Formation of character, taking into account character traits in communication and professional activities

Character - definition of concept

The ancient Greeks thought about the secret of character, and they gave a definition to this concept: “seal, coinage” - that which distinguishes one personality from another. Modern psychologists identify the main features of this concept:

Arrogance in words

Characteristic personality traits are manifested in actions and expressions that are habitual and natural for a given individual. “You are a fool, you simpleton,” the Old Woman from Pushkin’s fairy tale addressed her husband. And the Old Man obediently trudged along to fulfill her will. The ingratitude and arrogance of one character, the humility and lack of will of another, are manifested here in words and actions.

"Leopard change his spots"

Inner world: worldview, feelings - these are not character traits. Over the course of life, a person can change his beliefs and sympathies more than once, but character is a constant quality. The poetess M. Tsvetaeva expressed it in the words: “...we are treacherous, that is, we are true to ourselves.”

Character traits

Stable properties of the psyche - “paths trodden by neurons” - these are character traits. They appear with enviable consistency and allow us to make predictions in human behavior. So, knowing the stinginess of an employee, it is not difficult to assume that he will not borrow money before payday. And the one who is now whispering another gossip in your ear will tomorrow say nasty things about you. However, not all shades of a person’s behavior are important or fateful for her.

Dominant traits

American psychologist Gordon Allport grouped character traits into three categories:

Dominant - determine the core of personality, are found in systemic relationships with the world: egoism - altruism

Ordinary - manifested in everyday life: honesty - duplicity

Secondary - manifested in various areas of activity: diligence, obedience, love of reading

Priority character traits are especially clearly manifested in critical situations, when there is no time to think, a person acts “automatically”. For example, in ordinary situations, all people prefer to put on a mask of modesty; some sincerely consider themselves to be so. But when they praise others, they suddenly lose their temper, begin to list their merits and achievements, and reveal deeply hidden vanity.

Mental sphere of character manifestation

The second way to classify characteristic personality traits is by the manifestation of stable mental properties.

Intellectual traits - curiosity, resourcefulness, frivolity, absent-mindedness Emotional traits - cheerfulness, sentimentality, gloominess, dispassion Volitional qualities - perseverance, courage, cowardice, humility Moral traits - justice, responsiveness, callousness, cruelty

Read also: How to develop a strong character

Positive qualities are formed only if a person is interested in acquiring them. It is impossible to impose intellectual properties by force. All character traits associated with a person’s mental properties are the result of his free choice in childhood and adolescence.

Systemic character traits

The core qualities of a person determine her relationship with the world and leave a mark on her behavior.

In relation to oneself, the dominant manifestations are pride on one pole and the opposite quality - humility. When characterizing connections with other people, one must pay attention to communication or isolation, altruism or selfishness. In relation to work - the main qualities are hard work or laziness. Connection with objects of the surrounding world is manifested in such traits as frugality and neatness or sloppiness and wastefulness

It is also difficult to create a clear portrait of a person in accordance with his character because the true motives of actions are not always clear. Fighters for justice, flaunting their integrity, may well turn out to be elementary envious people, indifferent to everything except their own benefit. And closed silent people will discover courage and resourcefulness in the moment of decisive action. The French writer V. Hugo said about this:

Every person has three characters: one attributed to him by his neighbors; the second - he attributes it to himself; and finally, the third, which actually exists

Personality traits and communication

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In the educational interaction between teacher and students, it is very important to take into account the combination of traits of certain types of character accentuations. Thus, isolation, lack of empathy, persistence in defending one’s own point of view, different from the majority opinion, of an introverted personality can cause an outburst of anger and rage in representatives of the epileptoid type, as well as formalism, boringness, and indecisiveness of a pedantic nature. Some frivolity, frivolity, and inexhaustible optimism of a hyperthymic nature may come across timidity, defenselessness, and self-criticism of a sensitive one. Selfishness, unbridledness, boastfulness, shirking from work of representatives with hysterical (demonstrative) character traits will be of little sympathy to the stuck type with his painful touchiness, suspicion and excessive demands on others.

Individuals with accentuated character traits show particular sensitivity to the use and “reading” of nonverbal means of communication. Thus, physical touch in the form of stroking and patting performs the usual functions of approval and emotional support; it strengthens or replaces a request, apology, gratitude, giving them a more personal, confidential character. However, in sensitive, suspicious natures, touch causes wariness or even a painful reaction. For them, any reduction in psychological distance creates inconvenience and can be tinged with unreasonable anxiety, so they react painfully to the gaze and desire of the interlocutor to make “eye contact.”

Takeshika

(touch, bodily contact) is a clear indicator of status-role relationships, a symbol of the degree of emotional and psychological closeness of the interlocutors. Therefore, inadequate use of tactical means of communication can lead to numerous difficulties. You need to be especially careful about reactions when the partner is younger in age or is in a dependent position (student, subordinate) and cannot afford to avoid touching, even if it is unpleasant for him.

Not only different, but also similar natures are unlikely to be able to easily reach mutual understanding. For example, emotive, labile and sensitive individuals who are prone to impressionability and are characterized by increased sensitivity will experience special difficulties. In general, the greatest difficulties in communication are experienced by individuals who are either too similar or have opposite character traits. However, these obstacles, if desired, can be easily overcome if each of the interlocutors strives to take into account the character traits of their partner.

Barrier of persistent negative emotions

can also become a serious factor complicating the process of interpersonal and business communication. Emotions are one of the main regulators of human communication: they influence the choice of interlocutor, determine the methods and means of communication. Not just any, but only a persistent negative emotion can erect a psychological barrier in communication. Such emotions include suffering, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt (according to the classification of the American psychologist K. Izard).

Suffering

experienced as despondency, loss of spirit, loneliness, emotional alienation. Its nonverbal manifestation is most often noticeable by raised eyebrows and shifted inward, transverse wrinkles on the forehead, drooping corners of the mouth, an elongated face, a plaintive voice and crying. Typical causes of suffering can be failures in studies, career, love. The most common causes of grief are the loss of something (someone) or its anticipation: the loss of a loved one, qualities in oneself, self-esteem, social status (including “the best student in the group” or “the best teacher of a certain discipline”).

Barrier of Suffering

in communication distorts the perception of others: someone else’s joy, success can cause pain and envy, give rise to selfishness (out of self-pity) or, conversely, altruism in order to drown out the feeling of guilt before someone (more often arises through the “leader-rank and file” communication line employee", "employee-colleague", "teacher-student"). Consolation can cause a response from the partner in the form of irritation or affective aggression.

Barrier of Anger

is born in response to unexpected obstacles to satisfying an urgent need: interruption of a pleasant activity and coercion to an unacceptable act, insults, undeserved resentment. For example, a manager demands to “surrender” an employee whose fault caused a device breakdown, or delays the entire team after work to complete an urgent task, without warning about it in advance. If someone becomes openly indignant about this, the response may be insulting words or threats towards the “rebels.” It is natural that people become offended and even angry at an undeserved insult. The stronger the anger, the greater the need to express it with tears or aggression, not only verbal, but also physical, which is often found not only in everyday life, but also in work situations. Anger indicates the depth of experience of emotions of a negative modality. At the external behavioral level, this is expressed in the form of frowning eyebrows, bared teeth, or a tightly clenched mouth. The blood “boils”, the face burns, the muscles tense, the breathing quickens. The offended person’s speech becomes intermittent, fast and loud, or, conversely, the person begins to “squeeze words through his teeth.” Hands are often clenched into fists, which indicates aggressive intentions.

Irritation

varying degrees of intensity can cause intrusiveness, accompanied by monotonous speech of the interlocutor, the frequent use of parasitic words such as “so to speak”, “well”, “means”, “one way or another”, an abundance of incomprehensible (special) terms, which distracts from the acquisition of semantic content of the reported information. For example, a lecturer’s rapid speech, oversaturated with special terms, does not allow listeners (students) to take notes, which is also an obstacle to satisfying a significant need and can cause justified anger.

Barrier of disgust and disgust

arises as a consequence of the interlocutor’s unhygienic behavior, bad manners and lack of self-control. In this regard, the interlocutor should try to be impeccable himself and try to tactfully help his partner correct certain shortcomings. As a last resort, the partner (whether a teacher or a student) should try to suppress disgust and concentrate on the content of the information.

At the non-verbal level, the barrier of disgust is expressed in a deliberate increase in the distance of communication, throwing the body back (especially by the “speaking” person). In facial expressions, such a psychological difficulty in communication can manifest itself in a slightly raised position of the upper lip, barely noticeable by twitching of the muscles in this area, although the mouth may be closed, but the corners of the mouth tend downward, the nose wrinkles slightly, the interlocutor’s facial expression seems to say: “Ugh.” "

Barrier of contempt - neglect

occurs situationally and helps limit contacts with the person who caused negative emotions. Sometimes it is the result of prejudices (racial, national, social, etc.). Certain character traits of a communication partner and his immoral actions can also give rise to contempt. It can be quite difficult to overcome negative emotions when meeting this subject. Therefore, if possible, it is necessary to separate a specific act from a person as an individual. He probably already regrets what happened. We should not forget that every character has its own “advantages”, you just need to be able to find them.

Contempt

- this is a demonstrative expression of a feeling of superiority over someone, a distance from more “hot” emotions such as anger, irritation and shame. Outwardly, this feeling manifests itself as follows: raised eyebrows, an elongated face, a raised head, a top-down look, a “crooked” grin, distancing (a deliberate increase in the spatial and psychological distance between oneself and the interlocutor).

Anger, disgust and contempt

K. Izard called it a hostile triad.
Hostility
towards the interlocutor can be expressed in the form of open ignorance of the person and the content of the information he communicates.

Barrier of Fear

can be caused by both biological reasons (fear for life, health) and social ones (fear for material well-being, reverence for the status of the interlocutor, a threat on his part, fear of punishment, non-recognition or even more ridicule of his intellectual and personal qualities, etc. .P.). Fear can be caused by memories of real events with an unfavorable outcome or a premonition of such an outcome. If you frequently experience such a state, you may develop fear of any life situation. Most often, fear is felt as a premonition of misfortune, vulnerability to possible danger emanating from another person. A typical example is the fear that a student experiences in front of a certain teacher. He is frightened by the prospect of certification in the form of a test or exam that he will have to take for this teacher. Ultimately, having a good level of preparation in an academic subject, such a student, under the influence of the psychological barrier of social fear, can show a result in the exam that is much lower than his real capabilities.

Typical nonverbal reactions to express fear in communication may be raised eyebrows, the inner corners of which are shifted; horizontal wrinkles on the forehead; eyes wide open, lower eyelid tense, and upper eyelid raised; the corners of the mouth are pulled back; limbs are cold to the touch (“chilling horror”), the face is either pale or red. The blood is “pounding in the temples”, the heart is “jumping out” of the chest. Feeling of “icy emptiness” in the solar plexus area. Hands shake, knees buckle. In order to eliminate the barrier of fear, it is important to identify the cause or causes that caused it, of which there may be several.

Barrier of shame - shyness and guilt - remorse

arises as a feeling of inappropriateness of what is happening due to embarrassment for oneself or others. Most often, such a psychological barrier in communication manifests itself during criticism, and sometimes during excessive praise. At the same time, the interlocutor feels confused, hides his eyes, blushes, and tries to bow out as quickly as possible. It happens that even in the absence of habitual approval (a kind of silent reproach) or expected censure (sometimes such forgiveness in the form of silence is worse than punishment), a person experiences no less inconvenience than with open accusations against him.

Shame and guilt

- very painful emotions, they are difficult to hide. Most often, defense mechanisms such as denial, suppression, compensation, etc. are used for this.

Bad mood barrier

cannot be separated into a separate group of causes of difficult communication. It includes most of the emotions listed above, but it should be taken into account, because the intense emotional reaction of one of the interlocutors is voluntarily or involuntarily induced on his partner. Emotions are contagious and interconnected. By being offended, we induce guilt in our partner; by being proud, we induce envy; by being envious, we induce vanity. The negative emotion of one interlocutor usually gives rise to a negative experience on the part of the other, which can complicate communication and cause a desire to limit contacts with an unpleasant person.

The most vulnerable to the manifestation of negative emotions are people with low and high self-esteem

. They react painfully to failure. Individuals with low self-esteem are afraid of discovering an imaginary inadequacy and not being able to live up to their existing high aspirations; and those with inflated self-esteem and a high level of aspirations are distinguished by heightened pride. This must be taken into account not only in interpersonal, but also in business communication. The following nonverbal cues may indicate self-esteem.

External indicators of adequate self-esteem

are an open look, a face turned to the interlocutor, sedentary but rich facial expressions, clear speech, optimal distance.

About inflated self-esteem

(self-confidence) of the interlocutor can be “told” by the following features of his posture: “upturned” chin, long, hard gaze. Usually he stands with his legs wide apart, sits cross-legged, has a demonstratively relaxed pace of movement, crossing his arms over his chest. These bodily manifestations are complemented by a loud voice. Such self-esteem causes a negative attitude towards the communication partner who demonstrates it in his behavior.

About low self-esteem

evidenced by weak, angular movements, numb, tense gait, gaze directed to the side, clenched mouth, shy smile, crooked grin, expressionless facial expressions, fast speech with disturbed rhythm, not very loud voice.

In case of difficulties in communication due to dissatisfaction with the appearance of another person (too fat, unattractive, with physical defects) or defects in his speech (stuttering, burr, slurring words, etc.), you need to remember that it is almost impossible to eliminate them. Probably, in this situation, focusing on the positive personal qualities of the interlocutor and the information he communicates will help.

It should be borne in mind that psychological barriers are very difficult to eliminate, because associated with the personality characteristics of the interlocutors. Most often they manifest themselves in the form of a mutual reluctance to make contact. In addition, psychological barriers often end in a complete breakdown of relations between interlocutors. It should not be forgotten that psychological and semantic barriers are closely related. Rejection of a person also leads to rejection or distortion of the information he communicates. And various kinds of misunderstandings can cause persistent negative emotions, for example, fear, shame and guilt, anger, etc.

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Character Formation

A person’s character develops in a specific period of life under the influence of certain factors. Which ones?

Time frame

Character formation is a time-limited process that spans childhood and adolescence—up to 20–25 years. Later we will talk about re-education, which is given with great difficulty. By the age of 4–5 years, the “skeleton of personality” is already ready - the child’s behavior towards himself, towards people, towards work and surrounding objects has been determined in general terms. Educators can see the peculiarities of the manifestation of his mental qualities: mental abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, moral attitudes.

Read also: Intuition, or the Sixth Sense: how to hear your inner voice?

Until the age of 10, habitual behavior is consolidated—character traits become stable. In adolescence and adolescence, character is polished by the internal efforts of the individual - self-education, conscious development of motives for behavior. And by the age of 25, most of a person’s actions are performed automatically - under the influence of stable mental connections.

Parenting factors

The plastic psyche of a young child allows him to be molded into almost any character - from a brightly positive, cheerful personality to a person with mental disabilities and criminal tendencies. Educational factors play a huge role here.

Genetic predisposition

Character traits are not passed on through genes. But children can receive a predisposition to one type of behavior or another from their parents.

Studies have confirmed the fact of inheritance of a tendency to mental disorders: schizophrenia, manic syndrome, dementia. Scientists do not confirm the common expression: “Nature rests on the children of talented parents.” Intellectual abilities are inherited. The talent of such children does not develop if the talented mother and father are busy with self-realization, and the child remains in the shadows. But character traits and behavioral stereotypes are not innate, but acquired qualities. “I took after my father/mother” - this is about those children who simply copy the lifestyle of their “ancestors.”

Society

A child’s close environment is a significant educational factor.

1 In infancy, a special role is played by the mother’s love and increased attention from loved ones. A child must be sure that he is sincerely loved - this is the foundation for a positive, cheerful character. If he is surrounded by indifference and cruelty, this will most likely affect his character, which can only be changed with the help of a psychotherapist.

2 From the age of 3–4 years, the child’s social circle expands - kindergarten teachers, peers, teachers, coaches, classmates, groups of friends. He gets the opportunity to choose on his own “who to make his life from.” The group and those individuals who will be dominant for him will leave the greatest imprint on his style of behavior.

If, from childhood, parents leave their child unattended, in “free flight,” a contradictory, unpredictable character is formed. It will be difficult for a person to understand himself.

Life circumstances

The life situations that a person encounters in childhood leave an imprint on his behavior throughout his life. The death of loved ones, the divorce of parents, the bankruptcy or relocation of a family to a new place, the birth of brothers and sisters - all this can radically change habitual behavior and make adjustments to the emerging character.

The family environment is a powerful educational factor. Where a child has responsibilities from an early age, where he does not have time for meaningless pastime, people grow up persistent, purposeful and responsible. If adults solve all the problems for a child, and he is left to his own devices, lack of initiative, lack of will, and cowardice will become established in his character.

Self-education

During adolescence, self-awareness is formed - attitude towards oneself, comparison of oneself with others. Such character qualities as self-esteem and self-confidence are consolidated, and the motives of behavior change: “I want” displaces the conscious “I must.”

At this time, the teenager subjects the help and influence of adults to merciless criticism and prefers to act independently. The circle of friends and acquaintances is of particular importance for a teenager - where there are conditions for self-realization. For this age, the proverb is relevant: “Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are.”

Mechanism of character formation

Character traits are habitual forms of behavior brought to the point of automatism. “Eh, once, again, many, many more times” - an action must be performed in order to become a characteristic stamp of the personality. The more often a person acts this way and not otherwise, the faster a certain attitude towards action becomes fixed in the psyche. Therefore, the basis of successful upbringing is not moral teaching, but situations in which the child has the opportunity to do the right thing and receive satisfaction from it.

Read also: Why do some people succeed while others fail?

Is the boy afraid of the dark? Exhortations and reproaches will not help here. We take him by the hand (in our arms) and walk together through the dark apartment (stairs, corridor). The next task is to go alone into the room and reach the switch. The boundaries of the area free from fear are gradually expanding. Every time a child overcomes it, he experiences the joy of victory. This is how an attitude of courage and determination is formed, and self-confidence is strengthened.

And vice versa: if a child cheated or stole for the first time, no one noticed. The successful action was repeated several more times and became a habit. It is quite difficult to erase such a habit from the psyche: every time you need to sincerely repent of the fact of lying or theft. Simply punishments and admonitions are useless in this case.

Formation and accentuation of character

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The formation of character begins in childhood and largely depends on the microworld with which the child interacts. The system of constantly increasing the complexity of demands on the part of adults is of decisive importance for the formation of positive character traits. An important point is the objectivity of assessing people’s actions. In addition, with age, the process of self-education plays an increasingly important role. But self-education is conditioned by appropriate motivation: a person, first of all, must realize the need for self-education.

Character is not only formed in activity and communication, but also, for its part, determines both the implementation of various types of activity and communication processes. These influences become especially pronounced as a result of the manifestation of various accentuations.

Accentuation of character is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, manifested in the selective attitude of the individual to a certain kind of psychological influence with good and even increased resistance to others. Different combinations of overly enhanced traits give different types of character accentuation. Knowledge of these types and the ability to recognize and diagnose them allows us to make educational influences more adequate, targeted and more effective.

Character accentuations can appear from early childhood, but, as a rule, their manifestations intensify in adolescence (according to A.E. Lichko). Then they are usually smoothed out, but the character of many adults bears the stamp of accentuations (K. Leonhard).

Expressive character traits

Conscious and intentional actions and actions allow us to judge what a person is like. Features of speech - loud or quiet, fast or slow pace, verbosity or isolation, emotionality or dryness - express certain character traits. Appearance - a smiling or gloomy face, the expression of the eyes, gait - also characterizes a person.

Determining character based on all these signs is a difficult matter, since for some people the internal content of character is disguised by external play. To study character, long-term observations of a person in various life situations are necessary.

In the history of sciences, there are well-known attempts to explain the character of various people depending on the structure and outline of their face (physiognomy), on the shape of the hands and folds of the skin of the palms (palmistry), on the color of their eyes and hair, etc.

Topic 16. Abilities

general characteristics

Abilities are individual characteristics of a person that ensure success in activity and ease of mastering it. The speed, depth, ease and strength of the process of mastering knowledge, skills and abilities depend on abilities, but they themselves are not limited to them.

The success of a subject’s activity depends on the interaction of three components: knowledge, skills and motivation. Indeed, we constantly come across examples that the successful completion of a particular job was the result of well-developed skills, a creative attitude to work, and deep professional knowledge. But knowledge and skills could be acquired as a result of hard work and in the absence of a person’s abilities for this activity. This means that the knowledge and skills that ensure the success of an activity cannot yet be called abilities. If you have the abilities, the necessary knowledge and skills are easily acquired, a person quickly progresses in their improvement, achieving significant results in his activities. S. L. Rubinstein believed that an ability becomes real when it absorbs a system of socially developed operations, but the core of the ability is not an acquired, automated operation, but the quality of those mental processes by which these operations are regulated.

The qualities of mental processes that underlie the acquisition of knowledge and skills determine the success of the activity, that is, they constitute the essence of abilities.

Natural prerequisites for abilities

For a long time, abilities were associated with the structural features of the brain, expressed in the structure of the skull (phrenology of the Austrian physician F. Gall).

A deep analysis of the problem of abilities was carried out by B. M. Teplov. According to the concept developed by him and his colleagues, only anatomical, physiological and functional characteristics of a person can be innate, creating certain prerequisites for the development of abilities. Such genetically determined features of the nervous system were called inclinations. The inclinations are very ambiguous; they are only prerequisites for the development of abilities. In the development of abilities they act only as a starting point. The abilities that develop on their basis are conditioned, but not predetermined by them.

A characteristic feature of inclinations is that they themselves are not yet aimed at anything. Inclinations influence, but not in a decisive way, the formation and development of abilities that are formed during life in the process of activity and education. Inclinations determine different ways of forming abilities and influence the level of achievement and speed of development.

Ability Structure

Types of abilities are distinguished by their focus, or specialization:

• general abilities - individual personality traits that ensure relative ease and productivity in acquiring knowledge and carrying out various types of activities;

• special abilities - personality traits that help achieve high results in any field of activity.

Each ability has its own structure, consisting of a set of mental qualities necessary for the successful performance of an activity. There are leading and auxiliary properties.

So, according to V. A. Krutetsky, the leading properties in mathematical abilities are:

• obtaining mathematical information (formalization of perception, covering the formal structure of the problem);

• processing of mathematical information (logical thinking, quick and broad generalization of mathematical objects, economy and rationality of thinking);

• storage of mathematical information (mathematical memory);

• mathematical orientation of the mind.

So, the personality as a bearer of certain psychological qualities has potential opportunities for the development of abilities. They turn into actual, real abilities when, under the influence of the requirements of the activity, they begin to develop into an interacting system of qualities, thanks to which the success of the activity is achieved. From here it becomes clear that abilities are very dynamic and mobile. The interaction of developing mental qualities in the context of performing various types of activities can identify and form new abilities for a given person.

The abilities of different people for the same activity may have a different structure due to the individual uniqueness of mental qualities and their combinations. For example, for some people, the leading qualities in the structure of mathematical abilities are the qualities of thinking that ensure the operations of abstraction and transfer, for others - logic and evidence, for others - memory for mathematical content and flexible handling of them, etc.

Not only those who have the ability to do it, but also those who do not have to perform this or that type of activity. If a person is forced to engage in this activity, he will consciously or unconsciously compensate for the lack of abilities by relying on the strengths of his personality. According to E.P. Ilyin, compensation can be carried out through acquired knowledge or skills or through another, more developed ability. There are many examples where a low or average level of mental ability is compensated by a breadth of knowledge or high performance; insufficient organizational skills - high level of self-organization, etc.

The following ability levels are distinguished:

• reproductive level, providing a high ability to assimilate knowledge and master activities;

• creative level, ensuring the creation of something new and original.

It should, however, be borne in mind that any reproductive activity includes elements of creativity, and creative activity also includes reproductive activity, without which it is impossible.

A person’s belonging to one of three human types: “artistic,” “mental,” or “intermediate” (according to the terminology of I. P. Pavlov) determines to a large extent the characteristics of their abilities. The relative predominance of the first signaling system in human mental activity is characterized by the artistic type, the relative predominance of the second signaling system by the thinking type, and their approximately equal representation by the intermediate type. These differences in modern science are associated with the functions of the left (verbal-logical) and right (imaginative) hemispheres of the brain. The artistic type is characterized by the brightness of images, while the thinking type is characterized by a predominance of abstractions and logical constructions.

Diagnostics of abilities

The same person may have different abilities, but one of them may be more significant than the others. On the other hand, different people have the same abilities, but they differ in their level of development.

From the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. In psychology, attempts are made to measure abilities. Abilities were studied by such foreign psychologists as Cattell, Spearman, Binet, Eysenck, etc. Tests were used to measure abilities. Usually a system of tests was used, increasing in difficulty, which was called a battery of tests

In Russian psychology, it is traditional to determine abilities through identifying the pace of progress in the process of activity, the breadth of transfer of emerging mental qualities, the ratio of neuropsychic costs and the final result of activity. Diagnostics of abilities, based on the listed principles, is enriched with meaningful methods: diagnostics of learning ability (Z.I. Kalmykova), diagnostic training programs (Yu. Gutke, U. Wohlrab), etc.

The study of abilities is carried out from various angles:

• their socio-historical essence is revealed in general sociological terms;

• their development in specific types of activities is studied;

• general mechanisms of ability formation are considered.

The study of various types of special abilities is carried out mainly in connection with vocational guidance and selection.

To determine inclinations (and, to some extent, abilities), E. A. Klimov proposed dividing professions into five main types, depending on the objects to which they are aimed:

• man – nature (plants, animals, microorganisms);

• man – technology (machines, materials, various types of energy, etc.);

• person – person (groups of people, teams);

• person – symbolic information (books, languages, codes, models);

• a person is an artistic image (fine arts, music, etc.).

The inclinations of a young person when solving career guidance problems are determined primarily within the framework of the listed classification of professions. For career guidance purposes, a number of other adequate methods for diagnosing aptitudes and abilities are also used.

It must be borne in mind that the success of any activity is determined not by any individual abilities, but by a combination of abilities that is unique to each person and characterizes him as an individual.

Section 2 Late adulthood and old age(60… 75…)

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Temperament and character

A person’s character is directly related to the properties of his psyche. Hippocrates also noted that people have different mental organizations. He identified four types of nervous system, calling them temperaments. Each temperament characterizes its characteristic dynamics of nervous processes: strength, excitability, stability, balance.

Mental properties of temperament

Choleric is distinguished by a strong emotional reaction to the influence of the outside world, great excitability, instability of nervous processes, and mental imbalance, in which excitation processes predominate.

A sanguine person is characterized by a strong reaction, low excitability, relative stability and balance of emotions.

A melancholic person has increased emotional excitability, and these emotions take possession of him for a long time, he poorly adapts to a changing environment, and has an unbalanced psyche.

Phlegmatic - reacts weakly to the influence of external stimuli, but “digests” them for a long time, his excitation/inhibition processes are balanced, he does not like changes and poorly adapts to changes.

Read also: 4 types of human temperament

The influence of temperament on character

The properties of temperament are favorable for the development of some positive qualities, and inhibit the formation of others.

Cholerics tend to be active, decisive, independent, and self-confident. But it is difficult for them to have modesty, mercy, and patience; they have to curb their anger.

It is easy for sanguine people to develop generosity, friendliness, and compassion, but it is difficult to overcome selfishness, boasting, disorganization, and weakness of will.

Melancholic people are mostly faithful, selfless, disciplined people. But they have to consciously get rid of pessimism, vindictiveness, resentment, and selfishness, in adulthood.

Phlegmatic people are tactful, reliable, flexible and organized people. The other side of the coin is indecision, stinginess, passivity, timid disposition.

A person’s temperament is the innate properties of the psyche, the canvas on which a person embroiders the patterns of his character.

The relationship between character and temperament

Based on the relationship between temperament and character, several psychotypes of personality are distinguished:

1. Sanguine people are people who have a flexible mindset and quickly adapt to any situation. They do not like to be secretive and quickly make important decisions. Failures do not unsettle them; they begin to act even more decisively.
2. Cholerics are individuals with an impetuous disposition, impulsive. Emotional outbursts often occur, which can lead to negative consequences. They get tired quickly due to nervous tension. They are most often exposed to stress, depression, and panic attacks.
3. Phlegmatic people are people who strive to achieve their goals. Successful, calm, active people. They are difficult to deal with conflict situations and take difficulties calmly. They are faithful and know how to listen to another person and help in a difficult situation.
4. Melancholic people are vulnerable, subject to constant apathy. They are afraid of difficulties, new acquaintances, relationships. They complain about life. Self-esteem is low. Subject to other people's opinions.

There are combinations of psychotypes that differ in individual characteristics.

Classification of characters

After Hippocrates, psychologists repeatedly tried to classify characters, putting forward various criteria for analysis.

Typology of E. Kretschmer

The classification of the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer is based on a comparison of a person’s physique with his character and predisposition to mental illness. He identifies three types of characters.

Schizothymics are a type of character in people with an asthenic physique: thin, with long limbs and weak muscles. The main features of schizothymic people are excessive seriousness, isolation, stubbornness, and poor adaptability to the environment. Strengthening these qualities leads to schizophrenia. It is difficult to communicate with schizothymic people; they are indifferent to the outside world, emotionally cold, and tend to daydream in the world of their own “I”.

Ixothymics are a character type inherent in athletes who have strong muscles, a proportionate physique, and tall stature. The main features of ixothymic people are the desire for leadership, endurance, and practicality. Among the shortcomings are difficulties in adaptation and in expressing emotions. They are sociable, friendly, and have a positive perception of the outside world. If their character develops unfavorably, they run the risk of developing schizophrenia.

Cyclothymics - the character of people of short stature, prone to obesity. E. Kretschmer calls this type of physique picnic. He believes that picnics are characterized by sociability, sincerity, emotionality, and good adaptability to circumstances. A possible illness is manic-depressive psychosis.

Typology of K. Jung

Psychiatrist from Switzerland C. Jung identified two types of character, taking the direction of the human psyche as the main criterion.

Introverts are people “on their own wavelength.” They are focused on their own inner world and have little interest in the realities of the external environment. Introverts are closed, uncommunicative, and suspicious.

Extroverts are a character type with a focus on the outside world. Sociability, initiative, and curiosity are the hallmarks of this character.

Typology of A. Loewen

Psychoanalyst A. Lowen created a classification of characters that were formed under the influence of mental trauma suffered by a person in childhood and adolescence.

Oral type - “trauma of the abandoned.” Character traits are explained by a lack of love from parents in early childhood. Such a person is afraid of loneliness all his life, needs support, and is not capable of independent actions.

Masochist - “trauma of the humiliated.” The character of a person who suffered humiliation in childhood. The main behavioral traits: sensuality and shyness, constraint in expressing one’s needs, fear of freedom and indecisiveness. Loves to suffer.

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Schizoid - “trauma of the rejected.” Development of a child unwanted by a parent of the same sex: when fathers do not want a son, and mothers do not want a daughter. In addition, inconsistency: strives for perfection, but considers himself insignificant. Experiences difficulties in partnership, hangs out, tries to be in the shadows.

Psychopath - “betrayal trauma.” The character was formed after the collapse of trust in one of the parents (a girl’s father; a boy’s mother). Has difficulty keeping commitments and is forced to lie. He is impatient and intolerant, always confident that he is right and strives to convince everyone. Most of all he worries about his image.

Hysterical type - “trauma of injustice.” The character was formed under the influence of the suppression of the child’s individuality by the parents. A hysteric is characterized by increased ambitions, he is emotional, envious, compares himself with others, doubts his actions, is neat, and keeps everything under control.

Narcissistic type - “trauma of unjustified expectations.” Personality is formed under the constant pressure of parental demands on the child: he must correspond to their ideas of perfection. Only through his successes can a child earn the love of his parents. Narcissists grow up to be highly educated, successful people, energetic and purposeful. They are completely false, because they are forced to suppress their inner “I” in pursuit of external achievements.

Character anomalies

Character anomalies are said to exist if a person’s actions make communication difficult and impossible. Psychotherapists identify several types of behavioral abnormalities.

Excitable psychopaths suffer from a lack of inhibition of nervous processes. Any little thing makes them angry; in a state of passion, they threaten their interlocutor and try to get hurt. They are not capable of long-term work, because they are torn apart by “internal irritation.”

The asthenic type of anomaly is a rapid depletion of mental reactions. Such people are shy, have a hard time withstanding troubles, and at the slightest cough/runny nose they fear for their health and become helpless.

Paranoid type - nervous processes are inhibited, stagnant foci of excitation are formed. Such people are touchy and suspicious - and are always fixated on themselves. They remember negative situations towards themselves for a long time and demand restoration of justice.

Positive human qualities

“The simple fabric of my destiny is embroidered with silks.” Silk threads here are character traits that make a person happy.

• Unselfishness
• Friendliness
• Discretion
• Confidence
• Determination
• Perseverance
• Sincerity
• Optimism
• Respect for others
• Moral
• Honesty
• Responsibility
• Accuracy
• Determination
• Hard work

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• Courage
• Thrift
• Self-esteem
• Discipline
• Communication skills
• Punctuality
• Politeness
• Kindness
• Cheerfulness
• Responsiveness
• Humor
• Modesty
• Loyalty
• Tolerance
• Justice
• Empathy
• Patience
• Self-criticism
• Good manners

Negative human qualities

Rare parents deliberately cultivate negative qualities in their children. The latter are formed as a reaction of the child’s psyche to the environment in which he lives. Where there is no love, indifference reigns - poisonous flowers of selfishness, laziness, and disorganization grow. Such character traits make a person unlucky. When aggression and depravity rule the roost in a family, children develop meanness, greed, and cruelty—they grow up unhappy.

• Gambling
• Weakness
• Facelessness
• Addiction
• tediousness
• Pettiness
• Greed, stinginess
• Spoiled
• windiness
• Flattery
• Indifference
• Apathy
• Jealousy
• Alarmism
• Complexity
• Lust for power
• Ruthlessness
• Disorderly
• Arrogance
• Self-criticism
• Stubbornness
• Authoritarianism
• Hypocrisy
• Irresponsibility
• Touchiness
• Self-confidence
• Aggressiveness
• Greed
• Deceit
• Selfishness
• Cruelty
• Vanity
• Suggestibility
• Irritability
• Laziness
• Impudence
• vulgarity
• Stupidity
• Rudeness
• Narcissism
• Cowardice
• Pride
• Forgetfulness
• Anger
• Annoyance
• Coarseness
• Extravagance
• Curiosity
• Negligence
• Vindictiveness
• Vulgarity
• Talkativeness
• Envy

Entertaining psychology: finding out a person’s character through online correspondence

When communicating on the Internet, any of us can create a certain image in which he wants others to see him. Recognizing the character of an interlocutor through online correspondence can be difficult even for a professional psychologist, what can we say about an ordinary person. But there are some features that, if you pay attention to, you can learn a little more about who you are communicating with.

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Absence of capital letters, constant replacement with lowercase ones

If your interlocutor puts lowercase letters even after a period, it means that this person always concentrates on one thing, and there is some negligence in his character. If this does not happen all the time, but from time to time, it means that at the moment the person with whom you are corresponding is busy with much more important things for themselves than communicating with you.

Ignoring punctuation marks

Do not rush to think that your interlocutor is illiterate. Most likely, he is simply inattentive or you caught him in a hurry. If there are no punctuation marks at all, then you are corresponding with a rebel or someone who likes to be the center of attention.

Too many punctuation marks

If a person puts several question or exclamation marks, it means that this person is emotional and unrestrained.

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Message length

When your interlocutor answers briefly and concisely, this indicates that at the moment he is not in the mood for communication. Conversely, if a person responds to you with long messages, it means he is in the mood for a long conversation.

Abundance of emoticons

If there are too many emoticons in the correspondence, with or without reason, this indicates sociability and some frivolity, as well as a cheerful and perky disposition. This person definitely loves to chat on the Internet. However, this does not mean at all that your interlocutor is also sociable in reality.

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Lack of emoticons

In the case of business correspondence, this is absolutely normal, but in the format of friendly communication it indicates the seriousness and practicality of the person.

Skip spaces

This is often done by people who are a little out of this world, strange, but creative.

Monosyllabic answers

Are you the initiator of a conversation, but you only get “yes” or “no” to your questions? Rest assured, your interlocutor does not want to communicate with you, but due to circumstances or upbringing, he cannot say so directly.

Frequent use of forms of uncertainty

A person who often uses “it seems to me”, “probably”, “maybe”, etc. in correspondence, very unsure of himself and shy.

Be more attentive and you will be able to better understand your virtual interlocutors.

Age and character

Age-related characteristics make adjustments to a person’s character.

In adolescence and adolescence, manifestations of the child’s psyche are erased: fears, whims, tearfulness, irresponsibility. But there is a desire for independence, vulnerability to criticism, increased demands on others, inflated self-esteem, emotional and social instability. Early adolescence is a critical period for the formation of psychopathy and character accentuations.

At the age of 30–40 years, a person is aimed at realizing his cherished plans. This age is characterized by such traits as energy, enterprise, and responsibility.

By the age of 50, a person gives up dreams and begins to live in the present. By this age, a person develops tolerance, prudence, and wisdom.

People over 60 are characterized by slowness, tranquility, and contemplation. Negative traits of this age include touchiness, grumpiness, and irritability over trifles. Some fall into childhood: tearfulness, whims, childhood fears appear - the circle of life closes.

Old age is for a person what dust is for a dress - it brings out all the stains of character. V. O. Klyuchevsky

Read online “Atlas of Psychology” by Domashenko IA – RuLit – Page 49

The combination of strength and imbalance of the VND (unrestrained type) underlies the choleric temperament (combat, perky, sociable; active

actions are gusty; feelings arise quickly and are sharply expressed).

The weakness of the GNI underlies the melancholic temperament (the reaction does not always correspond to the nature of the stimuli, extreme inhibition quickly sets in; feelings are deep; relationships in a team are difficult to establish, although there may be a desire for communication).

Character (see) is a holistic formation of a personality that determines the characteristics of a person’s activity and behavior and is characterized by a stable attitude towards various aspects of reality.

In character, a personality is revealed from the side of its content, in temperament - from the side of its dynamic manifestations.

Character is an individually unique combination of permanent essential properties of a person, manifested in his behavior. Character expresses the most typical, essential features of a person, knowledge of which allows us to some extent foresee how a person will act in certain situations.

The word “character” translated from Greek means “seal”, “minting”. More precisely, life, as it were, mints the human personality.

Character is the basis, the core of human personality. This is reflected in popular wisdom: “sow an action, you reap a habit; sow a habit, you reap a character; sow a character, you reap a destiny.” This emphasizes the organic interconnection of individual actions, character and general life line of a person. Many successes and failures depend on character.

Character emerges and develops throughout life. The typical features of society are manifested in the character of each person differently, in

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Rice. ХШ.8.

Rice. ХШ.9.

Depending on his interests, abilities, feelings, motives, i.e. those “internal conditions” (S.L. Rubinstein)

through which all external influences are refracted, which creates the individuality of the individual.

The individual and the general form a unity in the ha-actor. The character is both “stable” and “changing.”

On the one hand, the individual uniqueness of the life path of each individual person forms a variety of individual traits and manifestations of character. On the other hand

rons, the general circumstances of life of people living in the same social conditions, form common character traits.

The properties of GNI determine such traits in character as balance or imbalance, mobility or inertia, sociability or isolation. The nervous system also influences other manifestations of character - the tone of feelings, speech, external expression of movements - But the type of GNI does not predetermine the content side of the personality as a whole. For example, such character traits as integrity, honesty, politeness

4

Rice. XIII.10.

Rice. ХШ.11.

This ability can be developed on the basis of any type of nervous system.

GNI influences the process of formation of individual character traits (ease, pace, speed). So, for example, passionate, impetuous persistence is formed more quickly and easily in a person with an unbalanced nervous system, and a calm, slow manner of behavior is based on a balanced one.

Character is often defined as a skill of social behavior - its physiological mechanisms include the established dynamic stereotype, which ensures the manifestation of

useful traits in a normal setting. Withdrawal is difficult, often a painful cessation of usual activities, the loss of a neighbor can lead to a change in character.

Character cannot be identified with temperament, and at the same time they are closely interrelated. Temperament colors character traits in its own way, giving them originality (the kindness of a choleric person and a melancholic person manifests itself differently). On the other hand, character can deeply influence temperament, subordinating emotional excitability to the content side of the personality, its orientation

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Rice. XIII.12. Character Formation

will. Character is also interconnected with other aspects of personality: intelligence, special abilities.

Human character is multifaceted and diverse in its manifestations. At the same time, he is complete. Integrity is comprehended by the core, most stable, dominant in strength and activity traits.

In the structure of character, several groups of traits are distinguished that express different attitudes of the individual to reality.

The first group includes traits that manifest themselves in activity: initiative, hard work, efficiency, etc.

The second group consists of traits that manifest themselves in relation to others: tactfulness, politeness, sensitivity, etc.

The third group is a system of relationships between a person and himself

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to yourself: self-criticism, modesty, pride, etc.

The fourth group includes traits that characterize a person’s relationship to things: accuracy, thrift, generosity, stinginess, etc.

Particular attention should be paid to strong-willed character traits. The volitional qualities of a person are the core of character. Willpower ensures the formation of the same. positive character traits such as determination, perseverance and perseverance, initiative and independence, endurance and self-control. Weakness forms suggestibility, indecisiveness, ill will, irresponsibility, lack of restraint, stubbornness, negativism and similar negative character traits.

Expressive character traits

Actions

and
actions
(conscious and intentional actions allow us to judge what a person is like).

Features of speech

(loud or quiet, fast or slow pace, verbosity and isolation, emotionality and dryness, etc.). All this expresses certain character traits.

Appearance

(a smiling or gloomy face, the expression of the eyes, how a person walks, with sweeping or small steps, how he stands - all this also characterizes a person).

Some psychomotor personality traits are reflected in handwriting. Analysis of individual handwriting characteristics is sometimes used to study the mental states of subjects.

Sample signatures and their interpretation are presented below.

Determining character based on all these signs is a difficult matter; some people have internal

The expression of character is disguised by external play. To study character, long-term observations of a person in various life situations and a comparison of a person’s words and deeds are necessary. Certain professions leave their mark on a person, on his individual psychological

certain properties, and primarily on character. In this sense, they talk about the professional character of a doctor, military man, artist, actor, etc. It is equally possible to analyze the character of a teacher. Undemandingness, injustice, tactlessness and other negative qualities

in

SHARP, STRAIGHT STROKES - intransigence, rigidity of attitudes

CAPITAL, Identical LETTERS - solid consistency in achieving goals

UNDERLINED SIGNATURE strong consistency in achieving goals

HORIZONTAL STROKE AT THE END OF THE SIGNATURE - skepticism

HIGHLY PUT, ELONGED STROKE - pride, perseverance

STRONG TILT TO THE RIGHT quick thinking

STRONG TILT TO THE LEFT will, self-control

MIXED TILT - lack of restraint, unreliability

DIRECT POSITION restraint

SIGNATURE DIRECTED UP desire for activity, self-affirmation

SIGNATURE DIRECTED DOWN reinsurance, desire for self-defense

SIGNATURE FLUIENT, FLAWLESS, quick receptivity, activity, tendency to self-expression

Social character

As a person finds his place in society, social traits of his character are formed. People of the same social environment are united by common behavioral stereotypes. E. Fromm identifies two types of social characters:

Fruitful - based on love, care, respect, knowledge. A person of this nature freely realizes his energy for the benefit of society. According to Fromm, there is no society in the world where a fruitful type of character dominates.

Unfruitful - based on the acquisitive, exploitative orientation of the individual.

The unfruitful type of social character is divided into several subtypes with specific features inherent in each of them:

Receptive view. People with a receptive orientation are determined to take everything they need from society, offering little in return. They are incapable of initiative, independent action, weak-willed and cowardly. A receptive person depends on others - he expects someone to ensure his safety, give him a job, and solve his life problems. Left to their own devices, such people become helpless and defenseless.

Accentuation of character

Not all character traits are developed equally in a person. He can be honest, kind, and moderately fair, but all his qualities are dominated by touchiness, which is so hypertrophied that it borders on psychopathy.

The state of character when one or more traits dominate over others and are developed to the limit is called accentuation. Predominant qualities become a person’s “Achilles heel” in his relationships with other people.

Types of character accentuation according to K. Leonhard

Karl Leonhard described 12 types of character accentuation, which are associated with temperament, social conditions, and personality traits.

By temperament

Hyperthymic type - increased activity to the detriment of efficiency and performance of one's duties. It is difficult for a hyperthymic person to sit still and finish the job he has started. He is overly sociable, prone to sociopathy, alcoholism, and drug addiction.

Affectively labile type - a person, as if on a swing, changes the hyperactivity of his behavior to a state of depression and pessimism.

Dysthymic type - depressed mood and weakness of the volitional sphere. People with this type of accentuation are pessimists, have low self-esteem, and are not inclined to communicate. Positive traits include a heightened sense of justice and conscientiousness.

Affective-exalted type - high intensity of mental processes is expressed in violent delight and exalted states. Increased ability to sympathize and empathize. Very attached to family and friends.

Anxious type - people who are unsure of themselves, fearful, and have difficulty making contact. They do not know how to stand up for themselves and are often offended. Positive aspects - self-demandingness, responsibility.

Emotive type - hypersensitive, deeply emotional individuals who are not prone to conflicts. They have a soft heart, are responsive, do not express grievances, but conceal them deeply within themselves.

Socially conditioned

Demonstrative type - people prone to intrigue and lies. Their main goal is to be the center of attention; they are artistic, energetic, and sociable. They lie in order to increase their price, to attract attention to their person.

Stuck type - they remember grievances and evil for a long time, “get stuck” on these feelings, prolong conflicts, complicate reconciliation, and persistently pursue their goals.

Pedantic type - people of this type are infuriated by any violation of order, they themselves are neat and clean - they demand the same from those around them.

Excitable type - people who do not know how to control themselves and their emotions. They often get angry, start conflicts, and are unable to do systematic work or study. For their own self-affirmation, excitable individuals choose an environment of weak people.

Personal

Extroverts are focused on the values ​​of the outside world, sociable, energetic, susceptible to the influence of others, and do not have strong beliefs.

Introverts live on “their own wavelength,” in a fictional world, are not inclined to communicate, seclude themselves, and do not show their experiences to anyone. In the real world they are indecisive and act slowly.

Types of accentuation according to A. Lichko

A. Lichko’s classification was developed for adolescence, when character accentuation is usually formed.

Hyperthymic type. Character strengths: sociability, optimism, energy. Disadvantages: frivolity, lack of discipline, tendency to immoral actions.

Cycloid type. With such accentuation, the phase of increased activity gives way to a phase of depression, when the teenager is overwhelmed by irritability or oppressed by apathy. In this state, suicide attempts are possible. Waves of activity and depression are noticeable both for the teenager himself and for his loved ones.

Asthenoneurotic type. A person suffers from hypochondria - he is always in a painful state, constantly undergoing treatment, and gets tired of everything.

Sensitive type. A person with a sympathetic, kind character. Accentuation is expressed in excessive anxiety, fear of new contacts, and shyness.

Psychasthenic type. This includes teenagers with increased reflexivity, suspicious, and prone to phobias. They are afraid of uncertainty, uncertainty about their future. They are punctual, like to think through everything and calculate in advance. Careful to the point of nausea.

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If you know at least roughly a person's character, you will be able to understand him better. This is a very useful skill, because people are always drawn to those who understand them, who feel their emotions.

Typical extrovert

Extroverts love to be around people and gain inspiration from communication. These people speak very loudly. Sociable people have to raise the volume in order to focus the attention of others on themselves.

Extroverts tend to express themselves abstractly, communicate through comparisons, and use vivid epithets. People of this type are more likely than introverts to swear using obscene language. The most favorite topics of conversation for extroverts are emotions from reading books, from watching movies, from work, from communicating with other people.

Also, people with this type of temperament talk much more than introverts. They need a lot more words to describe a particular situation or emotion. For the same reason, they also speak faster. Extroverts rarely use the words “please” and “thank you.” When it comes to something important during communication, thoughts are formed into words clearly and without unnecessary words. For example, instead of “Let's try to start again,” they will tell you, “Let's start again.” Their words are devoid of uncertainty.

Typical introvert

Introverts almost never talk much. Their destiny is solitude and tranquility. They do not like to subject themselves to tests unless absolutely necessary. Representatives of this type of temperament do not want to look for problems for themselves, so in their speech you can often hear constructions with introductory words like “maybe”, “let’s try”, “perhaps”.

Introverts are not prone to exaggeration; they are more likely than extroverts to think before they speak. They often simply remain silent or say very little. Introverts are able to speak with facial expressions and eyes, and are excellent at recognizing non-verbal signals. They speak slowly and know how to say thank you. It is always a pleasure to discuss a specific topic with them.

Introverts speak quietly, thoughtfully, without using frequent filler words. They formulate thoughts very well, expressing themselves in clear words and using thoughtful speech structures. Most often, such people communicate about some facts, about ways to solve problems.

Other classifications

Psychologists have conducted many interesting experiments in which they tried to find out which topics of conversation are closer to different people. They found that good-natured people liked to talk more about relationships. People who love to learn and are not afraid to appear weak very often talk about feelings and do not hide their emotions.

Psychologists and scientists agree that people most often use adjectives in conversations that they can use to describe themselves.

It is also important to pay attention to pronouns. “We” is more often used by sociable people, and “I” is used by closed, unstable people.

An excellent addition to everything written above would be the ability to determine a person’s character by his favorite gestures. Communication consists of non-verbal and verbal parts. If you can analyze both, you can read almost anyone in a matter of minutes.

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19.02.2019 01:15