Psychological personality types in the context of the Unified State Examination and the General Examination

What is a psychological personality characteristic

Psychological characteristics are a set of components of the personality structure that determine the individual’s orientation, character traits and style of activity. Psychological characteristics are based on stable human properties: type of nervous system, temperament, nationality, abilities, qualities of mind.

The psychological characteristics of a person undergo some changes in the process of ontogenetic development, family upbringing and systematic education. Individual elements of psychological characteristics are formed only as a result of the development of character and the development of stable interests of the individual. Family education and schooling are being replaced by self-development and self-education of a person. Starting from adolescence, people consciously form their psychological portrait.

The main components of psychological characteristics are: resilience, unity and activity. On their basis, a person’s value orientations, worldview, style of activity and communication are formed. The dynamic properties of a person allow him to master social roles, achieve his goals, and maintain his socio-psychological status.

The characteristics of a person’s abilities determine his individuality.

Feelings and emotions

An emotion is an experience that occurs after the satisfaction, or vice versa, dissatisfaction of any need. This is a reaction to any stimulus that is capable of forming a first impression, which is often lasting.

A feeling is a deeper and more complex experience than an emotion. It can be felt for a long time, sometimes even years, if you do not “work” with it.

For example, a person, having committed a crime, sometimes feels guilty for the rest of his life, until he decides to get rid of it with a specialist, realizing his mistakes and admitting them.

You can learn more about what feelings exist by clicking on this link.

Classification of species

• Moral. They appear as an attitude towards one’s own behavior or the actions of other people. For example, in society there are a lot of unspoken and even public rules, such as violation of personal space, ethics...
• Intelligent. Associated with cognitive processes and are a product of mental activity. That is, it is curiosity, doubt, surprise, confidence, inspiration, and so on.
• Aesthetic ones arise as a consequence of the perception of objects. They reflect the attitude towards them. Let’s say that when a person admires nature or an object of art, he experiences delight, happiness, surprise, inspiration...

Psychological structure of personality

In psychology, the personality structure includes its main characteristics:

• Biological features. These include: the type of nervous system and its properties, the relationship between the processes of excitation and inhibition in it, and the performance of the brain.
• Individual typological qualities. This block is determined by the characteristics of family upbringing and the type of parent-child relationships.
• Character traits that appear in the process of socialization of an individual. The determining factors for the formation of this element of the personal structure are the child’s socio-psychological status in the group of peers, the level of development of his communication skills, and stress resistance.
• Human life experience. It is often understood as an individual’s adaptive abilities, flexibility, ability to analyze one’s actions, and make independent decisions.

State of mind

The psyche connects a person with the world around him, which means that character is formed under the influence of the external environment. The close “connection between the psyche, the body” and the surrounding world makes it possible to observe how a personality develops, what it is capable of, what it strives for and achieves. Thanks to the surrounding society, a person communicates, studies, teaches, exchanges experiences, works, rests, rejoices, grieves, cries, laughs, that is, enters a certain state.

There are several mental states characteristic of the human body:

• Dream;
• Inspiration;
• Trance;
• Affect;
• Reactions;
• Tension;
• Mood;
• Fatigue;
• Fear;
• Hunger.

An abnormal (inadequate) mental state includes:

• Unjustified aggression and cruelty towards others;
• Murders;
• Strange twitching of body parts, swaying in a chair from side to side;
• Slurred speech;
• Unreasonable loud laughter.

When deviating from the norm, we are talking about mental disorders that can be inherited, or appear as a result of any serious injury, illness or severe emotional shock.

The forms of manifestation of the human psyche can be different. The wider and more complex the structure of the brain, the more multifaceted the mental capabilities. The positive or negative manifestation of the psyche can be judged by the person’s state (see above).

Mental development depends on several factors: brain activity, nervous system, physiological and hormonal functioning of the body. This once again proves the relationship between the psyche and the body. For its successful development and functioning, certain conditions must be met. Make sure that oxygen reaches the brain sufficiently, that is, spend more time in the fresh air.

Maintain optimal body temperature, and if it deviates from the norm, take measures to lower or increase it. Monitor metabolism in the body. Often, with any malfunction in the body or disease, a disturbance occurs in the human psyche. It is difficult to argue with the fact that any disease leads to irritability, emotional instability, stress, and fatigue. For example, a disease such as jaundice is accompanied by apathy, irritability, and depression.

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Basic psychological characteristics of personality

A general idea of ​​a communication partner is made up of the basic psychological characteristics of his personality.

Interests and inclinations

Among all the psychological characteristics, when drawing up a personality portrait, experts first of all highlight the interests and inclinations of the individual. It is under the influence of a person’s interests that his attitude to reality is formed. The inclinations of the individual form the basis of the orientation and worldview of the individual, which explain certain behavioral reactions.

Interest, being a source of curiosity, directs our attention to certain things. Tendencies push a person towards certain types of activities. In an effort to learn something new, a person is driven by interest. When he begins voluntary practical activity, which is based on creativity, his actions are determined by his inclinations.

There are different approaches to classifying interests:

1. An individual's interest can be passive or active. With passive interest, a person needs a mentor who will guide and correct his actions: recommend popular scientific literature, suggest ways to perform activities. With active interest, a person independently engages in one activity or another, reads relevant literature, and tries different work techniques. In the process of active interest, an individual’s individual style of activity is formed.
2. According to their orientation, interests are classified into spiritual, social, political, and economic.
3. Based on the number of people showing interest, interests can be divided into individual, public and group.

The origin of a person’s interests and inclinations is based on his needs.

If a person strives to satisfy only physiological needs, life seems uninteresting and monotonous to him. Deep interest in a certain type of activity and stable inclinations fill a person’s life with meaning and stimulate his self-development.

A person may have broad interests and be inclined towards different types of activities - in this case they speak of broad erudition and multidirectional development. Also, a person may have a pronounced interest in a particular area of ​​activity - in this case they speak of a deep, sustainable interest of the individual. If, at the same time, a person’s interests and inclinations are subordinate to his life goal and do not interfere with conscientious work, their presence is regarded as a positive socio-psychological characteristic.

Psychological characteristics of a person

The work of human analyzers provides the physiological component of psychophysiological reliability, and its psychological component is determined by memory, thinking, attention, character, temperament, emotions, will, needs, abilities, etc. The psychological characteristics of a person are closely related to the activity of the higher nervous system, which ensures adequate relationships organism with the environment. Any human behavior (even the most complex) is determined by the presence of unconditioned (hereditary) and conditioned (acquired) reflexes, but the highest form of human adaptation to living conditions is its mental activity. The safety of a person’s life also depends on his mental state. And although from birth a person has an instinct of self-defense and self-preservation, she often becomes a victim of dangerous situations. The reasons for this state of affairs lie both in the environment and in the person himself - individual physiological and psychological characteristics, disturbances in the emotional state, and lack of knowledge and experience. Mental processes that occupy an important place in ensuring human safety include memory, thinking and attention. Memory is a complex set of mental processes occurring in the central nervous system and ensuring the accumulation, storage and reproduction of information. The process of mission is closely related to memory, the essence of which is to capture the patterns of relationships between objects and natural phenomena and the ability to use them in new conditions. Without memory and mission, a person’s life loses meaning, and their immense abilities open a person’s path to self-improvement and the discovery of their abilities. Human safety is determined by the level of attention - concentration of consciousness on individual objects. Human consciousness always embraces certain objects, but it is important to concentrate it in time on a specific, given object through a volitional effort. The volume of attention, its distribution and the speed of transfer from one object to another is not the same for different people and depends on age, their psychophysiological state and many other reasons. Emotions are a manifestation of a person’s subjective attitude to the world around him and to himself. Emotions are one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior. They make it possible to determine the physiological significance of external influences on the state of the body and carry out its energy mobilization, causing changes in the activity of the respiratory organs, digestion, circulation, endocrine glands, skeletal and smooth muscles. Among the emotional states of a person, in particular, the following are distinguished: mood, affect and stress. Mood is a persistent emotional state caused by weak and prolonged arousal and reflects a person’s attitude to the world around him. A mentally healthy person has a dominant, cheerful, optimistic outlook. Affect is an impulsive state that occurs in extreme conditions, when a person, due to confusion, loses control over his actions. Occurs in response to a strong stimulus. Stress is characterized by a set of protective physiological reactions that occur in the human body in response to the influence of unfavorable external factors. Emotional reactions reflect a person’s mental state, and they have different colors (positive, negative): joy and grief, admiration and disappointment, regret and aggressiveness, etc. People’s emotional reactions to the same situation are different, there are subjective ones: different people have different express their emotions. This is due to at least two reasons: genetic inheritance and life experience. Consequently, people are both born and become emotionally prosperous throughout life. Among the conditions that ensure emotional well-being, the following are distinguished: • a developed sense of individuality; • ability to communicate; • ability to establish friendly relationships; • ability to be active. their combination is a guarantee of success in achieving emotional well-being - emotional stability. Emotional stability is an integral property of the psyche, which manifests itself in the ability to successfully overcome a state of excessive emotional arousal. Emotional stability is one of the important factors of reliability and efficiency of life. Temperament is an individual feature of the human psyche, which is manifested in the intensity, speed, tension, balance of the course of an individual’s mental processes, in the brightness and stability of his emotional states. According to I. P. Pavlov (1849-1936), who developed the scientific foundations of the theory of temperament *, the human nervous system is characterized by three main properties - strength, balance and mobility of excitatory and inhibitory nervous processes. Four of the possible combinations of these properties determine the four types of higher nervous activity and the corresponding human temperament: • strong, unbalanced, mobile (choleric); • strong, balanced, agile (sanguine); • strong, balanced, inert (phlegmatic); • weak, unbalanced, inert (melancholic). Choleric people have a strong nervous system and easily move from one job to another, but imbalance reduces their compatibility with other people. Cholerics are prone to sudden mood swings, impatient, and are subject to emotional breakdowns. Sanguine people also have a strong nervous system and easily move on to other work and communication with other people. Sanguine people often strive to change impressions, respond to events easily and quickly, and experience losses relatively easily. Phlegmatic people have a strong, efficient nervous system, but, overcoming difficulties, they begin other work and adapt to a new stop. They are characterized by a calm, equal mood and weak expression of emotions. Melancholic people have a low level of mental activity, slow movements, they get tired quickly, but they have high emotional sensitivity to everything that happens around them, and they easily get along with other people. Assuming that the strong and weak types of higher nervous activity, according to Pavlov, are very close to the extroverted and introverted personality types, and the nature of extraversion and introversion is determined by the properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the psychologist Eysenck defined the types of temperament in two scales: “intro-and extraversion” and “neutorism (emotional stability - instability).” A pure type of temperament is rarely found, therefore, we can only talk about the predominant type of temperament. The farther from the center of the steep and its axes the point is located, which is determined by the numerical values ​​of the scales of “intro- and extraversion”, “emotional stability - instability”, the more clearly this or that type of temperament is manifested. Numerical values ​​for the Eysenck steep scales are determined by appropriate tests. Since each type of temperament is naturally conditioned, a person, having identified it, can effectively use its positive aspects. A need is a person's need for something. Needs encourage a person to be active and search for ways to satisfy them. They become internal stimulants of activity, its motive. Human needs have their own hierarchy. One of them, according to psychologist Maslow, looks like a pyramid, which is based on physiological needs, and then there are needs for safety, social needs, needs for recognition and needs for self-realization and personal development. Physiological needs include the needs for food, water, rest , procreation. These are the basic needs; without their satisfaction, other needs become meaningless. Security needs include external protection of a person, preservation of health, stability of living conditions and a secure old age. Social needs are the desire for love and belonging to someone, the desire to enjoy the favor of other people, to be the object of their attention and love. Recognition needs are manifested in the desire for recognition of an individual’s successes and achievements from other people. The needs for self-realization and personal development consist of self-awareness of one’s place in this world and provide for the maximum opportunity to express one’s creative abilities. Mentally and socially healthy people have both the desire and the ability to satisfy any needs. However, the pyramidal transition from simple physiological needs to high spiritual values ​​is not easy and first requires each person to understand the meaning of his life, his capabilities with a view to their full realization. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs is indicated by a person’s emotional reactions. If the need is satisfied, then the person shows positive emotions (joy, delight, love), and if he is dissatisfied, then negative emotions (anger, fear, disgust) - Dissatisfaction with needs prompts a person to activity. Personal activity is the ability to transform the material and spiritual environment in order to satisfy needs. In activity, from the point of view of a person’s psychological characteristics, they understand her active life position, which is expressed in the consistency of defending her views and bringing the things she has started to the end (a combination of words and deeds). Activity in this sense has not only psychological, but also social connotations, since the possibility of activity depends on the degree of social freedom, legal guarantees for initiative and initiative. According to social manifestations of activity, psychologists divide three types of human behavior: passive, active and aggressive. People with passive behavior profess the idea of ​​“maybe” and shift the solution to their problems to others. Basically, this approach to business is not successful and such people blame anyone but themselves for this. Active people openly express their needs and strive to satisfy them in all possible ways. The active life position of such people leads to normal relationships between people and they, as a rule, achieve their goals. Sometimes active behavior turns into aggressive behavior when individuals, in order to satisfy their own needs, ignore the needs of others or try to solve them at someone else’s expense. Naturally, such behavior is dangerous for society and it can lead to isolation of a person. To assess the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, various methods are used: general scientific (observation), psycho-diagnostic (testing), pedagogical (studying the results of work activity). The psychodiagnostic method is most often used. Modern psychodiagnostics uses the following tests: intelligence tests are used to identify the mental potential of an individual; achievement tests allow you to assess the degree of specific knowledge; creativity tests are used to identify creative abilities; projective tests designed for a holistic study of personality. Psychodiagnostic tests are successfully used not only to determine, but also to form appropriate mental, emotional and volitional qualities. A person’s psychophysiological reliability is variable and naturally changes with age; in particular, in children and the elderly it is reduced compared to middle-aged people. This is explained by the fact that in children the corresponding analyzers and psychophysiological characteristics have not yet been fully formed, and in old people they no longer fully perform their functions. There are other factors that also change a person’s psychophysiological reliability and level of safety. Interpersonal conflicts reduce the level of security (mental trauma caused as a result of a conflict takes a person out of a normal psychophysiological state, which can lead to significant changes in the performance of professional functions and general functional state); fatigue, overwork, illness, smoking, drinking alcohol (alcohol negatively affects the central nervous system: mental and physical performance is impaired, fatigue worsens, the speed of motor reaction, stability and intensity of attention decrease, thinking and memory processes are disrupted); drug addiction (drug use leads to chronic drug poisoning, which causes dysfunction of many organs and systems of the body, especially the central nervous system), etc. The level of safety is increased by health-improving physical education, balanced nutrition, physiotherapy, massage, hardening, psychotherapy, professional selection and vocational education.

Methodology for compiling psychological characteristics

Psychological characteristics of a person are compiled by psychologists using the following methods:

• Observation. Through specially organized observation, the psychologist receives information about the characteristics of an individual’s behavior. In psychological characteristics, observation results indirectly reflect personality characteristics.
• Psychodiagnostic methods. Using personality tests and questionnaires, the psychologist determines the client’s temperament type, his interests and inclinations, and the prevailing motives for his activity. This information is the main one in the psychological characteristics.
• Sociometry. With the help of this diagnostic tool, the psychologist receives information about the socio-psychological status of the individual in the educational or work community. Sociometry allows us to identify the characteristics of a person’s interpersonal interaction with friends and colleagues.
• Interview. If sufficient information about a person cannot be obtained through tests, the psychologist develops a series of questions that he asks the client. This method of collecting information is used to clarify facts and eliminate contradictions.

Psychological characteristics begin with the listing of a person’s personal data: indicating the last name, first name and patronymic, date of birth, place of residence, reporting information about family members and characteristics of family upbringing. The following are described:

• inclinations and interests;
• personality abilities;
• characteristics of temperament and character;
• a person's attitude towards himself;
• a person's attitude towards other people;
• a person's attitude towards work.

An example of a person's psychological characteristics

Letovaltsev Andrey Yurievich

Date 04/19/2008.

Mother: Letovaltseva Anna Gennadievna.

Father: Letovaltsev Yuri Alekseevich.

Place of residence: Novodvinsk

The child is raised in a complete family. Parents take an active part in the boy's life. For Andrey, his older brother is a role model.

The boy shows interest in exact sciences and has a high level of development of logical thinking. For two years, Andrey has been attending robotics courses and participating in city and regional competitions.

The boy's level of voluntary attention is above average. There are no signs of fatigue when performing work. The pace of work is high.

The boy has a high level of visual memory development. Auditory memory is moderately developed. The dominant channel for obtaining information is visual.

The predominant motive for activity is to avoid failure. The level of anxiety corresponds to the age norm.

In the course of solving intellectual problems, Andrey demonstrates independence and rationality. Willingly comes to the aid of his comrades. Shows interest in pair work. When working in a group, he imposes his opinion on his comrades and makes many comments. He takes criticism addressed to him painfully.

In a group of peers, the boy strives to become a leader. He is ambitious and active. Andrey tries to assert himself at the expense of other children. However, in order to become a leader, the boy lacks sensitivity and attentiveness to others. In addition, the boy has high self-esteem.

Andrey has a choleric type of temperament. The young man is emotional, assertive, and purposeful. He often has conflicts in his relationships with peers. Poor development of communication skills does not allow making concessions and finding a compromise solution to controversial situations. The boy is characterized by sudden mood changes.

There are outbreaks of aggression in behavior. It is difficult for a boy to control his emotional reactions.

Based on the results of psychological diagnostics, Andrey can be recommended a course of individual sessions with a psychologist aimed at correcting the emotional-volitional sphere. The boy will also benefit from group classes in the form of training to develop communication skills.

Mental characteristics of older people

In almost all cases, characteristic features of older people associated with memory are observed. For example, along with the deterioration of the ability to remember, the memory of recent events and intentions or actions related to current life is also impaired.

In old age, it is difficult to remember appointments, dates, phone numbers, new names. An elderly person very quickly forgets what he recently saw on TV or read, and has difficulty remembering where he put an object.

The social status of an elderly person is also changing. And this negatively affects his moral and financial situation, mental state, makes him vulnerable to diseases and poorly adaptable to weather changes.

When a person becomes a pensioner, most often his relationships with other people radically change, as well as his understanding of the meaning of life, happiness, good and evil, and so on. The lifestyle, daily routine, goals and objectives, and social circle become different.

In addition, the hierarchy of self-esteem changes in an older person. He pays less and less attention to his appearance, but more to his internal and physical condition. The older a person is, the more he goes into the past, forgetting about the present and the future. Life prospects become shorter, and the near future naturally prevails over the distant one. Time passes faster for older people, but it is filled less and less with events. As a rule, active people pay more attention to the future even in old age, while passive people pay more attention to the past. Therefore, the former remain optimistic longer.

Family education

Personal characteristics, as we said above, are a whole complex of characteristics, including positive and negative qualities of a person. They appear from childhood, it’s no secret. As well as the disposition to certain types of activities.

Education plays a huge role in the development of personality. Now it has become fashionable to indulge children and turn a blind eye to such actions for which even twenty years ago the offspring would be punished. The result of such upbringing will be disastrous, because children need not only positive reinforcement, but also negative.

Surely, more than once you have seen a child scream at the top of his lungs, demanding something from his mother. And she gently coos over him, persuades him, or simply gives him what he wants. This is positive reinforcement of unwanted behavior. How will such a child grow up? He will become a good manipulator, accustomed to getting his way on demand. Therefore, it is important to put the child in his place in time, letting him understand that not everything required is fulfilled, and bad behavior leads to punishment.

The peculiarities of personal development lie in the fact that parents guide their child in the right direction, taking into account his inclinations and characteristics. If a child is obsessed with animals and declares that he wants to become a veterinarian, there is no need to dismiss him, citing an unconscious age. On the contrary, encourage your offspring’s desire, buy him interesting books on this topic, show him films. Over time, the child may abandon the conceived idea, continuing to search for himself, or perhaps establish himself in the chosen future field of activity.

Psychological properties of the crowd

In this case, a crowd means not just a gathering of a large number of people, but people united by a common center of attention, interests and emotional state. This could be a crowd of football fans, participants in rallies and demonstrations, fans and concertgoers of their favorite performers, etc. Depending on the type of crowd, different types of emotions may be inherent: aggression, fanaticism, heroism, selflessness.

Initially, a crowd is not characterized by the presence of common goals; it is mostly a spontaneous formation, guided by instincts and a leader.

The psychological characteristics of the behavior of any person in a crowd are somewhat similar to behavior in a dangerous situation. It is controlled primarily by instincts, not by consciousness. Only the reasons are different. In a dangerous situation, instinct is individual and rather determined by the needs of a particular person. Being in a crowd, an individual becomes, as it were, part of one huge biological organism - the “crowd”.

According to studies of this phenomenon in different countries, anyone is susceptible to the influence of the crowd as soon as they become part of it. And this does not depend on the initial cultural or educational level of the participant, his type of character or country of residence. All such crowds of people have common features.

The main features of the behavior of the “man of the crowd” are:

• increased impulsiveness of actions;
• decreased verbal interpersonal communication;
• the tendency to unconsciously imitate the behavior of leaders and quickly respond to their commands and calls;
• extreme categorical judgments and opinions;
• emotional instability, dependence of mood on others: rapid emergence of emotions and transition between their extreme manifestations (from anger to delight on command);
• high emotional arousal, which can be recognized by nervous movements, distracted gaze, frequent shouting of some cries or mottos;
• lack of ability to create: the crowd tends mainly to destroy;
• auditory or visual hallucinations may occur;
• tendency to cluster in denser groups;
• increased emotional and mental stress provokes seizures, convulsions or epilepsy in nervously ill members of the crowd;
• chaotic physical activity, psychomotor agitation, poor control of motor coordination, tendency to perform the same type of movements, increased aggressiveness;
• a tendency to understand and make extremely simple and primitive decisions: the “man of the crowd” is simply not capable of complex mental work and rational conclusions.

With all this, when a person is in a crowd, his individual character traits are erased, he actually merges with the crowd. The process is led by the crowd, and its element only unconsciously submits; it is temporarily deprived of its own views and values. He easily and without making a conscious decision crosses the line of his own moral values.

The intellectual abilities of each individual person in a crowd are obviously lower than such a person in ordinary life.