What does the term “individual” mean? From Latin the word is translated as “indivisible,” a unique complex of innate and acquired qualities that a person possesses. We are all born as individuals, and over time, thanks to the experience gained, a transition is made to a completely different level, a person becomes an individual. Psychologists use a number of methods to study an individual, considering the person as part of some group in society.
Everything is very simple, in psychology this concept is usually used in a broad sense, but the foundation is the presence of a special integrity, as well as the unity of the subject and a number of features that are characteristic of him. Psychology characterizes an individual as a result of the development of life, the so-called product of interaction with people around him. Each person is the bearer of a special series of properties that were given to him by nature and now, in the process of their development and improvement, they have become mature. Properties can change and also become more complex due to the conditions that change in the life of each person.
The concept of individual
An individual is a carrier of the biological component in a person. People as individuals represent a complex of natural genetically dependent qualities, the formation of which is realized during the period of ontogenesis, the result of which is the biological maturity of people. It follows that the concept of individual expresses the species identity of a person. Thus, every person is born an individual. However, after birth, the child acquires a new social parameter - he becomes a person.
In psychology, the first concept with which the study of personality begins is the individual. Literally, this concept can be understood as an indivisible particle of a single whole. Man as an individual is studied not only from the point of view of a single representative of the human race, but also as a member of a certain social group. This characteristic of a person is the simplest and most abstract, saying only that he is separated from others. This remoteness is not its essential characteristic, since all living beings in the Universe are fenced off from each other and in this understanding “individuals”.
So, the individual is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all the social characteristics and psychophysical traits of humanity. The general characteristics of the individual are as follows:
— in the integrity of the psychophysical organization of the body;
- stability relative to the surrounding reality;
- in activity.
Another way to define this concept is the phrase “specific person”. Man as an individual exists from his birth until his death. An individual is the initial (initial) state of a person in his ontogenetic development and phylogenetic formation.
The individual, as a product of phylogenetic formation and ontogenetic development in specific external circumstances, however, is by no means a simple copy of such circumstances. It is precisely a product of the formation of life, interaction with environmental conditions, and not conditions taken by themselves.
In psychology, the concept of “individual” is used in a fairly broad sense, which leads to a distinction between the characteristics of a person as an individual and his traits as a person. It is their clear distinction, therefore, that underlies his delimitation of such concepts as individual and personality, and is a necessary prerequisite for the psychological analysis of personality.
Definition of personality
A person is a member of society. Personality is the result of interaction with the social environment. But it consists not only of the qualities of society, but also of certain biological properties given to it from birth. In psychology, the social and genetic are always interconnected. But, nevertheless, the concepts of “person” and “personality” are not synonymous. The latter is always associated with development in the social environment. The concept of “person” is more simplified in psychology. Individual is a more synonymous term for it.
Personality interacts with other people, develops psychologically, and has its own individual manifestations, which depend on who they are aimed at. For example, family, friends or colleagues.
The personality is always organized, highly developed and responsible. It is these features that separate it from the concept of “individual” and raise it to a higher level.
Social individual
Unlike young animals, the individual is practically devoid of innate adaptive instincts. Therefore, for survival and further development, he needs communication with his own kind. After all, only in society will a child be able to realize his innate potential and become an individual. Regardless of what society an individual is born into, he will not be able to do without the care and teaching of adults. For full development, a child needs a long time so that he can absorb all the elements and details that he will need in independent life as an adult member of society. Therefore, from the very first days of life, a child needs to be able to communicate with adults.
The individual and society are inseparable. Without society, an individual will never become an individual; without individuals, society simply will not exist. In the initial period of life, interaction with society consists of primary facial reactions, body language, with the help of which the baby informs adults about his needs and shows his satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The responses of adult members of a social group also become clear to him from facial expressions, various gestures and intonations.
As the child grows up and learns to speak, the language of gestures and facial expressions gradually fades into the background, but never throughout the adult life of the individual it completely loses its significance, transforming into the most important tool of nonverbal communications, which expresses feelings sometimes no less, and sometimes and more than ordinary words. This is due to the fact that gestures, facial expressions and postures are less controlled by consciousness than speech, and therefore, in some cases, are even more informative, telling society what the individual wanted to hide.
So, we can confidently say that social qualities (for example, communication) should be formed only in the process of interaction with society in general and communication with other people in particular. Any communication, verbal or non-verbal, is a necessary component for a person to become socialized. The social qualities of an individual are his abilities for social activity and the process of socialization. The earlier the socialization process begins, the easier it will be.
There are various forms of learning through which an individual is socialized, but they should always be used in combination. One of the methods that adults consciously use to teach a child to socially correct and approved behavior is reinforcement learning. Consolidation is realized through the targeted use of the method of rewards and punishments in order to demonstrate to the child which of his behaviors will be desired and approved, and which will be disapproving. In this way, the child is taught to comply with the elementary requirements of hygiene, etiquette, etc. that apply in society.
Some elements of an individual’s everyday behavior can become quite a habit, which leads to the formation of strong associative connections – the so-called conditioned reflexes. One of the channels of socialization is the formation of conditioned reflexes. Such a reflex, for example, could be washing your hands before eating. The next method of socialization is observational learning.
An individual learns how to behave in society by observing the behavior of adults and trying to imitate them. Many children's games are based on imitating the behavior of adults. Role-based social interaction of individuals is also learning. An adherent of this concept, J. Mead, believes that mastering social norms and rules of behavior occurs through interactions with other people and through various games, especially role-playing games (for example, playing mother and daughter). Those. learning occurs through interaction. By participating in role-playing games, the child brings to life the results of his own observations and his initial experience of social interaction (visiting a doctor, etc.).
Socialization of an individual occurs through the influence of various agents of socialization. The most important and first such agent in the process of social formation of an individual is the family. After all, it is the first and closest “social environment” of the individual. The functions of the family regarding the child include caring for his health and protection. The family also satisfies all the basic needs of the individual. It is the family that initially introduces the individual to the rules of behavior in society and teaches communication with other people. In the family, he first becomes acquainted with gender role stereotypes and undergoes gender identification. It is the family that develops the primary values of the individual. However, at the same time, the family is the institution that can cause the greatest harm to the process of socialization of the individual. For example, the low social status of parents, their alcoholism, conflicts in the family, social alienation or single-parent families, various deviations in the behavior of adults - all this can lead to irreparable consequences and leave an indelible imprint on the child’s worldview, his character and social behavior.
School is the next agent of socialization after family. It is an emotionally neutral environment, which is fundamentally different from the family. At school, the child is treated as one of many and in accordance with his real characteristics. In schools, children learn practically what success and failure are. They learn to overcome difficulties or get used to giving in to them. It is the school that forms an individual’s self-esteem, which, most often, remains with him throughout his adult life.
Another important agent of socialization is the environment of peers. During adolescence, the influence of parents and teachers on children weakens, along with this, the influence of peers increases. All academic failures and lack of parental attention are compensated by the respect of peers. It is among his peers that the child learns to resolve conflict issues and communicate as equals. And in school and family, all communication is built on hierarchy. Relationships in a peer group allow an individual to better understand himself, his strengths and weaknesses.
The needs of the individual are also better understood through group interaction. The social environment of peers makes its own adjustments to the value ideas instilled in the family. Also, interaction with peers allows the child to identify with others and, at the same time, stand out among them.
Since groups of different affiliations interact in the social environment: family, school, peers, the individual faces some contradictions. For example, an individual’s family values mutual assistance, but at school the spirit of competition dominates. Therefore, an individual has to feel the influence of different people. He tries to fit into different surroundings. As an individual matures and develops intellectually, he learns to see such contradictions and analyze them. As a result, the child creates his own set of values. The formed values of an individual allow them to more accurately define their own personality, outline a life plan and become an proactive member of society. The process of forming such values can be a source of significant social change.
Also among the agents of socialization it is necessary to highlight the media. In the process of their development, the individual and society continuously interact, which determines the successful socialization of the individual.
PERSON AS AN INDIVIDUAL. TEMPERAMENT AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES OF A PERSON.
Man as an individual. Temperament as a characteristic of a person’s individual properties
All people living on Earth for more than 50 thousand years belong to the same species - Homo sapiens (reasonable man).
Human nature is recognized as binary, i.e. dual, including both biological and social characteristics.
So, the concept of “ person”
"summarizes
the social and biological principles
.
Therefore, along with it, concepts were introduced into scientific terminology that reflect individual aspects of a person
, on which attention is focused when studying him, such as
the individual, individuality, personality.
Individual
(from Latin individuum - indivisible, individual) is an individual person, a representative of the human race, possessing certain biological characteristics, stability of mental processes and properties, activity and flexibility in the implementation of these properties in relation to a specific situation. The concept of “individual” should be distinguished from the concept of “individuality”.
Individuality
- a peculiar combination of biological and social characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people. If a person is an individual by the fact of his birth, then individuality is formed and modified in the process of his life.
Personality
— this is
the integrity of a person’s social properties
,
a product of social development
and
the inclusion of the individual in the system of social relations
. Personality is formed in the process of socialization, during which the individual assimilates the value-normative system of society, its social functions, and also develops self-awareness. The basis for personality formation is social relations. The inclusion of an individual in various social groups, the implementation of constant interactions with other people is a necessary condition for the formation and development of the social “I”.
Temperament is one of the main individual characteristics.
Temperament
(from Latin temperamentum - “proper balance of traits”, from tempero - “I mix in the proper state”) -
a characteristic of an individual from the dynamic features of his mental activity
, i.e.
tempo, speed, rhythm, intensity, the mental processes and states that make up this activity. Attention!
If you need help writing a paper, we recommend turning to professionals. More than 70,000 authors are ready to help you right now. Free adjustments and improvements. Find out the cost of your work.
Cost calculationGuaranteesReviews
In the structure of temperament
There are three
main components
:
1. General activity of the individual
determined by the intensity and volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social.
The essence of this component lies mainly in the individual’s tendency to self-expression, effective mastery and transformation of external reality. According to this parameter, a person can be inert, passive, calm, proactive, active, impetuous, etc.
2. Motor or motor component
. This component characterizes the qualities associated with the function of the motor, including speech-motor, apparatus. Features of muscle and speech motor skills are the easiest to observe and evaluate, so they often serve as the basis for judging temperament. This component includes tempo, speed, rhythm and total number of movements, etc.
3. Emotionality
. This component characterizes the characteristics of the emergence, course and cessation of feelings, affects and moods. This component is the most complex and has its own structure. It includes impressionability, sensitivity and impulsiveness.
Temperament is characterized by certain properties
.
Properties of temperament
– these are innate and stable individual characteristics of the psyche. They determine the dynamics of various human activities - play, study, work, as well as recreation.
Temperament properties are common
, characteristic of all its types and representatives, and
specific
- differently developed in representatives of one or another type of temperament.
Combinations of temperament properties create a temperament type
, that is, a type of temperament is understood as a certain set of psychological properties that are naturally interconnected and common to a given group of people.
To the properties of temperament
include such individual characteristics as:
• regulate the dynamics of mental activity in general;
• characterize the peculiarities of the dynamics of individual mental processes;
• have a stable and permanent nature and remain in development over a long period of time;
• are in a strictly regular relationship, characterizing the type of temperament;
• are uniquely determined by the general type of nervous system.
There are such basic properties of temperament
, such as sensitivity, reactivity, plasticity, rigidity, resistance, extraversion and introversion, activity, rate of reactions, emotional excitability.
Sensitivity
- the smallest force of external influence necessary for the occurrence of a person’s mental reaction, and the speed of development of this reaction.
Sensitivity is a measure of sensitivity to the phenomena of reality to which a person is related. Unsatisfied needs, conflicts, and social events cause vivid reactions and suffering in some people, while others treat them calmly and indifferently.
Reactivity
b is the degree of involuntary reactions of a person to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a threat, an unexpected sharp sound).
This is a feature of the individual’s reaction to various stimuli, which manifests itself in the pace, strength and form of the response, and most clearly in emotional sensitivity, and is reflected in the person’s attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself. Reactivity as a feature of temperament is clearly manifested in mental trauma - in reactive depression (depression, motor and speech inhibition), in affective-shock reactions (reactions to disasters, accidents, panic), manifested in erratic motor activity or complete inhibition, stupor.
Plastic
– ease, flexibility and speed of a person’s adaptation to changing external conditions (new company, different city of residence, etc.)
Rigidity
– a feature opposite to plasticity – the difficulty or inability to adapt when performing tasks depending on the circumstances.
In cognitive activity, rigidity manifests itself in a slow change in ideas about life and activity. In emotional life - in numbness, lethargy, immobility of feelings. In behavior - in the inflexibility, inertia of motives for behavior and moral and ethical actions, despite the obviousness of their inappropriateness.
Resistance
– the ability to resist negative or unfavorable circumstances.
This feature manifests itself quite clearly in stressful situations, with significant stress in activity. Some people are able to resist the most difficult operating conditions or circumstances that unexpectedly arise (accidents, conflicts), while others in emergency situations get lost, easily give up positions, and become unable to continue working, although under normal conditions this does not happen to them, despite fatigue and difficult working conditions.
Extraversion
and
introversion
- the direction of a person’s reactions and activities outward, towards others (extroverts), or towards himself, towards his internal states, experiences, ideas (introverts).
It is believed that extraversion and introversion as properties of temperament are a manifestation of dynamic, rather than substantive, aspects of personality. Extroverts are characterized by the strength and mobility of nervous processes and, in connection with this, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, and initiative. An introvert is characterized by weakness and inertia of nervous processes, isolation, and a tendency to introspection, and therefore difficulties in social adaptation may arise.
Activity
- the degree of energy with which a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles on the way to his goals. Activity determines such mental manifestations as focus and perseverance in achieving a goal, concentration in long-term work, etc.
Rate of reactions
– the speed of various mental reactions and processes (speed of movement, rate of speech, speed of memorization, speed of mind, etc.).
Emotional excitability
- the level of influence necessary to cause an emotional reaction, and the speed at which this reaction occurs.
Theories of temperament
The founders of the doctrine of temperaments
there were doctors N. Hippocrates and K. Galen.
They created, in essence, a humoral
(from the Latin humor - moisture, juice)
theory of temperament.
The word "temperament" itself means "proper proportion of parts." The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that some people have a predominance of bile (chole), others have the most blood (sanguinis), others have a particularly large amount of mucus (phlegma) and, finally, others have the greatest amount of black bile (melanos chole). ).
Hippocrates believed that temperament depends on the balance of fluids in the human body. He distinguished 4 types of liquids:
1) Blood – sanguis
2) Mucus - phlegm
3) Red-yellow bile – chole
4) Black bile – melancholy
This explanation of temperament types gave names to the temperament types.
C. Galen identified four types of temperament
, which are now considered as the main ones:
— choleric
(stormy, gusty, hot and sharp);
— sanguine
(alive, active, emotional and responsive);
— phlegmatic person
(calm, sluggish, slow and steady);
— melancholic
(sad, depressed, timid and indecisive).
Other scientists have tried to explain temperament by features of a person's appearance ( constitutional theories ).
An attempt to establish a connection between the structure of an individual’s body and his temperament was made by the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer. In his work “Body Structure and Character,” he argued that each constitution corresponds to a certain psychological make-up of a person. Based on clinical observations, he came to establish a connection between body types and character types.
E. Kretschmer identified three main body types
and
three corresponding types of temperaments
.
Asthenic type of constitution
characterized by a long and narrow chest, long limbs, weak muscles, elongated face and corresponds to a schizoid temperament.
Schizotimics
are autistic people, i.e. self-absorbed, withdrawn, prone to excessive abstraction and poorly adapted to the environment.
Picnic type of constitution
(Greek pyknos - thick, dense) is characterized by a broad chest, stocky, wide figure, fullness, round head, short neck and corresponds to a cycloid (cyclothymic) temperament.
Cyclothymics
are sociable, have a realistic view of the world and are prone to mood swings from a constantly elevated, cheerful state of mind in manic subjects to a constantly depressed, sad state of mind in depressives.
Athletic type of constitution
(Greek athlon - fight, fight) is characterized by strong muscles, proportional physique, wide shoulder girdle, narrow hips and corresponds to an epileptoid temperament.
Epileptoids
express emotions with restrained facial expressions and gestures, are outwardly calm and calm, but at times they are subject to outbursts of anger and rage for inappropriate reasons. They are characterized by low flexibility of thinking, are petty and difficult to adapt to changes in the environment.
Towards constitutional theories
The concept of the American psychologist W. Sheldon also applies, who identifies
three main types of somatic constitution
:
— endomorphic
(with predominant development of internal organs, weak baggy physique and excess adipose tissue);
— mesomorphic
(with developed muscle tissue, strong, strong body);
— ectomorphic
(with a fragile body build, weak muscles, long arms and legs);
These types of somatic constitution correspond to three types of temperament
:
— viscerotonia
(Latin viscera - “insides”);
— somatotonia
(Greek soma - “body”);
— cerebrotonia
(Latin cerebrum – “brain”).
The constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer and W. Sheldon and the attempts made in them to connect the body type with the psychological characteristics of the individual were criticized
for the desire to directly connect the genotypically determined body type with the character and temperament of a person, i.e. with a psychological make-up of personality.
Pavlov was the first to give a scientific explanation of the types of temperament
in his
theory of higher nervous activity
.
I.P. Pavlov drew attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system
.
Studying the three main parameters of the processes of excitation and inhibition (strength - weakness, balance - imbalance, mobility - inertia) and a large number of their possible combinations in nature, he established four
the most pronounced
types of nervous system
,
three
of which are
strong
(unrestrained, lively, calm) and
one
is
weak
.
Pavlov put their manifestations in behavior in direct connection with the ancient classification of temperament:
- a strong, balanced, mobile type of nervous system was considered by him as the corresponding temperament of a sanguine person
;
- strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic temperament
;
- strong, unbalanced - choleric temperament
;
- weak - melancholic temperament
.
Domestic psychologists ( B.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebylitsin, B.Merlin
and others) note that the primary scientific significance of I.P. Pavlov’s work lies in elucidating the role of the properties of the nervous system as the primary and deepest parameters of the psychophysiological organization of an individual. However, modern research shows that the very structure of the properties of the nervous system as neurophysiological dimensions of temperament is much more complex, and the number of combinations of these properties is much greater than what was proposed by I.P. Pavlov.
Modern ideas about temperament make it possible to define it as a formal-dynamic characteristic of human behavior
, manifested in the general activity of human interaction with the outside world and the emotional attitude towards its process and results.
V.M.Rusalov
identifies
seven criteria of temperament:
- dependence on the content of activity and behavior, i.e. reflection of their formal aspect (independence of meaning, motive, purpose, etc.);
- characteristic is a measure of dynamic tension and a person’s relationship to the world, people, himself, and activity;
— versatility and manifestation in all areas of activity;
- early manifestation in childhood;
— stability over a long period of human life;
— high level of correlation with the properties of the nervous system and the properties of other biological subsystems (humoral, bodily, etc.);
- heritability.
From the understanding of temperament as a formal-dynamic characteristic of the psyche, it follows that there are no “good” and “bad” temperaments; each temperament in specific types of activity has both its advantages and disadvantages.
Temperament, being individual personality traits, has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s character and behavior
.
Temperament is the dynamic side of character, its physiological basis.
Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics
The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.
Let's look at the characteristics of the four types of temperament
.
Choleric
- this is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, abruptness of movements, hot temper, unbridledness, lack of restraint.
The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclical change in his activity and vigor: having become carried away by some task, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are depleted, he works himself to the point that everything is unbearable for him. An irritated state appears, a bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy (“everything falls out of hand”). The alternation of positive cycles of uplifting mood and energy with negative cycles of decline and depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, and an increased susceptibility to neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
Sanguine
– a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system, has a quick reaction speed, his actions are thoughtful, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life.
The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, and high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person. He easily meets new people and therefore has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive worker, but only when there are a lot of interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, lethargic, and distracted. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, thoughtfully defends himself, fights for normalization of the situation.
Phlegmatic person
– a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n/s, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger or cheer); has a high performance capacity, resists strong and prolonged stimuli and difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations.
He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is unable to give up acquired skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, routines, work, new friends, and adapts to new conditions with difficulty and slowly. The mood is stable and even. And in the event of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.
Melancholic
– a person with a weak nervous system, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a “breakdown”, “stopper”, confusion, “rabbit stress”, therefore in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc. .) the results of a melancholic person’s activity may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation.
Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and decreased performance (longer rest is required). A minor reason can cause resentment and tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually a melancholic person tries to hide, not show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to emotions, is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, anxious, and may experience neurotic disorders. However, having a highly sensitive nervous system, melancholic people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.
We will help you write any paper on a similar topic.
- Essay
PERSON AS AN INDIVIDUAL. TEMPERAMENT AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES OF A PERSON.
From 250 rub.
- Test
PERSON AS AN INDIVIDUAL. TEMPERAMENT AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES OF A PERSON.
From 250 rub.
- Course work
PERSON AS AN INDIVIDUAL. TEMPERAMENT AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES OF A PERSON.
From 700 rub.
Receive completed work or specialist advice on your educational project
Find out the cost
Individual behavior
Behavior is a special form of activity of the human body, which masters the environment. In this aspect, behavior was considered by I. Pavlov. It was he who introduced this term. With the help of this term, it has become possible to display the sphere of relationships between an individual interacting individual and the environment in which he exists and interacts.
Individual behavior is the individual’s reaction to any changes in external or internal conditions. It can be conscious or unconscious. Human behavior develops and is realized in society. It is associated with goal setting and speech regulation. The behavior of an individual always reflects the process of his integration into society (socialization).
Any behavior has its reasons. It is determined by the events that precede it and cause a certain form of manifestation. Behavior is always purposeful.
An individual's goals are based on his unmet needs. Those. any behavior is characterized by the goal that it seeks to achieve. Goals perform motivating, controlling and organizational functions and are the most important management mechanism. To achieve them, a number of specific actions are performed. Behavior is also always motivated. Whatever the behavior, challenging or detached, it necessarily contains a motive that determines the immediate form of its manifestation.
In the process of technological progress in modern science, another term has appeared - virtual behavior. This type of behavior combines theatricality and naturalness. Theatricality is due to the illusion of natural behavior.
The behavior of an individual has the following characteristics:
— level of activity (initiative and energy);
— emotional expressiveness (the nature and intensity of manifested affects);
- pace or dynamism;
- stability, which consists in the constancy of manifestations in different situations and at different times;
— awareness based on understanding one’s behavior;
- arbitrariness (self-control);
— flexibility, i.e. changes in behavioral reactions in response to environmental transformations.
Man as a personality
By calling ourselves people, we only separate ourselves from other living beings. Not every person can call himself a person. Because in order to become one, you need to reach a certain stage of development.
First of all, a person as an individual must be significant and active in society, that is, he must successfully interact with it. After all, he is part of the social environment and cannot exist without it.
Every person goes through certain stages of development. He is taught everything that the people around him can convey. It is through such interaction that personality is formed. All his thoughts and actions are generated by the influences of society, although they are of an individual nature. This means that the individual is not separated from society; his behavior depends on the conditions of the social environment in which he develops.
individual personality individuality
An individual is a living being that belongs to the human species. A person is a social being who is included in social interactions, participates in social development and performs a specific social role. The term individuality is intended to emphasize the unique image of a person. This is how a person's image differs from others. However, with all the versatility of the concept of individuality, it still, to a greater extent, denotes the spiritual qualities of the individual.
Individual and personality are not identical concepts; in turn, personality and individuality form integrity, but not identity. The concepts of “individuality” and “personality” contain different dimensions of a person’s spiritual nature. A personality is more often described as strong, independent, thereby highlighting its active essence in the eyes of others. And the individuality is bright and creative.
The term “personality” is distinguished from the terms “individual” and “individuality”. This is due to the fact that personality develops under the influence of social relationships, culture, and environment. Its formation is also determined by biological factors. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon presupposes a specific hierarchical structure.
The personality is the object and product of social relationships, feels social influences, and refracts them, transforming them. It acts as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are modified. Such internal conditions are a combination of hereditary-biological qualities and socially determined factors. Therefore, personality is a product and object of social interaction, and an active subject of activity, communications, self-knowledge and consciousness. The formation of personality depends on activity, on the degree of its activity. Therefore, it manifests itself in activity.
The role of biological factors in the development of personality is quite large, but the influence of social factors cannot be neglected. There are certain personality traits that are particularly influenced by social factors. After all, you cannot be born a person, you can only become a person.
How does an individual differ from a personality?
If we generalize and simply call a person an individual, then this term should be understood as a number of certain traits of people with which he was awarded from birth, that is, we mean genetic information. Personality is a special structure, more complex, and it is largely distinguished by its highly developed nature and unique ability to successfully interact with society. It should be noted that not every individual can become a person in the course of his life. To do this, you need to improve your psychological traits every day and try to acquire new skills and use them in practice. From a psychological point of view, an individual can be called just a living being who can be classified as a member of the human race. But the concept of personality will be directly related to active interaction in society and fulfilling one’s special role in it.
Individual and group
A group is a relatively isolated collection of individuals who are in fairly stable interaction and also carry out joint actions over a long period of time. A group is also a collection of individuals who share socially defined characteristics. Collaborative interaction in a group is based on a specific common interest or is associated with the achievement of a specific common goal. It is characterized by group potential, which allows it to interact with the environment and adapt to the transformations that occur in the environment.
The characteristic features of the group are the identification of each member of himself, as well as his actions with the group as a whole. Consequently, in external circumstances, everyone speaks on behalf of the group. Another feature is interaction within the group, which has the nature of direct contacts, observation of each other’s actions, etc. In any group, along with the formal division of roles, an informal division of roles will necessarily develop, which is usually recognized by the group.
There are two types of groups: informal and formal. Regardless of the type of group, it will have a significant impact on all members.
The interaction between the individual and the group will always be of a dual nature. On the one hand, the individual, through his actions, helps solve group problems. On the other hand, the group has a huge influence on the individual, helping him satisfy his specific needs, for example, the need for security, respect, etc.
Psychologists have noticed that in teams with a positive climate and active intra-group life, individuals have good health and moral values, they are better protected from external influences, they work more actively and efficiently than individuals who are in an isolated state or in groups with negative climate, which are plagued by intractable conflict situations and instability. The group serves for protection, support, training and problem solving skills, and the required norms of behavior in the group.
Development of the individual
Personal development is:
- Biological – development and change in anatomical and physiological properties.
- Mental – changes in the structure of the psyche.
- Personal – changes under the influence of education and socialization.
All types of development occur gradually, influencing each other. All of them involve the formation of new qualities that a person will use to take actions and achieve goals.
go to top
