The concept of worldview, types of worldview and their characteristic features

Explanation of the term

We are about to talk about a complex but fundamental aspect of consciousness. To do this, we first identify what self-awareness in general is. It can belong to both a specific individual and the entire society (for example, a people), and also consists of several levels:

1. Elementary (primary ideas about oneself associated with the assessment of others).
2. Deep (more conscious understanding of one’s role in society).
3. The most difficult one.

At the third, most complex stage, a person’s worldview is located - this is the totality of knowledge, beliefs and ideas about oneself, society and the world as a whole. With its help, a person realizes himself as a part of material and spiritual reality through a generalized attitude towards it. It reflects the very essence of the individual, his ideas, views, thoughts, values, preferences that influence behavior. There is also the concept of “worldview maturity,” which can be seen by the actions of people.

What is the structure of the worldview?

Worldview structure is what a worldview is made of; what shapes it.

Thus, a worldview is formed from:

• your knowledge;
• ideas;
• principles (i.e. your point of view);
• convictions (steadfastness on any issue);
• ideals (your goals);
• spiritual and moral values ​​(that which has no monetary value. This is what you consider extremely important based on your morality);
• life attitudes.

Structure

World vision includes a complex of various characteristics of the spiritual life of an individual, formed through knowledge and understanding of the world. Attitude outlines emotional and psychological issues at the level of emotions, feelings, and moods.

Worldview determines the cognitive-intellectual sphere. As such, internal attitudes and views arose in the process of humanity’s transition to the tribal community - the first stable form of social organization. This was a big leap in development.

Components of worldview

There are many types of knowledge that a person accumulates in the process of studying the universe. Everyday experience allows you to adapt to life in society and navigate it, scientific experience allows you to analyze facts of a higher rank.

Interaction with the surrounding space is accompanied by an emotional response. We don’t just look at the creations of nature, forming a dry factual idea about them, we admire and even admire them.

Another important aspect of worldview is norms and values. Sometimes they even go against common sense: in order to protect a loved one, a child, many are ready to sacrifice themselves. People act based not so much on emotions or logic, but on their own beliefs and attitudes.

Actions determine the practical level of the ideological structure. You can openly express your attitude towards the world only through specific actions. So, the worldview consists of four main components: emotional, activity, cognitive and value. All of them are interconnected and form the internal integrity of the individual.

Forms and factors of worldview formation

It is customary to distinguish three main forms:

1. attitude - a person’s impressions of what is happening in life, the complex of his feelings, thoughts, actions and moods. The formation of a worldview begins with it. Sensory awareness is responsible for the formation of images;
2. worldview. The concept itself includes the answer: we are talking about the perception of the world, its vision and reflection through the prism of subjective impressions and sensations. The worldview can be hostile or friendly;
3. worldview - images formed and fixed in the head about the world around us.

In this same regard, the worldview can be classified according to emotional coloring, dividing into pessimistic and optimistic.

Forming factors

1. the social environment in which the person is located;
2. the social conditions in which the individual is placed;
3. political system.

What types does science distinguish?

Within the framework of the historical approach, there are three main types of worldview: mythological, religious, philosophical.

Initially, it was mythology that was the foundation on which the value system in society rested. It has become one of the factors determining people's behavior. Mythological presupposes an emotional and imaginative vision of reality and endowing it with fantastic properties. Emotional experience in ancient times prevailed over rational (humanity simply did not have enough of it) and reflected a person’s fear of the unknown, unusual, and unfamiliar. The inability to correctly build cause-and-effect relationships gave rise to the need to explain natural and social phenomena by turning to science fiction.

When primitiveness as a principle for building life faded into the background, religion replaced myth. Unlike mythology, it brought with it dogmatism, a clearly formulated system of values ​​and rules. Examples of “right” and “wrong”, “good” and “bad”, “permissible” and “inadmissible” appeared. Now the deepest questions of human existence (about origin, birth and death) sought their resolution in belief in the supernatural.

Later, philosophy emerges, designed to structure and systematize different views on the world, society and man. Reason, consistency of thought, logic, and argumentation come to the fore. All three types appear in modern reality. They are reflected in how we relate to certain aspects of existence and relationships.

Functions, or what do we need it for?

1. Behavioral function. This means that the system of values ​​and views has a direct impact on our actions and determines behavior in specific situations. For example, a person with certain religious beliefs will never kill even a mosquito, not to mention the fact that he will not use violence even in a dangerous situation to protect himself.
2. Cognitive . You know the expression: “You can’t wash your pants once and forever”? This is how it is with views on the surrounding reality. In the process of life, we constantly learn something new, gain experience, knowledge and experience different feelings, and depending on this, the way of thinking is adjusted, although there are beliefs that are unchanged, even if they cause harm to the “owner”.
3. Prognostic . Again, thanks to the experience and knowledge gained, we are sometimes able to predict the near future. This allows us to plan activities, life, and also avoid unpleasant situations. For example, parents, fearing the undesirable consequences of a child’s friendship with deviant peers from a dysfunctional family who, for example, use drugs and alcohol, do their best to prevent his child from communicating with them. No matter how wonderful and kind people these children are, there is a risk that their son will share their views on addiction.
4. Value-based . Due to the fact that we are constantly in search of answers to the questions: “What is love?”, “What is good or bad?”, “Why do I live?” and so on, we form a certain value system, based on which we build relationships, careers, and life in general. With the help of set priorities, it is easier for us to make choices, make decisions and act. They give us confidence in our opinions, actions, and are also a marker for our own self-esteem. After all, if I have done something that, in my opinion, is a noble deed, I will consider that I am a sympathetic and kind person, from which I will feel satisfaction.

Scientific worldview

Unlike all other types, this one is based on objective knowledge about nature and man. This is a kind of highest stage in the development of philosophical thought, but with less generalization and more accuracy. This way of seeing the world is based solely on the achievements of science and human knowledge, which make it possible to create an objective image of reality, to explain the essence of personality and its role in the formation and development of existing reality. Advantages:

1. reliance on the latest discoveries;
2. connection with the real essence of things;
3. practical orientation, direct influence on people’s activities.

Flaws:

1. indifference to meanings and the spiritual sphere;
2. the interests of a person and the desire to improve his situation do not play a big role.

History of the term

The term worldview is of German origin. Immanuel Kant was the first to mention it, but did not distinguish it from the worldview. In Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit there is the concept of a “moral worldview” (German: Die moralische Weltanschauung) included in the title. The term takes on its modern meaning from Wilhelm Schelling[3]. Dilthey singles out worldview as a special topic. The term entered the Russian language as a tracing paper (no later than 1902[4]). At the same time, in Soviet times, the concept of worldview became central to understanding philosophy. V.I. Lenin writes about the “monistic worldview” in his “Philosophical Notebooks.” Already in 1923 it was used by A. M. Deborin ( Ludwig Feuerbach. Personality and worldview

).

Religious worldview

Divides the world into two poles: “this” and “that”. Introduces concepts such as spirit, faith, God and does not require evidence or critical analysis. Establishes postulates that answer deep-seated questions that trouble a person: what is good and what is evil, what is the concept of the creation of the Universe. Religiosity presupposes adherence to strict rules of behavior, which are presented by the bearers of one or another teaching as truly true. Religion plays a colossal, albeit controversial, role in modern times. It is inextricably linked with universal human culture and is focused on solving spiritual problems. At the same time, it comes into conflict with other types of worldview.

Worldview of modern man

During the collapse of the USSR, an ideological crisis arose, which was a consequence of the collapse of ideals and new ones that did not have time to form. In the era of consumption, characteristic of the present time, such moral guidelines as duty, honor, responsibility have lost their meaning. “You deserve it,” everyone hears from the TV screens and strives to live up to it. The modern worldview in the era of globalization is to reduce the importance of national culture and alienate its values.

People began to see the meaning of life in receiving pleasure. The connection with the native land and ancestors is lost; relationships in marriage and the principles of raising children have become different. At the same time, an increasing number of people are becoming aware of the need for change. The worldview in psychology has become more humanistic. A person wants to be in harmony with himself, nature and other people. The number of churches, charities and environmental organizations is growing.

Mythological worldview

It was formed at a historical stage when humanity gradually separated itself from nature and opposed it. Various cults and pantheons arose. Complex phenomena of social life were reflected in myths: like people, gods and heroes staged wars and competed with each other. Properties of mythology:

• endowing nature with human traits;
• interaction of the real with the fantastic;
• lack of logical analysis and reflection;
• practical focus on solving everyday problems;
• The plots are of the same type and superficial.

Archaic subtype

This is an ancient form of human ideas about himself, life and interaction with nature. It is characterized by the coexistence of reality and fantasy. Both of these concepts were once united in various variations of beliefs: totemism, animism, fetishism. In the same way, within the framework of this worldview there is no division into “I” and the world. Everything around has vital energy and requires a certain attitude (rituals, worship).

Worldview, its structure and historical types

Worldview is a set of general and personal views, attitudes of people towards the world and interaction with it. The types of human worldview can be of different properties for the same person. The structure of a worldview consists of individual elements and connections between them. Structure levels:

• everyday or ordinary - present in every person, helps to see the world in an emotionally charged way;
• rational-theoretical - intellectual, narrowly focused level of worldview, characteristic of certain specialties, scientific fields with their theories and concepts.

Elements of worldview:

• ideals;
• beliefs;
• stereotypes;
• values ​​prevailing in society;
• knowledge.

The so-called triad of established types of worldviews since ancient times deserves attention, without understanding which it is impossible to fully understand how a person’s worldview is formed and what it is based on. Historical types of worldview and their features:

1. Mythological is the oldest type of worldview, associated with the forces of nature and reverence for them, veneration in the form of a host of gods.
2. Religious - people already have a source of knowledge, the Holy Scripture with its dogmas, prescriptions, monotheism is being formed and along with this spirituality.
3. Philosophical – reliance on intelligence, free-thinking and the constant search for truth, substantiation of views on the world, supporting them with logical arguments, argumentation, the work of the mind.

What worldviews do people have: philosophical direction

There is a huge amount of knowledge and ideas concerning the role and place of human culture, personality in the universe, as well as issues of life and death in general. Philosophy has undertaken to rethink all existing ideas about reality and highlight the most significant topics for discussion. In the process of historical development, many different schools arose (and still appear), many of which ideologically conflict with each other. Philosophers consider self-knowledge, the search for truth, and self-actualization to be the highest values. Differences from religion and myth:

• based on rational knowledge, not faith;
• reflection plays a dominant role;
• presence of integrity, system;
• clear concepts and categories.

Valery Lomovtsev

…

The atmic body is the subtlest foundation of life, carrying within itself harmony, in the center of which is the spark - the spirit.

It is a timeless reality in which harmony is not just realized, but there is an existing reason for harmony.

If Buddhi is a transformation of feeling, then Atma looks and feels like a cosmic will for a person of the Fifth Race.

The Atma body is direct Realization - without any intermediate conditions.

Of course, in the Atma there is also an inconceivable mind and an incomprehensible feeling, but this is poorly grasped by the current human consciousness and is felt more like an all-sweeping will with a deadly “tinge”.

The atmic body makes many earthly affairs, feelings, and undertakings meaningless.

His total vision and awareness of everything is felt as a destroying flame and makes any ego-personal motives worthless.

The Atmic level is the sphere of residence of our Logos - the Logos of the Earth, this is its spiritual Cosmos without any exaggeration, this is the very God about whom it is said in the Bible that everything lives in Him and has its own existence.

The existence of humanity is possible only thanks to Him, but it is Him that people reject and fear, hypocritically praising and worshiping Him.

Many “spiritual” representatives of various religions and new teachings indignantly reject Him in the rare people in whom He decided to reveal Himself to at least the slightest degree.

They agree to deal with Him if He comes as a sacrifice - a nanny on whom they can wipe their feet - as was the case with Jesus Christ. In this case, they may even love Him, somehow in their own way...

But if He manifests His original existence in someone and demands to comply with the law, then people will declare this soulless, cruelty and black magic to her …

But it’s high time to really reconcile with God, and not deceive each other that this is a fait accompli.

The fact that God is terrible and terrible, as depicted in the Jewish religious tradition, also does not help the matter, but leads to distortions and perversions in its own way.

We must, of course, admit that the Atmic plane is dangerous. As Ramakrishna said, an ordinary person (naturally, this “ordinary” is a yogi), who enters Nirvikalpa Samadhi, disappears in it like a salt doll entering the ocean. - And only he - being an Avatar - preserves his personality from dissolution - thanks to the will of the Mother.

The whole point is to prepare the bodies accordingly, then they do not collapse and burn, but rather mutate.

This needs to be done by every person, not to mention “spiritual” people, otherwise, tell me, how do you imagine the Kingdom of God on Earth?..

Will it really only be that everyone will sit down, some to the right, some to the left of the Heavenly Father? At the same time, it is enough to observe the Christian ritual to sit on the right, and not to observe it enough to burn in Gehenna forever?..

It's time to seriously look into this Christian propaganda.

Is it really possible to create a Kingdom out of dark, ignorant people and what kind? - GOD, not given to GOD consciousness?

The Kingdom of God can only be composed of divine people, and it will be governed through their consciousness and itself y mother, their component, and not by the spreading of hands of the Father, sitting in the middle of millions or thousands of meekly proud fools...

Christians will say that this is heresy, but why did Christ say: “I and My Father are one”? Why did He say “become perfect, like the Heavenly Father”?.. Or was he also a heretic, as the Pharisees believed?

The atmic body requires mandatory preparation before its opening - “make His paths straight”...

Ignoring this level is just as disastrous as calling Him to the crooked paths.

But if everything is observed, then there is nothing more beautiful in life than the Ascension and the Resurrection from the Dead - transformation and Life in the Kingdom of the Father...

Everyday worldview

It is based on everyday experience and is formed spontaneously, in the process of interaction of the individual with various spheres and manifestations of life. Attitudes formed by everyday thinking are autonomous and self-sufficient. Often they are accompanied by an exclusively associative way of perception, which is based on the knowledge and practice of ancestors or others. Moreover, new information within the framework of this worldview has the ability to be integrated and applied in various fields of activity. Intuition, emotions and feelings, and instincts play an important role. Also, views and beliefs are perceived in connection with value guidelines and norms of behavior that exist in the social system.

Definition of concepts

Worldview is a system of views, assessments, principles, norms, ideals and guidelines that are formed on the basis of knowledge and experience, and then determine a person’s behavior and his attitude to reality.

Worldview includes:

• belief system;
• perception (identification) of one’s own “I”;
• life position (the principle of knowing the world and how to apply this knowledge, i.e. behavior).

A worldview is a set of attitudes and beliefs that extend to a certain category (politics, religion, morality, ideas about family life, professional activity, etc.).

What kind of worldview does a person have: exponential-personal representation

According to this concept, the way of thinking is formed as an individual grows. When he moves from a passive, dependent state to teenage reflection, crisis. Then and further he feels the full weight of social and cultural influence. Thus, the foundation of worldview is made up of many ideological types: faith is intertwined with myth, philosophy, everyday way of thinking and science in various proportions.

Dogmatism

Often the worldview is formed through a dogmatic way of perception. It presupposes uncritical but conscious adherence to externally established rules, norms, and laws.

Reflexivity

Another “style” of adherence to certain ideas or dogmas is a subconscious, unconscious desire for them. In this case (unlike dogma), reason is no longer included in analytical activity and reflection, therefore submission to certain principles and regulations occurs impulsively, reflexively.

Ask a question

What about worldview types?

And finally, according to types, worldviews are divided into:

• Dogmatism. Our worldview is built on already existing dogmas, that is, rules and theories. For example, in a religious worldview, we take dogmas from religion and follow them. They guide our decisions and actions.
• Reasonable criticism. In this case, we understand that worldviews can change. We subject reality to reasonable doubt.
• Skepticism. This is the type of our thinking when we doubt the very possibility of knowing the world or that we correctly understand. It is constant thinking and reflection.

Read more about Dogmas and Life Values.

What can be the role of worldview in a person’s life?

• It is the basis of personal integrity, which presupposes the presence of a clear system of values ​​and ideals.
• Structures the surrounding space, making it familiar, more understandable and safe.
• Suggests certain ways to achieve goals.
• Its absence makes life chaotic and the psyche unbalanced, full of contradictory attitudes, which leads to insoluble internal conflicts.

There is a state when the old worldview is destroyed (for example, disappointment in religious principles sets in), and a new one has not yet been formed in its place. This stage is called an ideological crisis. At this moment, it is extremely important to return the personality to integrity as soon as possible, otherwise healthy forms of worldview will be replaced by various delusions and surrogates: alcohol and drugs, sectarianism, and so on. The concept of “mentality” is also associated with worldview, which means a certain mindset, a set of mental properties and behavioral characteristics. It reflects the character of an entire group of people (for example, a nation), representing the inner world of an individual, passed through the prism of historical experience.

Functions: briefly in the table

key functions of the everyday worldview can be identified :

How to start a new life and change yourself? Find out the answer right now.

How to change your beliefs.

To begin, I will break down this form of thinking into two levels:

• sensual (empirical) – includes attitude, worldview, world experience;
• conceptual (theoretical) – worldview.

The easiest way is to turn the way of thinking in the other direction, working with the second stage, since it is associated with intellectual, logical perception. To do this, you need to directly influence the intellect, forming new attitudes. I recommend step-by-step instructions for changing your beliefs:

1. Take some time for yourself and think it through, admit to yourself your conviction in the area that does not suit you, and write it down in a notebook. From the created list, try to choose those that interfere with you and lead to a conflict between your goals and desires (“Everyone gets sick all the time”; “I often catch a virus”; “I have a very weak immune system”; “When I’m sick, everyone loves me”) ; “When I am sick, I rest and gain strength”; “Sick people receive increased attention and care”).
2. You yourself must solve your life difficulty, since it is not outside, but deep inside. If you change your negative beliefs to positive ones in the subconscious, you will change your reality.
3. Feel your strength and what you are capable of. Remember some negative thought and replace it with the opposite one, try repeating it for literally 2-3 minutes every morning for 3 weeks.
4. Do not try to immediately change all your persuasiveness, without overloading yourself, do it gradually. As soon as you have changed 2-4 thoughts, wait a while, let them take root and become fixed in your consciousness.

Choosing the right goal, according to the type of worldview

Find out which type of worldview prevails in you. What do you primarily rely on when talking about good and evil, the creation of the world, and the role of man in it?

1. Give reasons for your position.
2. Watch. Study reality, analyze, reflect, learn to draw competent conclusions. Experiment. Organize information by recording it. This way you will understand which path is most suitable for you.
3. Do some self-reflection. Understand what role you play in society, decide on your desires.
4. Reflect. Ask yourself deep questions and look for objective, logically provable answers.
5. Put personal experience aside. Do not follow the stereotypes and paradigms formed in the psyche. Do not project a particular case onto general ideas about the world.
6. Follow the presence rule. Realize that there is no past and future. There is only the present moment. Live and feel “here and now”; this is the only way your understanding of reality will not be distorted.
7. Give up attachments. Perceive your own personality as basic and fundamental. You don't have to live up to other people's ideas and expectations.
8. Explore different approaches: science, philosophy, art, the workings of everyday thinking. Look for answers not only within yourself, but also in different sources.
9. Develop your analytical skills. Logic will help separate the true from the false.

Excerpt characterizing Worldview

- No, tell me to lay it down. “Will he really leave and leave me alone, without finishing everything and without promising me help?” thought Pierre, standing up and lowering his head, occasionally glancing at the Freemason, and starting to walk around the room. “Yes, I didn’t think so, but I led a despicable, depraved life, but I didn’t love it and didn’t want it,” thought Pierre, “but this man knows the truth, and if he wanted, he could reveal it to me.” . Pierre wanted and did not dare to tell this to the Mason. The person passing by, having packed his things with the usual, old hands, buttoned up his sheepskin coat. Having finished these matters, he turned to Bezukhy and indifferently, in a polite tone, said to him: “Where do you want to go now, my sir?” “Me?... I’m going to St. Petersburg,” Pierre answered in a childish, hesitant voice. - Thank you. I agree with you on everything. But don't think I'm so stupid. I wished with all my soul to be what you would have me to be; but I never found help in anyone... However, I myself am primarily to blame for everything. Help me, teach me and maybe I will... - Pierre could not speak further; he sniffed and turned away. The Mason was silent for a long time, apparently thinking about something. “Help is given only from God,” he said, “but the measure of help that our order has the power to give, he will give to you, my lord.” You are going to St. Petersburg, tell this to Count Villarsky (he took out his wallet and wrote a few words on a large sheet of paper folded in four). Let me give you one piece of advice. Having arrived in the capital, devote the first time to solitude, discussing yourself, and do not take the old path of life. Then I wish you a happy journey, my lord,” he said, noticing that his servant had entered the room, “and success... The person passing was Osip Alekseevich Bazdeev, as Pierre learned from the caretaker’s book. Bazdeev was one of the most famous Freemasons and Martinists back in Novikov’s time. Long after his departure, Pierre, without going to bed and without asking for horses, walked around the station room, pondering his vicious past and, with the delight of renewal, imagining his blissful, impeccable and virtuous future, which seemed so easy to him. He was, it seemed to him, vicious only because he had somehow accidentally forgotten how good it was to be virtuous. There was no trace of the former doubts left in his soul. He firmly believed in the possibility of a brotherhood of men united for the purpose of supporting each other in the path of virtue, and this was how Freemasonry seemed to him. Arriving in St. Petersburg, Pierre did not notify anyone of his arrival, did not go anywhere, and began to spend whole days reading Thomas a à Kempis, a book that was delivered to him by an unknown person. Pierre understood one thing and one thing while reading this book; he understood the still unknown pleasure of believing in the possibility of achieving perfection and in the possibility of brotherly and active love between people, opened to him by Osip Alekseevich. A week after his arrival, the young Polish Count Villarsky, whom Pierre knew superficially from the St. Petersburg world, entered his room in the evening with the official and solemn air with which Dolokhov’s second entered his room and, closing the door behind him and making sure that there was no one in the room there was no one except Pierre, he turned to him: “I came to you with an order and a proposal, Count,” he told him without sitting down. – A person very highly placed in our brotherhood petitioned for you to be accepted into the brotherhood ahead of schedule, and invited me to be your guarantor. I consider it a sacred duty to fulfill the will of this person. Would you like to join the brotherhood of free stonemasons on my guarantee? The cold and stern tone of the man whom Pierre almost always saw at balls with an amiable smile, in the company of the most brilliant women, struck Pierre. “Yes, I wish,” said Pierre. Villarsky bowed his head. “One more question, Count,” he said, to which I ask you not as a future Freemason, but as an honest man (galant homme) to answer me with all sincerity: have you renounced your previous convictions, do you believe in God? Pierre thought about it. “Yes... yes, I believe in God,” he said. “In that case...” Villarsky began, but Pierre interrupted him. “Yes, I believe in God,” he said again. “In that case, we can go,” said Villarsky. - My carriage is at your service. Villarsky was silent the whole way. To Pierre's questions about what he needed to do and how to answer, Villarsky only said that brothers more worthy of him would test him, and that Pierre needed nothing more than to tell the truth. Having entered the gate of a large house where the lodge was located, and walking along a dark staircase, they entered a lighted, small hallway, where, without the help of a servant, they took off their fur coats. From the hall they went into another room. Some man in a strange attire appeared at the door. Villarsky, coming out to meet him, said something quietly to him in French and went to a small closet, in which Pierre noticed clothes he had never seen before. Taking a handkerchief from the closet, Villarsky placed it over Pierre's eyes and tied it in a knot from behind, painfully catching his hair in the knot. Then he bent him towards him, kissed him and, taking him by the hand, led him somewhere. Pierre was in pain from the hair being pulled in by the knot; he winced in pain and smiled from shame for something. His huge figure with his arms down, with a wrinkled and smiling face, moved with uncertain timid steps behind Villarsky. After walking him ten steps, Villarsky stopped. “No matter what happens to you,” he said, “you must endure everything with courage if you firmly decide to join our brotherhood.” (Pierre answered in the affirmative by bowing his head.) When you hear a knock on the door, you will untie your eyes,” Villarsky added; – I wish you courage and success. And, shaking Pierre’s hand, Villarsky left.