How do people's emotional states affect communication?

In psychology, for a long time, insufficient attention was not paid to the study of the nature of emotional states, their types, properties and mechanisms of manifestation. The study of this neurophysiological phenomenon began in the 50-60s of the 20th century.

The first who paid due attention to the study of emotional states of the individual was the Soviet scientist N.D. Levitov, who attributed them to the manifestation of general mental states of a person. This gave impetus to the further development of psychological research devoted to the emotional sphere.

Definition

An emotional state in psychology is a separate psychophysiological process that has a direct impact on human behavior, motivation to perform certain actions, regulates the speed of thinking and perception of environmental objects.

The formation of a certain emotional state is closely related to the situation in which a person is, as well as the events occurring in his life.

In the scientific world, there are a huge number of views on the nature of the occurrence of emotional states. Currently, there is no single generally accepted definition that characterizes this state of the human psyche.

Psychologists who have studied the psycho-emotional component of personality express their own theories of the origin of emotional states.

The theory of psychologist A.N. Leontyev

Psychologist A.N. Leontyev connects the emergence of a person’s emotional states with what living conditions and other factors influence the individual in the process of performing certain actions.

During the manifestation of basic emotions in the form of fear, timidity, feelings of joy, dissatisfaction, emotional processes develop, which ultimately take the form of a certain state.

At this stage, a change in motor activity occurs, the functional activity of the endocrine glands, which are responsible for the synthesis of additional amounts of hormonal substances, increases.

According to the theory of psychologist A. N. Leontyev, during the formation of an emotional state, a person loses the direct instinctive nature of his emotions, as they differentiate, acquire diverse types and a complex character.

According to this scientist, higher emotional states, influenced by social, aesthetic and intellectual aspects, predominate in people's lives.

A. N. Leontiev’s definition states that the nature of the origin of the emotional state and the process of its formation is dual in nature, including a physiological and mental component.

The theory of psychologist P.V. Simonova

Psychologist P.V. Simonov developed his own theory of the informational nature of emotions and states that are associated with their manifestation. The opinion of this scientist is based on the fact that a person’s emotional state is formed on the basis of emotions, which are actually a reflection of his individual needs, as well as the potential for their satisfaction.

Moreover, in each specific case, the centers of the brain assess the current situation, using information about individual and genetic experience.

Theory K.E. Izard

American psychologist K.E. Izard does not share emotions and mental states that are formed on the basis of their manifestation. This scientist believes that emotional processes and states are closely related to human consciousness, as well as the experiences that arise in a given situation.

Determining the nature of the origin of emotional states K.E. Izard shifts the emphasis to the motivating aspect of the human personality, the process of which involves the perception of what is happening in the environment, thinking, and the performance of specific actions.

Phases of emotional stress

The state of emotional stress is considered a rather ambiguous phenomenon. Today we can confidently say that stress has become the curse of progress. Moreover, in adequate “dosage” they are considered useful. The research of the famous physiologist G. Selye demonstrated the usefulness of a certain degree of stress, since it helps to mobilize potential and adapt the individual to transforming conditions. However, if the stress is strong and prolonged, then an overload of a person’s adaptive potential occurs, which gives rise to psychophysiological “breakdowns” in the body.

The state of emotional stress is characterized by three phases. The first phase is marked by an anxiety reaction. As a result of the initial impact of a stressor, transformations occur in the body, which reduces its resistance. In rare cases, when the stressor is intense enough, death occurs.

The next phase is the resistance phase. When a stressor continues to impact, but a person can adapt to it, resistance arises. Manifestations of the anxiety reaction practically disappear. Resistance is growing. This is how the next phase begins – the stage of exhaustion. Due to prolonged interaction with a stress factor with which the body has already “got accustomed”, the energy spent on adaptation is exhausted. This again leads to anxiety, which can no longer be changed. The consequence may be death.

The formation of emotional overstrain is easy to imagine using the example of stress associated with an examination session. It is mistakenly believed that such stress occurs only during the exam. In fact, the beginnings of it begin long before the start of the session, when a student or applicant is faced with the understanding that it will soon be necessary to take exams. The actualization of such thoughts among different applicants occurs at different times. From the moment we understand the inevitability of the examination test, the anxious anticipation of this procedure begins to escalate, which reaches its limit in the classroom where the exam itself takes place. That is why the greatest transformations in a student’s body are observed before the exam, and not during it. At the same time, as a rule, emotional stress subsides after the completion of the first exam, but does not completely disappear, since there are still several exams ahead. If a university student received a grade lower than expected, then the anxiety caused by the anticipation of the next knowledge test will be higher.

Information obtained from the study of functional changes (ECG, study of neurological parameters, biochemical tests) in students during the session allowed us to conclude that the consequence of exposure to a constant stressor associated with the need to pass exams is a significant change in physicochemical parameters, saturation of the blood supply of capillaries , reactivity of brain bioresources and cardiac rhythm indicators. The listed failures did not return to normal after three days after the knowledge test.

Classification

An emotional state (in psychology this is reflected by the close connection between emotions, feelings and further actions of the person who experiences them) is a mental disturbance that arises under the influence of external and internal factors that are not constant.

After a change in the fundamental circumstances, this state of a person changes, which entails a change in the motivation for further actions. The table below describes the classification types of human emotional states.

Emotional state in psychology
Emotional state (in psychology this term is synonymous with the definitions “emotional process, phenomenon”) is a special way of manifesting feelings, which depends on the confluence of many factors. Therefore, it is possible that a person’s positive mood can change dramatically under the influence of a stressful situation, be accompanied by passion, or move to the stage of affect.

Symptoms and signs

The presence of emotional stress can be determined using a number of characteristic physiological and psychological signs.

These include:

1. Increased irritability.
2. Tears.
3. Increased heart rate.
4. Change in breathing rate.
5. Inability to control your behavior and reactions.
6. Anxiety.
7. Impaired memory and ability to concentrate.
8. Sudden jumps in blood pressure.
9. Fear, feeling of despair.
10. Weakness.
11. Increased sweating.
12. Overstrain of muscle groups.
13. Lack of air, oxygen deficiency.
14. Fatigue.
15. Headache.
16. An increase or, conversely, a decrease in body temperature.

In addition to the above symptoms, a person under stress experiences inappropriate reactions resulting from a surge of energy and the inability to control their own emotions.

Characteristics and properties

Each type of psycho-emotional state has basic properties that are directly related to what feelings a person experiences in a given situation, namely:

• emotional coloring, which gives uniqueness to the experience of good or bad life events, determines the further formation of mood, motivates to perform specific actions;
• the intensity of the emotions shown, as well as their quantitative indicator, occurring within a short period of time;
• duration, which is characterized by the presence of a long or short psycho-emotional state of a certain type.

In their manifestation, the properties of a person’s emotional states can be more or less pronounced, which depends on the specific conditions and influence of environmental factors in which the person is located.

Functions and role

The emotional state (in psychology, this definition implies the obligatory presence of feelings and emotional excitement) is an integral component of the life process, which performs a whole range of necessary functions.

Adaptive function

The adaptive function of the emotional state is manifested in providing the individual with the opportunity to adapt to new circumstances and environmental conditions.

At the same time, protective mechanisms are launched in the body, allowing a person to survive this period of life, maintaining physical and mental health. For example, to arrange your life as quickly as possible after moving to a new place of residence, or to begin professional or educational activities.

Communication function

The implementation of the communicative function occurs through a person’s communication with the people around him. Using the gift of speech, an individual has the opportunity to express his emotional state by talking about the presence of positive or negative feelings.

A distinctive feature of the communicative function is that it is two-way. In the course of his life, a person constantly encounters situations where the quality of his psycho-emotional state is affected by communication with other people.

Reflective function

The reflective function of the emotional state is characterized by the fact that, due to the totality of emotional experiences and the amount of surrounding information, a person receives a generalized assessment of certain events, people, as well as their current activities.

Incentive function

The incentive function of the psycho-emotional state determines the direction and motivation of the actions of one person or group of people that can lead to the achievement of a common goal. Without this function, it is impossible to overcome obstacles and further progress in personal development.

Preferred

The implementation of a preferred function occurs in situations where a person has a conflict of several motives for performing certain actions, among which it is necessary to choose the most profitable option.

Regulatory

The regulatory function of the emotional state ensures control and lability of the emerging relationships between the individual and the people around him.

The process of implementing this mechanism is influenced by the level of public culture, moral norms and mores characteristic of a particular society or area of ​​residence of a person.

Methods of getting rid of the disease

How to quickly and effectively relieve stress? This question worries people who have repeatedly encountered this problem. There is no clear answer to this.

The choice of treatment method is influenced by the nature and cause of stress, the phase and severity of the psychological disorder.

Treatment of emotional stress must be comprehensive and systematic. The following methods are used to fight:

1. Autogenic training.
2. Physiotherapy.
3. Meditation classes.
4. Drug treatment based on sedative and sedative medications.
5. Psychological trainings and consultations.
6. Psychotherapy.
7. Phytotherapy.
8. Autotraining.
9. Physiotherapy.

Emotional stress can lead to the development of serious diseases that threaten the health and even life of the patient. Therefore, it is recommended that you seek help from a specialist without delay.

Forms of manifestations

An emotional state (in psychology, this concept means the presence of certain experiences that arise under the influence of positive and negative factors) is a rush of feelings that can change depending on certain life circumstances. There are 9 main forms of manifestation of emotional states.

Interest

Interest, as one of the forms of manifestation of a person’s emotional state, is a mechanism for realizing a cognitive need, which ensures the full development of the individual. In this case, the neurons of the brain are excited.

The manifestation of an emotional state in the form of interest is due to the obligatory presence of a new object that evokes a desire to study it. A similar psycho-emotional reaction occurs after a sharp change in environmental conditions. For example, moving to a new place of residence, traveling.

Astonishment

The manifestation of an emotional state in the form of surprise can occur under the influence of negative or positive experiences. A prerequisite is the presence of a sudden event, the occurrence of which was not expected or anticipated by the person himself or his immediate environment.

Joy

The manifestation of an emotional state in the form of joy is possible only under the influence of positive factors and events. In this case, a person simultaneously feels satisfaction of his needs, self-confidence, and senses his importance. The manifestation of joy is short-term in nature, since prolonged expression of positive emotions is stressful for the nervous system.

Suffering

Suffering is always saturated with a large number of negative experiences. This form of manifestation of the emotional state plays an important role in motivating a person to further actions to change his lifestyle, achieving goals that will ultimately lead to joy, satisfaction, and a feeling of happiness.

Neglect

Disdain is closely related to the expression of a sense of personal advantage.

This form of manifestation of an emotional state becomes the basis for the expression of other negative emotions, most of which lead to conflicts and destruction of social ties.

Hostility

The manifestation of an emotional state in the form of hostility is possible only if there is a simultaneous combination of feelings of anger, disdain and disgust towards a certain object. In this case, the occurrence of aggression, which is expressed in physical and verbal influence, cannot be ruled out.

Fear

The emotional state, manifested in the form of fear, occurs after the brain receives information about potential danger. This may be a real threat to life or an imaginary situation that is modeled in the mind based on previously experienced emotions. For example, fear of going to the dentist, fear of the dark, or swimming in deep water.

Anxiety

Anxiety is a form of manifestation of an emotional state that has a direct impact on the development of neuroses. In this case, the human nervous system is in a state of constant excitement and stimulation by one or a number of negative factors. This may be an accompanying feeling of shame, resentment, anger, or interest.

Shame

The feeling of shame is formed from a complex of negative emotions that arise under the influence of negative events. This form of manifestation of an emotional state arises on the basis of a discrepancy between the actions, appearance and opinions of the subject in relation to the expectations of the majority of others.

Quite often, a feeling of shame provokes strong mental anxiety, which leads to prolonged suffering and a state of depression.

What is psycho-emotional stress

• The state of psycho-emotional stress can include a variety of unfavorable emotional states associated with dissatisfaction of basic life needs: frustration, discomfort, stress, anxiety, depression, a state of dissatisfaction, etc.

Emotional stress develops in several stages.

1. Mobilization of activity. There is an increase in physical and mental performance, inspiration arises when solving non-standard, creative problems or when there is a shortage of time. If such mobilization of the body is insufficient, the second stage of emotional stress occurs.
2. Stenic negative emotion. There is a maximum mobilization of all the body's resources, expressed in anger, rage, obsession. If this is not enough, the third stage occurs.
3. Asthenic negative emotion. It manifests itself as a state of horror, melancholy, legs “give”, hands “grow down”. This stage is a kind of danger signal; it encourages a person to make a different choice, abandon the goal or take a different path to achieve it. Ignoring the requirements of the 3rd stage inevitably leads to the emergence of the 4th stage
4. Neurosis: lack of choice. And then problems arise that ultimately lead to physical illness.

• The development of psycho-emotional stress is usually influenced by people’s living conditions, socio-demographic indicators, and personal characteristics. Relationships in the family, at work, everyday problems, ways of spending leisure time, habits that affect health, etc. and the resulting unfavorable emotional states, through changes in neurohumoral regulation, can affect physiological processes in the human body and contribute to the development of many chronic diseases.

• This condition is currently listed in ICD-10 under section z55-z65. As "a potential health hazard associated with socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances."

Hence the relevance of the prevention and treatment of psycho-emotional stress and, as its consequences, neuroses.

How psycho-emotional stress manifests itself

Our entire body reacts to an emotional stimulus, that is, any unprocessed, both negative and positive emotion in a critical condition leads to tension in a certain muscle or an entire group of muscles. those. the emotions that we most often experience can be read from a person’s muscles.

For example, in a situation of fear, muscle tension occurs automatically: the shoulders rise, the neck pulls the head into them, the arms and legs tense (sometimes they even begin to shake).

Or take the state of respiratory function at a moment of emotional stress. As an instinctive reaction to fear, there may be holding your breath. Here we get the “stimulus-response” chain.

In other words, fear reflexively causes holding the breath, and holding the breath, in turn, increases fear. A vicious circle arises: “fear - holding your breath - fear - holding your breath - fear.” Even background ideomotor “work”, be it mental playback of a conflict, mental stress, etc. lead to muscle tension, which in turn sends a signal to the brain, and back we get muscle tension.

This is how a Ukhtomsky dominant can form in the cerebral cortex. This is a dominant focus that will constantly send a signal to the muscles and keep them in tension, i.e. we get excitation reverberation (signal closing on itself, i.e. in a circle). Thus, with physical overstrain and overfatigue, along with changes in the ECG, hypertonicity of the skeletal muscles is noted. With neuroses, muscle hypotonia and an increase in lactate and urea in the blood also occur.

We see that psycho-emotional stress can cause hypertension, tension headaches, neuroses, various hormonal dysfunctions, as well as pathological changes in the cardiovascular, digestive and other systems (a number of psychosomatic diseases).

If we talk about clinical manifestations, then there is a greater polymorphism of manifestations and a tendency to expand symptoms. From vegetative dystonia syndrome, to anxiety states, obsessive actions, etc. and most likely, the symptoms will depend on the person’s personality.

Management methods

There are 3 most reliable and proven techniques with which you can effectively control emotional states.

Psycho-emotional regulation

This method of controlling the emotional state involves activating memories of good or bad events that were experienced previously. For example, to suppress feelings of anger, irritation, rage, it is enough to think about a life situation in which there was an excessive amount of positive emotions, a feeling of happiness, joy.

Regulation of mental process

This method of managing emotional states is more complex, as it requires control over the thought process and consciousness.

The implementation of this method is carried out as follows:

• it is necessary to distract your thoughts from the negative events that occur in the environment;
• switch attention to other objects and objects that do not cause negative emotions;
• from each situation you should choose only that emotional component that does not cause stress;
• always adhere to the principle of a positive interpretation of any event;
• to attach insignificant significance to the current situation, as if it does not have any impact on life processes.

It is always recommended to redirect negative emotional impulses into various areas of life and professional activity.

Bodily regulation

This type of control over the emotional state involves performing distracting actions that do not allow you to focus on the feelings and emotional excitement that have arisen.

For example, counting beads located on hand rosaries. In this case, tactile contact of the fingers occurs, which creates a distraction effect. At the same moment, due to constant counting, attention dissipates.

An emotional state is a set of feelings, sensations, and emotional disturbances that are experienced over a long or short period of time. In psychology, scientists P.V. studied the psycho-emotional states of a person. Simonov, K.E. Izard, A.N. Leontyev.

Changes in emotional state occur under the influence of positive or negative environmental factors, and its forms of manifestation are closely related to all types of life processes. A person’s psycho-emotional states are filled with good and bad experiences, situations that influence his personal development and motivation to act.

Risk group

Almost every person experiences emotional stress repeatedly throughout their life. However, experts identify a separate group of people who are most susceptible to this scourge. For them, stress often takes on a chronic, protracted form and is quite severe, with the development of a number of associated complications and physiological consequences. The risk group includes:

1. Persons with increased emotional excitability.
2. Creative individuals with a well-developed imagination.
3. People suffering from nervous disorders and diseases.
4. Representatives of certain professions (politicians, businessmen, journalists, police officers, drivers, military personnel, pilots, air traffic controllers).
5. People with high levels of anxiety.
6. Residents of megalopolises and big cities.

Such people are especially vulnerable to external irritating psycho-emotional factors, and even a seemingly insignificant reason causes disturbances in their emotional state.