Primary and physiological needs according to Maslow - what are they? Let's explain briefly

Hedonism

The theory of aesthetic pleasure (hedonism) assumes the perception of nature as the main source of pleasure. J. Locke said that terms such as “beauty” and “beautiful”, in the human understanding, designate those objects that “cause feelings of pleasure and joy.” It was the hedonistic approach that contributed to the emergence of artistic and aesthetic needs and led to the emergence of experimental aesthetics.

The founder of this direction is considered to be the psychophysicist G. Fechner. Aesthetic need is considered to be the need to create conditions for obtaining aesthetic pleasure. Ferchner conducted experiments with a group of volunteers, offering them sounds and colors. He systematized the results obtained, as a result of which he was able to establish the “laws” of aesthetic pleasure:

• threshold;
• gain;
• harmony;
• clarity;
• absence of contradictions;
• aesthetic associations.

If the stimulation parameters coincided with natural qualities, a person could experience true pleasure from the natural objects he saw. The theory has found its application in popular culture and industrial design. For example, many people enjoy the appearance of expensive cars, but not everyone has the aesthetic need to consider the works of the German Expressionists.

Empathy theory

This approach consists in the fact that there is a transfer of experiences to certain works of art, as if a person compares himself with them. F. Schiller views art as an opportunity to “transform other people’s feelings into your own experiences.” The process of empathy is intuitive. This theory assumes the satisfaction of aesthetic needs with the help of paintings “created according to rules.”

Classification of needs according to A. Maslow

Every person has certain needs. It is impossible to exist without some of them. Experts have different views on needs. Human needs were first described and analyzed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Until now, each professional considers his own theory.

A. Maslow connected all his psychological work with the problems of personal growth and development, considering psychology as one of the means contributing to social and psychological well-being. He insisted that an adequate and viable theory of personality must address not only the depths, but also the heights that each individual is capable of achieving [7].

According to A. Maslow, human creative potential is the result of healthy and properly directed development. He believed that this development occurs as a result of the search and implementation of goals that affirm and enrich the life of the individual and give it meaning. The personality is what it becomes in the course of the implementation of all these goals, and it is the types of these goals that determine the needs [4].

According to the classification of the American researcher A. Maslow , all needs form a hierarchical structure, where the lowest level consists of physiological and safety needs, and the highest level consists of social, prestigious and spiritual needs.

The needs realized by the individual turn into interests , which, refracted through value orientations , contribute to the formation of motives for the individual’s activities. The meaning of a specific activity is to achieve a specific goal [2].

A. Maslow listed the following fundamental human needs: physiological needs (food, water, sleep, etc.) - the lowest level; the need for security (stability, order, a sense of confidence, freedom from fear and failure); need for love and belonging (family, friendship); need for respect (self-esteem, recognition, approval, success); the need for self-actualization (realization of one’s goals, abilities, development of one’s own personality) is the highest level.

Next, we will consider the pyramid of needs according to A. Maslow (Figure 1), and also give a more detailed explanation of each [5].

Figure 1. Pyramid of needs according to A. Maslow

Physiological needs

They represent so-called physiological drives and desires. Physiological needs dominate over all others in the body and are the basis of human motivation.

Thus, a person who needs food, security, love and respect is likely to desire food more than anything else. At this time, all other needs may cease to exist or be relegated to the background.

Need for security

According to A. Maslow, almost the same applies to these needs as to physiological ones. The body can be completely covered by them. If in the case of hunger it was defined as a person seeking to satisfy hunger, then in this case a person seeking security. Here again all the forces, intellect, and receptors serve primarily as a tool for seeking security.

Today, physiological needs, being in a satisfied state, are underestimated. In ordinary life, the manifestation of security needs is found in the desire to obtain a stable job with guaranteed protection, the desire to have a savings account, insurance, etc. or the preference of familiar things over unfamiliar things, known to the unknown [5].

Social needs

The need for love and belonging involves both the need to give and the need to receive love. When they are not satisfied, the person is acutely worried about the absence of friends or a partner. A person will greedily strive to establish relationships with people in general, for the sake of a place in a group or family, and will strive with all his might to achieve this goal. The acquisition of all this will be more important for a person than anything in the world. And he may even forget that once hunger was in the foreground, and love seemed unreal and unnecessary.

Need for recognition

All people in our society have a need for stable, justified, usually high self-esteem, self-esteem, self-esteem and the respect of others. A. Maslow divides these needs into two classes.

The first class includes strength, achievement, adequacy, mastery and competence, confidence in the face of the outside world, independence and freedom.

To the second, A. Maslow includes what is called a good reputation or desire for prestige, as well as status, fame and glory, superiority, recognition, attention, significance, self-esteem or gratitude.

Aesthetic needs

A. Maslow points out that aesthetic needs are associated with the image of oneself. Those for whom beauty does not help become healthier are characterized by a low level of self-esteem, which is reflected in this image. This is how a man in soiled clothes feels awkward in a chic restaurant: he feels that he “doesn’t deserve such an honor.”

Cognitive needs

The desire for knowledge and understanding is a human cognitive need. This need is associated with the desire for truth, the attraction to the unknown, mysterious, inexplicable.

The fulfillment of a cognitive need is not limited to the acquisition of new information. A person also strives for understanding, for systematization, for analyzing facts and identifying the relationships between them, for building some kind of ordered system of values. The relationship between these two aspirations is hierarchical, i.e. the desire for knowledge always precedes the desire for understanding [4].

Need for self-actualization

Self-actualization within the framework of this concept is considered as the desire for a person’s self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentials inherent in him. It is quite obvious that the need for self-actualization can be expressed differently in different people. One person wants to become an ideal parent, another strives to achieve heights in sports, a third actualizes himself in scientific or artistic creativity, etc. The general tendency is that a person begins to feel the need for self-actualization only after satisfying the needs of lower levels [8].

Thus, based on the above components, a pyramid was formed with the main human needs. In the list presented above, it looks like this: the bottom item is the foundation on which each subsequent component is based. The upper ones are the peak. The pyramid has become known throughout the world and is successfully used by students and teachers [1].

In conclusion, we can say that the theory of the famous American psychologist A. Maslow caused both bewilderment of other specialists and many questions. After all, his theory and hierarchy are not accessible and understandable to everyone. The psychologist analyzed human needs and created five steps that talked about people's needs. However, he did not take into account the individuality of the individual, and therefore the hierarchy turned out to be the same for all people. Psychologists say that this cannot happen, since each individual has his own desires. If a person is overly creative and cannot imagine his life without creativity, then this is the most important thing for the individual. For such people, love and other needs become secondary.

"Psychology of Art"

L. S. Vygotsky analyzed this problem in his work. He believed that aesthetic needs and human abilities are a special form of socialization of his sensory world. According to the theory outlined in the work “Psychology of Art”, the author is convinced that with the help of works of art one can transform passions, emotions, individual feelings, and turn ignorance into good manners. In this case, a person experiences a state of catharsis, characterized by enlightenment, elimination of contradictions in feelings, and awareness of a new life situation. Thanks to the release of internal tension with the help of works of art, genuine motivation arises for subsequent aesthetic activity. In the process of developing a certain artistic taste, according to Vygotsky, the need for aesthetic education appears. A person is ready to study theory in order to again experience the pleasure of visually studying artistic objects.

With the empirical development of the human personality and changes in society, the attitude towards beauty and the desire to create changed. As a result of progress in different areas of human activity, various achievements of world culture arose. As a result of progress, the artistic and aesthetic needs of man were modernized, and the spiritual image of the individual was adjusted. They influence creative orientation, intelligence, creative direction of activities and aspirations, and attitude towards other people. In the absence of a developed ability for aesthetic perception, humanity will not be able to realize itself in a beautiful and multifaceted world. In this case, it will be impossible to talk about culture. The formation of this quality is possible on the basis of targeted aesthetic education.

The need for creative activity is one of the needs of the highly developed spiritual and intellectual life of people.
[p.58] Man has long sought to express his thoughts, feelings, experiences in specific tangible images and forms. The need for creativity is the highest form of expression of the human essence, abilities and talents of the individual. Unlike other needs, which are satisfied through the consumption of goods and services created by the labor of other people or nature itself, the need for creative activity is satisfied in the process of this activity itself. In this, the need for creativity is similar to the need for work, which is also realized in the process of work itself (regardless of its scope, specific focus or technical equipment). [p.58] In our country, satisfaction of the need for creative activity and the very freedom of this activity are constitutionally guaranteed. Article 47 of the USSR Constitution states that citizens of the USSR, in accordance with the goals of communist construction, are guaranteed freedom of scientific, technical and artistic creativity. It is ensured by the widespread development of scientific research, inventive and rationalization activities, and the development of literature and art. The state creates the necessary material conditions for this, provides support to voluntary societies and creative unions, organizes the introduction of inventions and rationalization proposals into the national economy and other spheres of life. [p.58]

It must be emphasized that invention and rationalization as a form of the need for creative activity not only serve to more fully satisfy it, the comprehensive development of the spiritual powers of the individual, but also provide a huge economic effect. In the eleventh five-year plan, for example, it amounted to 36 billion rubles. (almost 2 times more than in the ninth five-year plan), and in 1986 - 8.1 billion rubles. [p.60]

Another direction in the development of needs for creative activity is art and literature. In our country there are numerous professional groups in various fields of performing arts, among which bright individuals have been brought up, whose art is recognized throughout the world. [p.61]

Along with this, amateur art is becoming more and more widespread as a form of development and satisfaction of mass needs for creative activity. At the end of 1986, there were over 700 thousand amateur art clubs, which is 1.6 times more than in 1970. In 1986, 12 million people participated in them, or almost 2 times more than in 1970 In total, 30 million people participated in all groups and amateur artistic circles (including cultural and educational institutions of trade unions in cities and collective farms) in 1986. [p.61]

The need for creative activity 58 [p.348]

Within a business, creativity should be aimed at meeting business needs and most likely manifested in team activities. She differs from the traditional stereotype of a creative individual, driven only by her personal needs for creativity and not at all focused on team achievements. Those who have high values ​​of factors 4 and 10 will be happy to fulfill their need for creativity, enhancing the creative potential of the entire team. They will strive to make team work enjoyable. Our goal is to ensure that the team works effectively, this should be achieved by clearly defining the problem that needs to be solved and ensuring that team members clearly understand the requirements for their work. [p.87]

Those with a high drive for achievement coupled with a low need for creativity tend to achieve accomplishments while moving along a narrow, straight path. Unlike their more creative colleagues, they do not feel the need to take creative risks or look for shortcuts to solve problems. Probably, they should not be involved in those types of activities, the successful implementation of which requires subtle creative intuition. [p.145]

Management based on needs and interests is based on stimulating human activity through his needs and interests. We are talking about basic needs - food, shelter, rest, health, etc. social needs - creative work, family, order and stability, etc., as well as interests - material, social, aesthetic. This U.t. recommended for organizations in small regions (small cities, towns, etc.), where the organization’s activities directly affect the municipal infrastructure. [p.341]

Therefore, we can say that the need of workers for creative activity itself becomes an important factor in the development of Soviet art and literature. [p.61]

The web style of work allows you to better cope with the problem of unpredictability of demand. Companies often have an urgent need for certain specialists that may disappear after some time, so some areas require flexible staffing patterns to cope with such ups and downs. The Internet is allowing more companies to take an approach to managing core business components similar to that of the major Hollywood studios. Finance, marketing, distribution and other ongoing activities are handled by full-time employees, and the number of full-time employees engaged in creative work, that is, the actual creation of films, is small. After the concept of a new film passes the approval stage, the director recruits a large group of people to work on it. At the end of filming, the group disbands. Everyone, from the director and actors to the cameraman and workers, are split up on other projects. [p.144]

The designation of these rights by this term is a kind of tribute to historical tradition. With the development of technological progress and the spread of cultural values, an objective need arises for the recognition and protection of the legitimate interests of individuals who invest money and labor in the field of artistic and technical creativity and are the first to bring new ideas and samples to the attention of society. The development of legal regulation of this sphere of social activity leads to the emergence of various legal theories (theories of natural law, theories of intellectual rights). These theories in one way or another justified the recognition of rights to creative achievements directly by their creators and explained the legal nature of these rights. For these purposes they use [p.44]

Culture The goal is to implement an urban policy that forms a high level of Russian national culture for citizens, providing for the need for cultural and creative activities, with a focus on the youth of the city. [p.75]

Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky (1903-1950), being the chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee immediately before and during the Great Patriotic War, combined this work with creative activity. His book The Military Economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War contains extensive factual material useful for understanding the processes of economic development subordinated to the needs of war. The primary statistical material for this work has not yet been made public. [p.155]

Students who prefer a project-based learning style are distinguished by their initiative in relation to the learning situation as a whole. This applies to both the content of the educational material and the learning process. For this category of students, learning is a process that never stops and is best implemented in real activities. They are ready to get involved in various projects, participate in activities in a variety of positions (from performing to creative). They tend to turn a lecture session into a discussion, and fill a business game with many significant nuances. They need to understand as widely and deeply as possible the complex and varied activities for which they are preparing themselves and which, in their opinion, cannot be unambiguously defined in the form of instructions. In addition, students with a project-based learning style are characterized by the need for a personal choice of professional positions and roles, as well as areas that they consider priority and important from the point of view of their own development. Orientation to a project-based learning style can be especially effective in training senior managers, consultants and, of course, teachers. [p.371]

Consideration of the standard of living of the population, based on the degree of satisfaction of needs, allows us to more fully present its characteristics. In this understanding, the standard of living of the population will ultimately be determined based on the satisfaction of the highest need in the hierarchy for self-realization and self-development. Thus, the standard of living will depend on the extent to which conditions for creative activity have been created in society, primarily in science and art. Naturally, basic needs underlie social development; without them it is unthinkable. But at the same time, it is the need for self-realization and self-development that ensures social development; it has made man truly human. [p.493]

There are many definitions of the concept “need”. In them, the main thing, as a rule, is a sign of a lack of something, that is, the concept of need is usually defined through the concept of need. We believe that the concept of need should also include the desire for something, for example, fame, power, creative activity, spiritual perfection. Thus, the above definition can be considered more general than the existing ones. [p.10]

Secondly, Maslow’s books and articles emphasize the relativity of the hierarchy of needs, its dependence on the individuality of people, the goals that they consider basic for themselves. There is no pyramid of needs in any of Maslow's publications. And it’s not just the lack of appropriate drawings. From the meaning of the texts of the founder of humanistic psychology it follows that there cannot be a rigid, uniform hierarchy of needs for everyone. Maslow emphasizes the particular importance of individualizing the structure of needs for those who strive for creative activity. [p.58]

A person’s participation in economic activity is characterized by his needs and the ability to satisfy them, which are determined primarily by the characteristics of labor potential: health, morality, creativity, activity, education, professionalism, organization, and working time resources. Thus, a person in a market economy acts, on the one hand, as a consumer of goods produced by enterprises, and on the other, as the owner of the abilities, knowledge and skills necessary for enterprises, government and public bodies. [p.265]

Our research shows that for individuals with a high need for creativity, monetary reward is usually of little importance as a motivator. If they are hired, they must be given the opportunity and space to be creative in their own way. This means that they need the opportunity to devote themselves to what interests them. It follows that if they do have this quality, then they are hired to work at a university or research institute where the vast majority of the work requires creativity, say, in the field of research or the implementation of large projects. If they do not have outstanding abilities, then the cost of their wages is recouped by using that part of their creativity that has commercial application, or other areas of their work that are not related to creativity. But if you don't give them space for creative activity, they may leave the organization, putting themselves in a financial situation that less creative and creative individuals would call financial ruin. [p.192]

The modern world market is characterized by a constant expansion of commodity circulation due to the deepening of the international division of labor, the development of science and technology, and the growth of social and personal needs. The circle of T. involves increasingly diverse results of labor activity, including not only products in embodied form, but also the fruits of creative intellectual activity in the form of technical documentation, scientific publications, works of literature and art, as well as [p.410]

However, the answer to the question of what costs are necessary remains outside the scope of the definition. For example, there are known difficulties in attributing to free time the costs of fulfilling social duties or realizing the need for social activity. On the one hand, we see the voluntary nature of human participation in the activities of party and public organizations, the creative nature of raising children, communicating with family [p.225]

Intellectual needs are born by the human mind and are associated with his intellectual activity. These are the needs for knowledge of the surrounding world, education, advanced training, various types of creative activities (including amateur creative activities), etc. [p.24]

Each person will voluntarily and consciously participate in production activities, in the creation of those benefits that are necessary for his life and for the well-being of society. All members of society, thanks to the change in the nature of work and the growth of its technical equipment, thanks to a high level of consciousness, will develop an internal need to work voluntarily and according to their inclinations for the public good. People will not be able to live without participating in creative, constructive work, just as they cannot live without air. Working according to your abilities will become a habit, the first vital need of a person. [p.406]

Moral incentives to work are factors that encourage members of society to engage in socially useful activities to realize their needs for work and achieve social goals (outside of the corresponding appropriation of life benefits). The moral stimulus of labor is, first of all, labor itself as a special form of human life; the creative, productive nature of labor generates satisfaction with the achieved result and labor competitiveness. These are creative incentives for work. The actual moral incentives are conscious social and collective goals and objectives, as well as personal prestige associated with the acquisition of a certain professional and social position. [p.222]

Increasing the creative nature of workers’ work is one of the most important functions of engineering and technical personnel. From the very beginning of the formation of a new type of brigade, an objective need arose to satisfy the demands of workers in creative work that was richer in content. This need can be fully realized only with the help of the technical intelligentsia. The transfer of new ideas by engineering and technical workers, joint search and implementation activities with working teams are carried out in different forms. [p.206]

Moral incentives are factors that encourage people to engage in socially useful activities to realize their need for work and its results. in achieving certain social goals. M. s. include various types of public recognition and rewards for achieved high results in the work activities of employees and teams and are aimed at maintaining and developing the labor initiative and creative activity of workers. [p.142]

Unlike the time of the so-called “Red Project”. See Belousov A.R. Formation of the Soviet industrial system // Russia XXI. - 2000. - No. 1. - P. 31. The arguments of A.V. are of interest here and may cause possible controversy. Buzgalin about the simultaneous formation of both material, material needs and “needs for creative activity” in the process of formation of our neo-economics sector. See Formation of the Russian model of a market economy, contradictions and prospects Int. scientific conf. “Lomonosov Readings” April 24-26, 2002 Materials for discussion / Rep. per issue K.A. Khubiev. - M. MAX Press, 2002. - P. 25-33. [p.120]

NEEDS - the need for something necessary to maintain the life of an organism, a person, a social entity. groups, society as a whole, an internal stimulator of activity. There are biol. Human P. caused by metabolism, a necessary prerequisite for the existence of any organism, and social P. subjects (individuals, social groups) and society as a whole, which are formed depending on the level of development of a given society and specific social. conditions of their activities. The source of development of the latter is the relationship between the production and consumption of material and spiritual goods. Satisfaction with relatively elementary, vital P. leads to the generation of new P. and this distinguishes man as a subject of his own historical process, transforming natural and social. environment, from an animal adapting to its environment. The personalities form a sort of hierarchy, at the base of which are the vital traits, and its subsequent levels are social. P., the highest manifestation of which is P. in self-realization, self-affirmation, i.e. in creative activity. When studying human P., the following types are distinguished by spheres of activity: P. labor, cognition, communication, recreation according to the object; P. material and spiritual, ethical, aesthetic, etc. according to their functional role - P. dominant and secondary, central and peripheral, stable and situational according to the subject - P. group, individual, collective, public. [p.265]

GOODS (goods, ommodity) is an economic category, which in its most general form can be defined as a product sold on the market, an object of purchase and sale. The modern world economy is characterized by a constant expansion of commodity circulation in connection with the development of science, technology, and the growth of social and personal needs. The number of goods includes increasingly diverse results of human activity, including not only products in material form, but also the fruits of creative and intellectual activity in the form of technical documentation, scientific publications, works of literature and art, as well as a variety of services and works. At the same time, new, rare T. are usually sold at high prices. The development of mass production is accompanied by a decrease in prices. The most expensive technologies are science-intensive, artistic, and other products that require a lot of mental effort. With the increasing inclusion of natural resources into economic circulation, many of them also acquire the properties of a commodity, becoming an object of purchase and sale with a steady tendency to increase prices for them (land, minerals, wild animals and plants, water, etc.). In foreign trade transactions, it is recommended to accurately and in detail indicate the name of the product that is the object of purchase and sale. [p.226]

Culture of cooperation Open organizational systems. Democratic management form. Participative organizational culture. Forms of organization of joint creative activity predominate. The area of ​​goal determination is the legitimate interests of the majority of the people, with mandatory consideration of the interests of the minority. The type of management is a developing economy, focused on the use of renewable resources, primarily human ones. Equity (cooperative, joint stock) forms of ownership. The power mechanism is the separation of powers (a system of shifts and balances); the main function is to regulate various aspects of social life. The economic mechanism is distribution according to contribution (labor, capital) and redistribution according to socially recognized needs. The main ethical value is the equality of all before the law. The basic moral and psychological principle is humanism. [p.21]

For individuals prone to creative activity, the problem of free time practically does not exist. The creative process itself and its results constitute for them the most desirable good (pleasure), the usefulness of which does not decrease with consumption (within the limits of physical capabilities). Unlike the consumption of material goods, creative activity does not obey the laws of Gossen and Weber-Fechner. These laws also do not apply to the needs for spiritual improvement and most social needs. It is known that there is no such thing as too much fame and power. In particular, a person striving for power experiences constant dissatisfaction with this specific good and seeks “opportunities to expand his sphere of influence. The examples of Stalin and Hitler are especially impressive. [p.70]

NEEDS is one of the fundamental categories of theoretical and applied economics. These are the types of products, goods, services, things, creative activities that people need, that they desire, strive to have and consume, and use the internal stimulator of activity. Needs include not only what benefits people and is essential for life, but also real requests for items that may be harmful to health, but are consumed by people due to established habits and the pleasure and satisfaction they receive. Needs are divided into biological and social, the latter are determined by the social nature of a person. In addition, they are distinguished. satiable and unsatisfiable needs. The unsatisfied include, for example, the need for knowledge, spiritual food, and sometimes the need for money, which is always in short supply. [p.253]

Creativity can be a clear source of recognition. Those who are driven by a high need for recognition and are successful in expressing creativity will find themselves in ideal conditions. They will be self-motivated to a large extent. Their need for recognition will also help them focus their attention on those from whom they expect recognition. In some cases, this can create a problem - they will try to generate ideas to please those from whom they expect recognition, but these ideas may not actually satisfy the needs of the business. In this situation, the need for recognition will begin to limit their creative independence. They will also suffer when the ideas they thought would bring them recognition do not live up to their expectations. Then their creative energy will be spent on gaining recognition, and not on creative activity. [p.123]

Behavior management is a type of creative activity. In Fig. Figure 2.1 shows the structure of motives for human creative activity (the symbol (B) means the interaction of Providence - a set of events that realize the Creator’s plan), the driving force of which is the emerging vital need (Pt), felt by him as a feeling of discomfort, which in turn gives rise to desire (and not always accessible to expression) - the desire to eliminate this feeling. An expressible desire is very important in the technical aspect due to its constructiveness - after all, this is a person’s representation of a method (expressed in the language of phenomena known to him), which, in his opinion, will eliminate the feeling of discomfort; only on its basis can one form a system that fulfills the desire, which is the system management. From Fig. 2.1, the reason and degree of necessity for creating a control system becomes clear, as well as the main paradox of management: the task of management is to satisfy a desire, while the driving motive for management is a need that causes a feeling of discomfort. [p.199]

It is necessary, however, to distinguish between the concepts of labor as the first vital need and the need for labor. If the transformation of labor itself into the first vital need of a person must be prepared by the development of productive forces and production relations, then the need for labor as a social need for meaningful, creative work activity, appropriately paid, really exists among members of a socialist society and requires its satisfaction. Now this need, as noted at the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, is increasingly coming to the fore 4. [p.37]

We fully agree with economists who believe that a single fund for the development of science and technology should be distributed in the process of financing work in proportion to the economically justified optimal costs necessary to implement each stage of technical progress, taking into account the achievement of maximum efficiency per unit of cost at each stage, and in relation to the development of the entire fund as a whole. But, as B. D. Motorygin and P. A. Sedlov quite rightly note, ... accurate accounting of the need for funds is practically impossible due to the lack of possibility of establishing accurate standards for the costs of research, development and development of new technology and the presence of uncertainty in the field of creative activity costs and results of labor 2. [p.46]

What is a need

Any living being exists by consuming the goods necessary for life. The basis of this process is need or needs. Let's try to find a definition of this concept. M.P. Ershov in his work “Human Need” states that need is the root cause of life, and this quality is characteristic of all living beings. He considers need to be a certain specific property of living matter, which distinguishes it from the inanimate world.

Philosophers of the ancient world

The thinkers of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece seriously studied the problem of the needs of other people, and even managed to achieve certain positive results. Democritus defined need as the main driving force that changed the human mind, helped him master speech, language, and acquire the habit of active work. If people did not have such needs, he would remain wild and would not be able to create a developed social society or exist in it. Heraclitus was convinced that they arise depending on living conditions. But the philosopher noted that desires must be reasonable so that a person can improve his intellectual abilities. Plato divided all needs into several groups:

• primary ones, which form the “lower soul”;
• secondary, capable of forming a rational personality.

Let's look at each need in more detail:

• Physiology.

This level makes humans and animals akin. These include satiation with food, sleep, rest, thirst, and sexual instinct. Regarding the latter, Maslow makes amendments, arguing that sex is not the only reason why a person decides to find a mate.

• Safety.

The desire for security is manifested by a person at an early age. The child begins to cry when his mother leaves him for a long time. To meet the need for food, a person looks for a job that will bring him income. But here, too, the desire for security takes its toll - the presence of social guarantees and the stability of the company play an important role in employment.

• Belonging, love.

This desire forces people to unite in interest groups, make friends, and create family units.

Any instinct can be taken as the basis of a family - physiological, the desire for safety, the desire to learn the meaning of life through caring for a loved one. The choice is made on the basis of the person’s overall satisfaction, the maturity of his personality, and the successful closure of previous needs.

The more a child was loved in childhood, the more chances he has to grow up to be a mentally healthy person and create his own strong family.

• Confession.

A person’s self-esteem, his usefulness and usefulness to society depend on the closure of this need.

The formation of personality does not depend on false respect, but on the real merits of a person. Sports success, career, and creativity are taken as the basis. Lack of proper recognition is often the main reason for filing for resignation. It is for this reason that it is important to determine the vector of your development and move along it.

It is very interesting to see how marketers play with this human need for their own purposes. They replace respect earned by work with external attributes. The substitution of concepts leads to the fact that a person begins to be valued not for his achievements, but for branded clothing or the use of luxury cosmetics.

• Cognition, understanding.

Its other name is cognitive. This need strikingly distinguishes humans from animals. It is built on the desire to learn new things, and not just on the fear that he will not be able to navigate an unforeseen situation.

From early childhood, a child learns about the world through touch, tasting toys. An adult fulfills his need through travel, religion, philosophy, and reading books, otherwise he may fall into long-term depression. This also applies to those who do monotonous, boring work for a long time.

• Aesthetics.

An aesthetic need includes the desire to decorate this world with new colors. It becomes physically unbearable for a person to be in a gray, boring world. The vision of beauty is inherent in every person from birth, but some manage to develop this ability more strongly. Some people decorate their home by creating a designer interior themselves, while others pour everything into creativity.

It is on this need that the world of fashion and beauty is built. Without her, show business could not exist.

• Self-actualization.

This is the development of one’s own personality, the highest level of needs. For the harmonious development of personality, it is vital for a person to reveal the potential inherent in him through creativity, work or hobbies, to realize his goals and abilities.

Modernity

French materials of the late 17th century attached importance to these qualities. Thus, P. Holbach said that with the help of needs a person can control his passions, will, mental abilities, and develop independently. N.G. Chernyshevsky connected needs with the cognitive activity of any person. He was sure that throughout his life a person’s interests and needs change, which is the main factor for constant development and creative activity. Despite serious differences in views, it can be said that there are many similarities in the opinions expressed by scientists. They all recognized the relationship between needs and human activity. Lack causes a desire to change the situation for the better, to find a way to solve the problem. Need can be considered a component of a person’s internal state, a structural element of active activity that is aimed at obtaining the desired result. In his works, Karl Max devoted enough attention to this problem, realizing the importance of explaining the nature of this concept. He noted that it is needs that are the reason for any activity and allow a particular individual to find his place in society. This naturalistic approach is based on the connection between the natural nature of man and a specific historical type of social relations, acting as a link between the needs and nature of man. Only then can we talk about personality, K. Marx believed, when a person is not limited to his own needs, but also interacts with other people.

Routine and creative needs

In addition to dividing into biological and social, material and spiritual, individual and social, human needs can be divided into routine and creative. Routine needs consist of consumption, the use of already produced objects and services, using long-established methods, and creative needs are the needs for the creation of new material and spiritual values ​​or for independent comprehension and processing of what has already been known or created.

This group of needs does not have a generally accepted name. So, from a philosophical point of view, they can be called needs for functioning and development, or consumer and creative. A. Maslow divides needs into deficit (these include the simplest, essential) and existential (needs for the creative development of the individual). The two modes of being identified by E. Fromm - “to have” and “to be” (see: Chapter 3, § 1) also express a similar difference in the system of needs. The mode of possession focuses on consumerism and the satisfaction of only routine needs, the mode of being - on the satisfaction of complex creative needs associated not with the simple maintenance of physical existence and entertainment, but with the improvement of the individual and society as a whole, with the revelation of people's creative abilities.

In any society, both routine and creative needs exist and are satisfied. A certain balance is established between them. If the need to satisfy routine needs is obvious to everyone (many of them are urgent), then satisfying creative needs has not yet become a social norm and encounters all sorts of difficulties and specially established barriers. A description of the frustration of creative needs can be found in the works of all major writers -

an example when their heroes do uninteresting, boring work, live surrounded by people who do not understand or appreciate them, etc.

It is widely believed that there are limits to the development and satisfaction of material needs, since they are all supposedly routine. Spiritual needs are seen as creative and therefore without limits. In fact, even K. Marx o1. However, here we are talking only about the sphere of consumption and about basic, routine needs. Man has a need for material creative activity to transform nature and society. Contrary to Hegel's opinion, creativity is not the prerogative of the spirit, a sphere of purely spiritual activity. As already noted, the entire noosphere, or second nature, is transformed not by spiritual, but by material human activity. His needs for material, creative, creative activity have no boundaries. Spiritual needs, unlimited in their development, can exist precisely on the basis of the unlimited material needs of society in transforming the world. Therefore, the task of service activities is to serve not only the routine needs for the use of existing material goods, but also the creative needs for their creation. This is done, for example, by scientific, educational, tourism and information services, as well as some types of services related to the maintenance of machinery and equipment.

The interaction of routine and creative needs has its own patterns. Thus, satisfying routine needs creates necessary, although not sufficient, conditions for the development of creative ones. In the history of civilization, there seems to be a slow increase in the role of creative needs. Thus, the classic of management theory Peter Drucker draws attention to the fact that in the modern economy, increasing the productivity of knowledge workers requires the most creative approach to their activities. “Responsibility for productivity rests entirely with the employee himself. Knowledge workers should

1Marks K.

Economic manuscripts 1857-1861. (The original version of Capital). In 2 parts. Part 1. M: Politizdat, 1980. P. 385.

94 Chapter 4. The concept of needs in philosophy

manage ourselves

(they are their own managers, so to speak).
They need independence...
Continuous innovation must become an integral part of knowledge work and be included in the production task of the knowledge worker;
he must be responsible for the introduction of innovations... A knowledge worker must, on the one hand, constantly learn, and on the other hand, constantly teach... It is necessary that knowledge workers want
to work for a given organization and prefer this option to all other opportunities”1.

The practice of modern management, summarized in these recommendations, convincingly shows: the very economic reality of a post-industrial society makes human creative abilities in demand. It is beneficial for an entrepreneur to attract knowledge workers with a pronounced creative approach to work. All recommendations formulated by P. Drucker fully apply to service enterprises. It is known to be part of the post-industrial sector of the economy. However, increasing the creative component in people's activities has other, deeper consequences for service activities. Creative workers make specific demands on the service sector, associated, for example, with an increased need for knowledge and information, with the desire to free themselves from routine work in the everyday life, and organize their rest and leisure in a more interesting and meaningful way. Changes in the nature of work change the personality so deeply that they are inevitably followed by changes in needs in the sphere of everyday life and services.

Opportunity for self-expression

Currently, various options for classifying human needs are used. Epicurus (ancient Greek philosopher) divided them into natural and necessary. If they are not satisfied, people suffer. He called communication with other people necessary needs. In order for a person to realize himself, he needs to make serious efforts. As for splendor, wealth, luxury, it is very problematic to obtain them; only a few succeed. Dostoevsky showed particular interest in this topic. He came up with his own classification, highlighting material goods, without which a normal human life is impossible. Particular attention was paid to the need for consciousness, unification of people, and social needs. Dostoevsky was convinced that his desires, aspirations, and behavior in society directly depend on the level of spiritual development.

Personality culture

Aesthetic consciousness is part of social consciousness, its structural element. It, together with morality, forms the basis of modern society, helps humanity to develop, and has a positive effect on people’s spirituality. In its activity, it manifests itself in the form of a spiritual need, expressing an attitude towards external factors. It is not opposed to aesthetic development, but stimulates a person to be active and helps him put theoretical knowledge into practice.

Primary and secondary needs according to Maslow

In the theory of the American psychologist, a person’s primary and secondary desires are distinguished.

Primary needs according to Maslow's classification are the needs for life support and safety. Life support is basic needs (water, air, clothing, shelter, food, sex). Security includes a feeling of security and stability. These needs are primary because when choosing between satisfying hunger and respect from others, most people will choose food.

Secondary needs include:

1. Social needs - communication, joint activities, etc.
2. Prestige - social recognition, respect, career growth, good reputation, etc.
3. Spirituality – self-realization, self-affirmation, self-development, etc.

According to Maslow's theory, a person will not need to satisfy spiritual needs without receiving all the others.