Features of psychological knowledge
Tatiana Bezuglaya
Features of psychological knowledge
The concept of " knowledge "
used in the frequently used
“
knowledge - abilities - skills ” .
At the same time, skills and abilities in this system are considered as forms of cognitive activity of the subject, indicating its operational-dynamic side. Skills and abilities are subjective, and characterize ability to transform an object in accordance with the laws of his own existence. Knowledge is always objective and reproduces the object in its inherent patterns.
Ginetsinsky defines psychological knowledge knowledge about consciousness ; consciousness in relation to knowledge is the form of its existence. Psychological knowledge , in his opinion, is the result of subjectification (comprehension)
pre-objectified products of cognitive activity, and
psychology as a science is objective knowledge about subjective reality. According to Ginetsinsky, the coexistence of many psychological directions can be considered as a variety of types of psychological knowledge . In different directions, there are different sources of obtaining empirical data, different methods, and therefore, procedures for their extraction, as well as different ways of determining the obtained data.
V. N. Karandashev identifies five main types of psychological knowledge , which differs in methods of obtaining, features of construction , methods of expression and justification, as well as criteria of truth. Each of the types of psychological knowledge under consideration is justified , useful and even necessary in its place and in its own capacity. However, substituting one knowledge for another and mixing them is unacceptable. This can mislead people about adequate forms and ways of knowing .
The first type is everyday psychology , which uses knowledge accumulated and used by a person in everyday life. The reliability of everyday psychology is verified only by personal experience and the experience of people with whom a person is in direct contact. The everyday observations of outstanding people, due to their wisdom and ability to generalize , are of great value. The main criterion for the truth of knowledge of everyday psychology is its plausibility and obvious usefulness in everyday life situations. The features of this knowledge are :
a) a reflection of the individual experience of a person’s daily life. Knowledge is individual or group in nature, being the result of ordinary generalization of the external, superficial, immediate;
b) knowledge is unsystematized and represents a set of facts, cases, guesses and interpretations from the point of view of “household use”
,
“common sense”
and
“generally accepted views”
regarding the mechanisms
of psychological phenomena ;
c) knowledge of “everyday psychology ”
, is focused on ensuring optimal relationships with people and internal comfort within the elements of life.
Therefore, such knowledge does not require experimental verification of existing ideas;
d) knowledge is recorded in the system of everyday spoken language, expressing general ideas and the individual emotional and semantic shell of words.
The second type of knowledge is psychological knowledge in art . This knowledge records a huge variety of human destinies and real psychological problems . These are some kind of "experimental situations"
, which were created by life itself and the creative imagination of the author.
The main significance in the depiction of a person in art, according to Karandashev, belongs to fiction. Since psychological knowledge in art is expressed in images, it is descriptive in nature. A typical feature of psychological knowledge in art is its emotionality and fragmentation. The main criterion for the truth of psychological knowledge in art is the acceptance and recognition of images by the reader, viewer, and listener.
The third type of psychological knowledge is practical psychology . The main goal of practical psychology is to provide psychological assistance to a person . As a result of such activities, the professional determines ways and develops methods of providing psychological assistance to people necessary in solving their life or professional problems. The main methods of practical psychology include psychodiagnostics , psychotherapy and psychocorrection , psychological counseling , and developmental psychological work . The subject of practical psychology is a specific individual or a specific group of people, as well as specific life circumstances. The criteria for the reliability of knowledge of this type are the experience and efficiency of specialists. The characteristics of knowledge in practical psychology are considered to be specificity, practicality of activity, as well as integrity in the description of a person.
In practical psychology, psychologist is significant . Therefore, practical psychology is distinguished by the metaphorical nature of knowledge , that is, the use of terms that have a figurative figurative meaning. For the purpose of psychological prevention, practical psychologists show great desire to popularize psychological knowledge ( psychological education )
.
Psychological knowledge obtained as a result of practical activity is generalized, systematized and offered for use.
The fourth type of psychological knowledge is irrational psychology . Irrational psychology is psychological knowledge that is inaccessible to explanation by scientific and rational methods. Such knowledge usually includes religious knowledge ; knowledge gained in parapsychology ; esoteric knowledge . Religious knowledge is traditionally opposed to scientific knowledge . Parapsychology deals with the study of extrasensory cognition , clairvoyance, telepathy and precognition. Esoteric knowledge is based on some secret knowledge inaccessible to most people (astrology, yoga, numerology, palmistry, etc.)
.
What makes esoteric knowledge is its practicality.
The most important feature of this knowledge is a certain integrity. The uncertainty of presentation and conclusions allows such knowledge to be quite plausible and applicable in any circumstances. The mystery of the methods for obtaining such knowledge , the lack of the possibility of rational explanation on the basis of scientific principles is its main characteristic. Methods of proving the truth of such knowledge are specific , irrational, and inaccessible to systematic and logical justification. The criterion for the reliability of such knowledge for initiated people is its compliance with the postulates of the sacrament and the inner conviction of its truth. For people not initiated into secret knowledge , the main criterion of truth is faith and experience of experiencing the corresponding states.
The fifth type of psychological knowledge , to which, in connection with the research we are conducting, we would like to pay special attention to is scientific psychological knowledge . Scientific psychological knowledge is a logically consistent and experimentally substantiated system of interrelated concepts, judgments, and conclusions that describe psychological phenomena , explain their nature, predict the dynamics of their development, and justify the possibility of controlling them. The distinctive features of scientific psychological knowledge are as follows :
it has a universal character, reflecting the essential, stable and recurring in psychological phenomena , that is, their actual content;
it is systemic in nature, that is, it is a system of developing concepts that reflect the dynamics of phenomena and form a certain psychological theory ;
it represents the unity of methodological, theoretical and experimental knowledge , in which the main thing is conscious (reflexive, research orientation, testability of theoretical provisions in experiment;
it is fixed in a system of scientific language, which allows one to reflect and distinguish the structure of a psychological phenomenon , inaccessible to ordinary, direct knowledge , “everyday psychology ”
.
For a long time, scientific and psychological knowledge has been accumulated within the framework of philosophy, biology, medicine, pedagogy, sociology and other human sciences. At the end of the 19th century, psychology separated from philosophy and was defined as an independent science. Since that time, a large number of our own methods of scientific knowledge of the laws and mechanisms of mental life . Currently, the main goal of scientific psychology is to search for new psychological knowledge about the inner world of people.
Scientific psychology is based on facts obtained experimentally - empirical scientific facts. Scientific and psychological facts do not depend on the subjective opinion of the scientist, that is, they are characterized by objectivity. The weight of scientific and psychological knowledge is given by the use of empirical and theoretical (logical)
methods of proving truth. Reliability and evidence of knowledge are provided by scientific methods that are used in psychology . In scientific psychology, there are reliable and testable ways to measure mental phenomena . Scientific psychology is called academic, and is divided into fundamental and applied.
In addition to the above types of psychological knowledge, there are the following:
nomothetic, explanatory knowledge (from the Greek nomos - law)
-
knowledge developing according to the principles of natural sciences. This type of knowledge was proposed to be developed by behaviorists of the school of J. Watson and E. Thorndike;
ideographic, descriptive knowledge , similar to all cultural sciences. This type of knowledge was proposed by representatives of understanding psychology (W. Dilthey, E. Spranger)
and humanistic
psychology (K. Rogers, V. Frankl)
.
Information concept
Definition 1
Information is information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by different consumers (humans, other living organisms or special technical devices) to ensure targeted activities.
Information is the useful content of data. Data is a form of presenting information. The most complete description of this connection is given by presenting three key aspects of information: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic content.
The pragmatic aspect reflects the correspondence of information to achieving the goal and characterizes the usefulness of the information contained in the data. Thus, an assessment of the consumer properties of information is given.
The semantic aspect determines the semantic content of information and characterizes the degree of correlation between the information object and its image, which is contained in the information (data).
The syntactic aspect of information is connected with the form of its presentation and does not concern its content or meaning.
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Therefore, the information represents only the syntactic aspect of the information.
Information as a dynamic characteristic of the diversity of the world can be manifested, unmanifested and displayed.
Manifested information is characteristic of all forms of being. It is observable, measurable and used to maintain the functioning of systems. Like any energy, it can be “canned” and reduced to a “static” state (say, it can be stored in the format of a book, document, computer file, etc.).
Unmanifested information is information in potential, initially characteristic of the world in its probable existence, but hidden (including from human consciousness) until it is likely to be needed. Unmanifested information can be transferred into open form, indirectly and directly.
Fixed by the human consciousness, unmanifested information is modified into reflected (ideal) information, after which it acquires the ability to “materialize,” that is, to move into a materially fixed form (a review in a newspaper, scientific journal, etc.) with the help of human creative efforts.
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