Resocialization is influenced by the worldview of parents, their methods of education and communication with the child, the level of trust and mutual support. In dysfunctional families, children are usually less socialized and adapted to life than in prosperous ones.

Factors of socialization and desocialization of youth.

The specificity of the socialization of youth is that at youth age its primary stage ends and the secondary one begins. The individual goes through the primary stage in childhood. Thanks to her, he becomes a full-fledged member of society. The secondary stage is a subsequent process that occurs with an already socialized individual. It is characterized by the fact that the individual masters the norms and values of the environment, taking into account those already acquired by him at the first stage. He no longer focuses so much on specific “others”, but on the generalized “other,” identifying himself with him or opposing himself to him. At this stage, a problem of consistency between initial social adaptations and internalizations often arises. In early adolescence, previously acquired identity is questioned. The awareness of the need to solve adult problems causes the experience of how the individual looks in the eyes of others in comparison with his own idea of himself.

A significant difference between the socialization of youth and the socialization of a child is that at this stage the so-called secondary agents of socialization play a more significant role.

The specificity of youth socialization also includes the great importance of so-called transition barriers - boundaries between different stages of life or life situations. So-called rites of passage (a term coined by Arnold van Gennep) - an institutionalized and formalized system of collective action adopted in a given culture - help to overcome such barriers. Van Gennep has constructed a universal model of such rituals, which consists of three stages: a phase of separation from the group, a boundary phase and a reintegration phase. The expression of such rituals in traditional societies are initiation rites, which to one degree or another exist in modern societies.

The main factors of youth socialization that determine its results include:

- the nature and characteristics of social control in society and group. The nature of social control is influenced by: the ratio of formal and informal regulators, the obligatory or optional nature of following social (including legal) norms, the inevitability of sanctions for their violation, the density of social control, etc.;

- the degree of agreement or disagreement between micro-group and macro-group values and norms, the degree of heterogeneity, subculturality of society and the individual’s environment;

— features of the education system, its focus only on training or education, including ideological, of the individual;

— features of the family and demographic situation in society, the presence of generational conflict or relatively balanced interaction of different cohorts; the presence of ageism in society;

— discreteness, discontinuity of the linear development of society, crises in its development;

— economic situation in society, demand for youth in the labor market;

— the political situation in society, the spread of extremist sentiments and practices;

— state information policy and the nature of media activities, their focus on certain topics; the degree of diversity of information sources, etc. The importance of the media in the process of socialization is due to the fact that they are not only channels for the dissemination of norms and values. They are also capable of diverting mass consciousness away from real problems, replacing them with false ones, concentrating the attention of the mass audience on a certain range of phenomena, imposing assessments and attitudes, etc. Many modern researchers believe that in modern Russian society the media play a predominantly destructive role, being one of the factors in the formation of a criminal personality. This is facilitated by both the criminal theme of many artistic and informational stories, and the moral and value relativism in the presentation of material;

- the nature of reference groups - those who are role models for young people.

These factors of socialization are closely related to factors of desocialization of youth. In Russian society, the most significant factors of desocialization of youth include:

— discrepancy between officially declared goals and actual practices (political, educational, professional, etc.);

— military service upon conscription, including in “hot” spots;

— the spread of corruption networks and their inclusion in absolutely all spheres of society;

- degradation of the education system, replacement of the criteria of professionalism, scientific character, knowledge with formal indicators - a diploma, or economic ones - the economic efficiency of educational and scientific activities;

- the dominance of mass culture, in fact its replacement of other cultural models;

— crisis phenomena in the functioning of the family institution;

— the spread of a criminal subculture in society, etc.

In particular, the situation of social uncertainty in which Russian society found itself in the early 1990s. caused a decrease in the role of official-institutional channels of socialization and an increase in the importance of the socializing influence of the immediate environment, the media, and examples of mass culture; changing the ratio of the subjective significance of public and personal interests; weakening of personal identification with the state and society and increasing awareness of personal autonomy, alienation from social and legal norms. The de-ideologization of Russian society entailed the loss of value-normative certainty and identity for the majority of Russian citizens, thereby affecting the process of socialization. In relation to youth, the processes of de-ideologization result in a crisis of identity, and, in particular, civic identity, which is based on the civic position of the individual, based on the identification of representatives of the younger generation with society, with the country and with the state1.

According to the study “Social outsidership of youth in the Belgorod region: mechanisms and social consequences” (2006), 46.6% of young people agreed with the statement that today it is impossible to succeed without breaking the law (34.8% agreed with the opposite statement). A positive answer to the question “Do you agree that some moral norms cannot be violated under any circumstances?” given by 60.4% of respondents (negative - 21.0% and undecided - 18.6%). Thus, at the declarative level, the majority of young people demonstrated the presence of certain normative taboos. But already when answering the question “Do you allow the possibility of violating the law if this is necessary to achieve your goals?” the distribution of judgments was fundamentally different. 14.6% of respondents expressed an unequivocal rejection of breaking the law. 24.8% made a similar assumption. The majority – 53.0% – indicated that everything depends on the circumstances. And 7.6% found it difficult to answer.

Actually, there is nothing unexpected in this distribution of data. With a sufficient level of reflection, virtually every thinking person (at least in Russia) comes to the conclusion that there are too many laws and some of them are clearly unfair, so that violation of these laws cannot be regarded as an absolute social danger. Another thing is that young people in general are not fully capable of such reflection and give an answer without much thought. And, in general, this kind of judgment clearly characterizes the vacuum of normativity in modern Russian society, its anomic character. According to a 2002 survey conducted among Krasnodar students P.S. Samygin, only 14.5% of students believe that there are no goals for which one can commit a crime. To get out of poverty, 4.0% consider it possible to commit murder, 13.5% consider it possible to commit robbery and burglary, 32.4% to commit theft, and 71.6% to evade taxes1.

The consequence of the low level of interpersonal and institutional trust among young people is the atomization of social practices and the unwillingness to solidarize on a positive basis for the sake of realizing their own interests. Low readiness for long-term cooperation and collective action is expressed, first of all, in a low assessment of the role of political parties and public organizations and in weak involvement in their activities.

Psychological addictions and getting rid of them through resocialization

The psychological dependence of alcoholics , drug addicts, and gambling addicts has not only a social background. In many ways, it is a consequence of injuries received by a person during his life. Having pulled the addicted person out of his usual environment, the Rehabilitation Center and its staff take on the difficult task of providing their patients with the opportunity to return to normal life without heavy psychostimulants. But it’s not enough to just stop taking prohibited and dangerous substances, you also need to adapt to new living conditions in society.

The more intense the interaction with the outside world during the period of resocialization, the more successful the procedure for integrating a person into new living conditions will be. It is worth paying attention to the fact that psychologists help to vary the intensity of communication with the surrounding society at this stage. Depending on the success of a particular patient, options are offered for partial residence in the Center, with work outside of it, or any other acceptable methods, including the use of special social dormitories for those who are already halfway through recovery from an addiction. We invite you to take a step towards a life without addiction now or help your loved one do this. Call and sign up for a consultation!

Collective support is an incredibly important part of the rehabilitation program. It is at this stage that you can be inspired by the positive results of those who are also trying to return to normal life in society or have already been able to do so. Group discussion of successes and failures not only provides the necessary support, but also provides opportunities for effectively finding your own path in life. It is at this stage that you can find hobbies and new friends, form a social circle that will provide optimal conditions for completely refusing to return to harmful habits. Once formed, psychological dependence will not disappear on its own. You can and should work to get rid of it, achieving the desired results both in individual sessions with specialists and in a group, side by side with other people who have similar difficulties.

Disadaptation in children

The maladaptation of children in modern society is of particular importance. More and more children in developed and developing countries suffer from a variety of behavioral and mental disorders. Most of them cannot adapt normally to society and, as they grow and mature, the number of problems only increases. Moreover, according to experts, only a little more than half of these children suffer from neurological diseases and psychopathologies; in others, disruption of social adaptation occurs due to their living conditions, improper upbringing or lack thereof, as well as the influence of parents and the environment.

Social maladjustment of children and adolescents can have an extremely negative impact on their development - such children cannot establish normal contacts with their peers, and then with the people around them, they develop personality deformations, antisocial tendencies, they may develop a neurological disease or they will not be able to achieve any goals. - success in the future.

Timely correction of such disorders in children and adolescents helps them quickly overcome the state of maladjustment and learn all the necessary skills. In adulthood and in older adolescents, this requires much more time and effort - this is due both to less plasticity of the psyche and to the number of “skills” that need to be replenished.

This has been repeatedly confirmed by numerous studies and practical activities - children at an early age who were in a state of social maladaptation easily and quickly catch up and even outstrip their peers in development when placed in favorable conditions. But for adults who grew up in a state of maladjustment, it is much more difficult to assimilate the necessary information and “join” a more complex society.

Causes of maladjustment

Desocialization or mental maladaptation can occur due to psychological, physical or social reasons. The most significant today are considered to be social and socio-economic reasons, and disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system and mental characteristics can be corrected by proper upbringing and development, but failure to comply with the rules of upbringing in society can lead to problems with social adaptation even with full physical and mental health.

Social psychological disadaptation occurs when:

Physical or biological disorders - brain injuries, diseases of the nervous system, infectious diseases that occur with high fever and intoxication.
Psychological disorders - features of the nervous system (weakness, excessive excitement, disturbance of volitional processes), character accentuations, and so on.
Social disorders - this factor is especially significant in childhood and adolescence. Improper upbringing and rejection of a child or adolescent by a family or team can lead to maladaptation and the development of serious mental disorders. Adults may also suffer from socio-psychological maladjustment if they find themselves in an unfamiliar and hostile environment, a situation of general rejection or trauma (for example, a mentally healthy, fully adapted adult placed in prison or an antisocial community).

Desocialization in childhood and adolescence can also be caused by some other factors, for example, keeping a child for a long time without parents or impaired communication at school.

Hospitalism in children is a pathological syndrome that develops in children who have been in a hospital or boarding school for a long time, forcibly separated from their parents and their usual social circle. A lack of communication leads to delays in physical and mental development, the formation of emotional disorders and social maladjustment. Such disorders arise due to the lack of sufficient attention from adults, as well as a lack of positive and negative stimuli from society. In such conditions, a child is left to his own devices and cannot fully develop.

Hospitalism syndrome in children develops not only when placed in a hospital, but also during a long stay in a boarding school, orphanage and other places where the child is deprived of his usual social circle.

Adolescents are more likely to experience school maladjustment. Desocialization develops when a student is “different” from other peers, and the reason for “expulsion from society” can be any distinctive feature: low or high academic performance, external data, individual traits, or something else. School maladaptation often occurs when a child’s familiar environment changes, a sudden change in his appearance or social factor, sometimes for no apparent reason. Rejection, ridicule from peers and lack of support from teachers and adults lead to a disruption in the establishment of social connections and loss of one’s place in society.

In addition to the above reasons, desocialization can occur due to nervous and mental disorders in children and adults:

autism
Schizophrenia
Bipolar personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and so on.

Problems of personality resocialization in a globalizing world. Resocialization of adolescents.

Problems of personality resocialization in a globalizing world.

Resocialization of teenagers

Summary: Last time in small towns, there was a wave of suicides among adolescents. the culprit was the Internet game “the Blue whale”. taking into account the fact that adolescents have free access to the world wide web experts, experts cautiously predict that in the coming years, the sad statistics may go up. Economic crisis and social instability is a fertile ground for the “escobosa” in the other world.

Keywords: Teenagers, resocialization, “Blue whale”, social network.

In today's changing world, globalization processes occur at almost all levels, be it culture, economics, or politics. Everywhere the main link is the human personality, which participates in all these processes, develops in them, changes them and turns them back. The ongoing wave of crisis in the global community has similar features in almost all countries of the world and is characterized by increasing social alienation among young people, increasingly aggressive forms of behavior of adolescents, leading to self-destruction of the emerging personality of young people, an increase in crime, prostitution, drug addiction, alcoholism and other negative phenomena . And in the flow of all this developing negativity, the institution of family is destroyed. As you know, every person, no matter how he or she develops, goes through a process of socialization, starting from birth and ending on his deathbed. But along with the processes of socialization of the individual, processes of resocialization also constantly occur. Resocialization implies repeated processes of socialization of the individual, which also takes place throughout a person’s life. The greatest interest is in the resocialization of the personality of adolescents, taking into account the processes that occur in the global community.

Adolescence is the most attractive age for its changes and constantly changing value orientations. Reassessment of values in adolescence occurs much more often than in other periods of life. In adolescence, boys and girls, as a rule, try to create their life trajectory of development, moving away from established patterns of behavior previously instilled in them by their parents; this can be influenced by both the social transformation of society and widespread computerization, which already covers almost all spheres of human existence, the invention and implementation of various gadgets. In adolescence, ideas about morality, good and evil are re-formed, which, experiencing the enormous influence of information seeping through the Internet and televisions into the “fragile” minds of adolescents, distort the actual reality and, as a result, the resocialization of the individual. Teenagers become vassals of the computer, of gadgets. There can be many reasons for such vassalage - this is a lack of communication with peers, and a lack of attention from parents, and self-complexity, difficulties in communication, etc....

In view of this, the teenager is immersed in the virtual world, where he can feel needed, where he is understood and appreciated. This feeling is given by all kinds of computer games, where a teenager can design his own situation of success. But we shouldn’t forget about social networks, where teenagers also lead their virtual lives: they communicate, join interest groups. In such groups, adolescents acquire negative attitudes and behavioral stereotypes, which in turn leads to destabilization and deformation of social connections and, as a result, negative resocialization of the individual occurs. A huge number of suicide publics taking place on social networks are attracting more and more attention from teenagers. In large cities, active participants in “death groups” continue to involve children and adolescents in such groups. For these purposes, communities are created on social networks. Internet games “Whales are swimming up”, “Quiet House”, “Sea of Whale”, etc. are gaining increasing popularity in small towns of Russia. All games are aimed at teenage suicide. It is as if a genocide of a nation is taking place by involving teenagers in such games. For teenagers in such groups, resocialization occurs at the level of suppressed emotionality, which has negative and often fatal consequences. As a rule, teenagers who start playing games of a certain type are in a state of a certain psychological crisis. This crisis can be caused by a different set of life circumstances: it could be a quarrel with parents, a quarrel with a loved one, misunderstanding or rejection from peers, the death of a teenager’s reference person. All this contributes to an inadequate assessment of life events on the part of the teenager and a distorted perception of reality. In this state, adolescents enter the stage of searching for new sensations, the desire to withdraw into themselves, to distance themselves from the world around them.

“Recently, the media have begun to inform the population about suicide quite often. Unfortunately, many television programs regarding suicide are in the nature of television shows in which the problem of suicide is not addressed, and suicidal acts are presented only in the aspect of the experiences of individual individuals. Sometimes this side of the issue is ignored. Meanwhile, suicide is a social phenomenon, affecting both individual subjects and society as a whole. According to the World Health Organization, suicide is a unique indicator of public health, social well-being; a high level of suicide reflects a crisis in society. For many years, statistics on suicide in our country were closed. Persons who committed suicide were often considered mentally ill. But despite the changes that have occurred in society, the attitude towards suicide and those who commit suicide remains uncertain.” [1]. The concept and definition of suicide was first given by the French sociologist E. Durkheim: “Suicide is every death that is directly or indirectly the result of a positive or negative act committed by the victim himself, if the latter knew about the expected results.” [2] In 1974, American sociologist David Phillips examined the wave of suicides in Europe at the end of the 18th century, provoked by Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther. The scientist proved that others are influenced not so much by the fact of suicide itself, but by the message about it. If the publicity is too wide, a wave of “copycats” appears. After the mass suicides of teenagers in the United States, which were actively covered in the media, on the Internet, and on television, many European countries began to introduce and develop programs for the prevention of suicide among teenagers, such programs include help from a psychologist, patronage of the teenager and his family, help from a medical professional, if indicated and necessary, and undoubtedly social support. Unfortunately, in Russia, similar programs have not yet been comprehensively implemented, which is why Russia ranks first in suicide among teenagers. The main problem lies in the lack of awareness about the life difficulties of the younger generation, about interests and hobbies, about experiences, as well as in the easy accessibility of the Internet, not supervised visits by teenagers to various groups and communities on the Internet. On the path of socialization of adolescents in educational institutions, there are no subjects teaching the ability to resist the influence of others, the ability to regulate the flow of incoming information. And another important factor remains the problem of the exaggeration of all the negative phenomena occurring in the country and the world on television, the dominance of foreign films promoting suicide. In the small towns of our huge country, there are practically no centers for psychological assistance and support for the younger generation, where they would come without fear for advice and support. In view of this, young people “disappear” in the networks of the World Wide Web, where almost anyone can conduct their own experiments, asserting themselves at the expense of the lives of innocent children.

The process of resocialization of the younger generation must be launched as quickly as possible in our society, at the state level, in order to avoid the loss and genocide of an entire generation, or maybe two. To preserve and grow a healthy nation. The essence of the resocialization process itself includes the restoration of familiar responsibilities, functions and activities, familiar and comfortable relationships with the rest of society. The solution to this problem does not imply the unusable “return” of the adolescent’s personality to social roles, status, and positions that were lost for one reason or another. But it is based on the achievement of new social roles, status and positions, as well as the acceptance and development of new opportunities. In order to provide the necessary assistance to adolescents, one should demonstrate a positive experience of an active life position, try to ensure the positive socialization of the teenager, and his acceptance of new social roles and conditions. And it is precisely this kind of resocialization that should be implemented everywhere.

Bibliography

1. V. F. Wojciech. What do we know about suicide? Edited by Professor V.S. Yastrebov. -M.:, 2007. 20 p.

2. Mikhail Khasminsky, Who imposes obsessive thoughts on us?, https://www.pobedish.ru

4. M. Farber “Suicide is the conscious, intentional and rapid taking of one’s own life.” 1968 5. Some phenomena of suicide. https://esoreiter.ru

Symptoms of desocialization

Social maladaptation manifests itself in a person’s inability to fully adapt to the conditions around him. There are complete and partial social maladjustment. With partial maladaptation, a person stops contacting or coming into contact with certain areas of life: does not go to work, does not attend events, refuses to communicate with friends. When it is complete, disturbances occur in all areas of life, a person withdraws into himself, stops communicating even with those closest to him and gradually loses touch with the reality around him.

Signs of social maladjustment:

Aggression is one of the most characteristic signs. Maladjusted children become aggressive because they simply do not understand how to behave and take a defensive position in advance. Adolescents and adults also use verbal and nonverbal aggression, manipulation, and lies to achieve goals as quickly as possible. In this state, they make no attempts to establish interaction with others and do not try to understand what norms and rules exist in this society.
Closedness is another characteristic feature. A person stops communicating with others, he completely withdraws into himself, hides from people, and prevents attempts to start a relationship with him.
Social phobia – fear of communication, large numbers of people, the need to talk to someone, and so on gradually develops. It becomes more and more difficult for a person to do something beyond the scope of his daily affairs; he begins to be afraid to visit an unfamiliar place, go somewhere, start a conversation with a stranger, or even leave the house.
Deviant behavior - lack of social contacts leads to ignoring the norms and rules existing in society. This often results in deviant or antisocial behavior.