Features of cultural needs

Human material needs - examples, features

Man, a difficult being to satisfy, has a constant need for certain conditions and circumstances. Otherwise, his life turns into a suffering existence and is deprived of a sense of harmony and comfort. What are human material needs? We will consider examples and features, as well as the opinion of scientists on this matter, below.

There are social, material and spiritual needs of a person.

Social – dependence on communication, contact, implementation in society.
Human material needs (biological) – ensuring the preservation and continuation of life.
Spiritual – the realization of the instincts of worship and reproduction. Creative realization, dependence on pleasure.

Human material needs - examples of real and imaginary needs

Real – needs that are caused by a person’s sincere independent desire.

Breath.
Food.
Water.
Shelter.
Creative hobbies.
Religious Beliefs.
Sleep, rest of the body and brain.
Intimate needs.

Imaginary - dependence on the opinions of others and the resulting needs:

imposed hobbies;
imaginary beliefs;
inclinations and fictitious abilities.

Human material needs - positive examples

A person needs certain conditions for a comfortable existence. This does not mean that he cannot live without warm water in the apartment or without a hot breakfast. Of course he can. But what his moral state will be, how much his psyche will suffer from this, this already depends on internal spiritual needs, closely related to each other. If a person needs little to be happy, then his material world is limited to a healthy body and a cheerful spirit, but, alas, such people practically do not exist.

The average average Homo Sapiens requires certain conditions for a comfortable life.

Comfortable home.
Nutritious variety of foods.
Various clothes, utensils, devices and tools that make his life easier.
Means of transport.

Human material needs are negative examples

Dependence on narcotic and mind-clouding substances.
Drug addiction.
Dependence on expensive attributes of life, caused by the social need for self-realization in society, but resulting in the physical problem of the constant pursuit of increasingly improved material goods.

Primary and secondary needs

American psychologist A. Maslow divided human material needs into primary and secondary.

Primary:

needs without which life ends;
needs that provide a person with confidence in the continuation of his life, insuring against death.

Secondary:

social – contact with people, mutually comfortable relationships, manifestation of mutual care, love, interests;
prestigious - the realization of a person’s ego, the affirmation of his personality in society, elevation, growth, respect and recognition by others;
spiritual - the realization of spiritual impulses that are in no way connected with other people and contacts with them (worship, creativity).

A person’s material needs accompany him from the first seconds of life to the last. Only the mother's womb is capable of organizing for the fetus the entire totality of its material needs. Leaving it, a person faces a constant struggle to ensure his material rights and dependencies. Otherwise, he simply stops living fully. Even if his life is maintained in the body, without comfortable material benefits (determined by spiritual and social needs), the collapse of the human material world occurs.

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Objective laws of social development (society) are implemented through the activities of people, and therefore are translated through the prism of the needs (of people) and their interests.

What are the objective laws of social development? Available systems of laws that we know are social and natural laws. They are objective in nature because they arise with the presence of people’s needs, as well as will and consciousness. In some way, the objective laws of development are subject to the revolutionary nature of human needs, which modify them depending on their tasks. It is also worth mentioning that the development of society with its new relationships shapes spiritual, political, social culture, and also lays the foundations for a future progressive legacy and new degrees of development.

Human activity as a basis and derivative

Human activity aimed at satisfying personal needs affects social needs, if only because society is represented as a collection of people. Interests that are rooted in the consciousness of the individual are transmitted verbally: the family, as the main unit of society with derivative contacts. Interests are closely interconnected with the form of activity, and most importantly, with its content. If we approach it from a hermeneutical position, then social development is realized through the activities of people, filled with meaning.

Imagine that society is a shelf of books. The roots and their names are each individual person. So, what kind of books (with characteristic meanings and transmission of information) the shelf will be filled with, such will be the society.

Society, in turn, educates a person. Socialization (entry into society) of an individual is presented as an interdependent process between man and society, their dialogue. Need, in this regard, is presented as the attitude of society (a certain social group) to the conditions of existence, the principles of politics/economics, the expression of relationships, priorities and values of development, spiritual culture, material values and the degree to which people are provided with basic needs (food, nourishment, self-preservation, etc.), not to mention motivation and self-realization as the highest human need (see Maslow’s pyramid).

It turns out to be a vicious circle: a person influences society with the needs that appear in him, which he brings to society, follows them, develops them, achieves them, and on the other hand, a person grows and learns based on the needs of society from an early age. It turns out that both phenomena are interconnected, influence each other, persist until a certain point (stage of development of society), and then change depending on the arrival of new input data - new human needs.

So, human needs, as the basis for the preservation and development of society, are, from the point of view of dialectics, the engine of history and the driving force for the development of the individual. They change depending on the introduction of such variables as historical tasks, spiritual principles at the present time, political preferences, economic demands. They are also determined by the level of development of the productive forces (each individual) and the characteristic production relations of society (K. Marx).

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Human needs and their types

A need represents a human need, which is a necessary element for his full existence. A person’s needs are most often manifested in the motives of his activities.

Modern science distinguishes the following types of needs: 1. Biological (material, organic) - the individual’s needs for clothing, food, housing, etc. 2. Social – the needs of each person for social activities, communication with other people, public recognition, fame, etc. etc. 3. Spiritual (cognitive, ideal) - this is the need for knowledge, creation, philosophical analysis, creative realization.

All human needs are interconnected. So social needs are the result of a synthesis of spiritual and material needs. For most people, social needs are often disguised as spiritual ones - so a person, guided by the desire for social recognition (social need), uses creative realization for this (spiritual need).

The needs of each next level are available to a person only when he satisfies all the previous ones: if the needs for food are not satisfied, the desire for creative fulfillment will not arise.

Features of cultural needs

Trends in youth development Read more: Features of youth in modern Russian society

4. Features of cultural needs.

An important feature of cultural needs is their duality. This is manifested in the fact that, on the one hand, the cultural need satisfies the personal interests of familiarization with artistic values, knowledge or creation of certain cultural samples. But the process of satisfying cultural needs is not limited to this. . 186

The other side of cultural need is its objective-active essence. The need for artistic creativity can be satisfied if it has found forms of evaluative embodiment and has been perceived not only by an individual (master, actor, amateur performer), but also by a mass consumer of artistic values (reader, viewer, audience). Taking these features into account makes it possible to differentiate the needs of artistic creativity from the point of view of their practical implementation. And this, in turn, makes it possible to purposefully form the needs for artistic creativity, taking into account their feedback, which manifests itself differently in each specific cultural and historical situation.

A significant place in the system of youth subculture belongs to cognitive needs. The range of their manifestation is quite wide. Conventionally, we can distinguish three spheres of their manifestation: the system of acquiring knowledge, reading, the media and the arts.

As for the first sphere of satisfying the cognitive needs of young people, it is mainly realized through various forms of public education, and, in addition, through advanced training, self-education in external institutions, as well as in numerous educational structures of a private nature or working on the principles contract. Short-term forms of training (courses, seminars, various schools operating abroad) occupy a certain place here.

The fulfillment of the need for reading is, first of all, associated with the complex differentiation of the reading interest of young people. Only a part of these needs is met to the required extent in the education system, which is determined by the curriculum of educational institutions and advanced training courses.

As for the need for the media and art, its satisfaction is extremely complicated mainly due to the “pluralism” that reigns in the media and in the sphere of artistic life, due to the lack of proper moral standards, the dominance of low-quality advertising and works of dubious artistic value.

The study of the cultural needs of young people also presupposes the mandatory disclosure of the content of moral needs. This is the most complex category, which is difficult to establish empirically, but is manifested in the ideological views and worldview culture of the individual.

Being a social being, man assigns a special role to moral regulation in his activities. This, in turn, necessitates a certain system of moral needs, which are of critical importance for assessing human behavior.

In relation to the characteristics of the cultural needs of young people that influence their subculture, it is advisable to dwell on those needs that shape a person as a moral person. Morality is a side of the spiritual world of a person, culture is its other side, and is inextricably linked with the first. Therefore, without revealing the moral orientation, ideals and principles of an individual, it is impossible to characterize its culture. The true morality of an individual is determined by the development of social relations, the level of democratization and culture.

Nevertheless, the bearer of morality, as well as culture, is a specific individual, and it is he, a specific person, who represents a unique fusion of various aspects of the spiritual world. That is why, in order to understand the cultural development of a person, it is necessary to consider his moral needs.

The system of cultural needs of young people is quite diverse and corresponds mainly to the multifunctional content of spiritual culture. However, these needs in themselves do not yet determine the spiritual appearance of young people and their subculture. The whole point is to what extent they are manifested, how they reflect the interests and values of the individual. The fulfillment of cultural needs reveals the essential side of the entire process of cultural development.

When defining specific approaches to the sociological study of youth subculture, one must keep in mind that cultural consumption and the creation of cultural goods are inextricably linked with the activity of the subject. Elements of cultural infrastructure - educational and cultural institutions, the media, the propaganda system - can realize their potential for cultural impact only through the active participation of young people in their work. In turn, the degree of population activity determines the effectiveness of a particular element of cultural infrastructure. The actual manifestation of youth cultural activity in different areas of socio-cultural activity is not the same. Young people most willingly participate in entertainment events, attending more than half of mass performances.

The state of the youth subculture is influenced by the emerging discrepancy between the activity of reader and viewer interests, on the one hand, and their level and possibilities of satisfaction, on the other. In the field of cinema, and even more so in the field of reading, young people today face particular difficulties, since these social institutions are not prepared to sufficiently meet the needs of youth audiences. At the same time, the cultural level of some young people makes it difficult to perceive what these institutions offer. This, in turn, affects cultural development and makes the young person’s personality culturally unstable.

Unfortunately, traditional types of youth creativity are dying out, which mainly relates to folk crafts and crafts. This is due to the general process of loss of traditional culture, which is a consequence of the deformation of national ideals.

Young people create new forms of leisure activities, which gradually acquire the right of citizenship and spread as the basis of a new subculture. Being more mobile, having a wider range of interests, young people are actively looking for new types of creative associations, cultural and educational events, and are bolder in abandoning old, obsolete traditions of cultural work.

While noting the generally positive content of these processes as a condition for the formation of a youth subculture, one cannot help but notice the difficulties that arise in the practical implementation of these newly emerging trends.

First of all, there is a gradual individualization of cultural activity. This cannot be said that this is bad in itself, because true creativity, like needs, strictly speaking, are always individual; the bad thing is that new types of activities are increasingly of a private nature. Small youth groups are appearing, closed to mass participation, to anyone. The desire to economize on culture aggravates this process and makes it elitist. This often gives rise to facts of cruelty and vandalism towards the values of spiritual and material culture, and creates lack of spirituality among a certain part of young people.

Thus, the methodological model of the sociological study of youth subculture is based on the study of two interrelated aspects, covering the system of cultural needs, on the one hand, and the interests and values of youth culture, on the other.

The concept of “cultural needs” is aimed mainly at revealing the processes of creation, development and consumption of cultural values. Cultural needs are dynamic, capable of manifesting themselves in objectified and individualized products of spiritual and material production. A special place in the realization of cultural needs belongs to the activity of the individual, for which the stimulus for activity is interest as an objective reality.

Permanent changes are taking place in the structure of the cultural needs of young people. First of all, they become more dynamic, actively and consistently respond to the intellectualization of social relations, to changes in everyday life and the general cultural level of life. An objectively distinctive feature of the cultural needs of young people is a focus on creative activities in the process of work and leisure, the priority of cognitive interest, and high moral qualities of the individual. However, in reality this does not exclude negative trends that contradict the tasks of the cultural development of youth and the content of their subculture.

The cultural needs of young people should be considered in the dialectical relationship of two forms of their manifestation, expressed in the production of culture and the consumption of created cultural values.

Trends in youth development Read more: Features of youth in modern Russian society

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Human interests

Needs are the basis of the interests of each person and his abilities. Interest is a person’s purposeful position regarding the object of his need. People's interests are not really directed to the object of their need, but to the process that makes it available. Interests depend on what social group the individual belongs to and what status he occupies in society.

There is the following classification of human interests: 1. Depending on their carrier - public, group, individual 2. Depending on the orientation - spiritual, social, political.

Each person needs to be aware of their interests, and when realizing them, take into account the interests of other people. Interests should not be of a strategic nature to achieve them. Without understanding whether an interest is genuine or imaginary, a person often achieves his goal by neglecting the interests of other individuals, which contradicts all human norms of humanity.

Attractions

Attraction

- an instinctive desire that prompts an individual to act in the direction of satisfying this desire. A mental state that expresses the unconscious need of the subject, which already has an emotional connotation, but is not yet associated with the promotion of conscious goals.

Attraction is characterized by four aspects: source, goal, object and force (energy).

Freud identifies the following types of drives:

1) attraction to life - life-affirming; their goal is the preservation and development of life in all its aspects; this includes sexual drives and the drive for self-preservation; 2) attraction to death, aggression, destruction; they are understood as inherent in the individual, usually unconscious, tendencies towards self-destruction and return to an inorganic state.

* Virtual class of school No. 185 in Nizhny Novgorod/Social studies lessons in 10th grade