Affective contradiction is what it is Affective contradiction: definition - Psychology.NES

March 30, the birthday of the artist Vincent Van Gogh, has been declared World Bipolar Day. This is a fairly common (according to WHO, 60 million people worldwide are affected) and difficult to treat mental disorder, which can lead an educated and quite successful person to loss of productivity and suicide.

What is bipolar affective disorder (BD) and how to help loved ones with such a diagnosis, Maria Pushkina, coordinator of the patient community of the Bipolar Association, told TD.

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Boundaries of the concept

Under the state of passion, like any other emotional process, it is a psychophysiological process of internal regulation of activity and reflects an unconscious subjective assessment of the current situation. From the point of view of physical actions, this is a strong emotional excitement. A person in this state does not control his actions, but on the contrary, affect acts as self-defense in response to insults.

Its unique characteristics are short duration and high intensity, as well as speed, endurance and strength - combined with pronounced manifestations in behavior and the functioning of internal organs. In animals, the occurrence of affects is associated with factors directly affecting the maintenance of physical existence, associated with biological needs and instincts.

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The content and nature of a person’s affects undergo significant changes under the influence of society, and they can also arise in emerging social relationships, for example, as a result of social assessments and sanctions. Affect always arises in response to an already existing situation[1], mobilizing the body and organizing behavior in such a way as to ensure a quick reaction to it.

Experts distinguish between the concept of “affect” and the concepts of “feeling”, “emotion”, “mood” and “experience”.

Affects differ from feelings, moods and emotions primarily in their intensity and short duration, and also in that they always arise in response to an already existing situation [1].

Experiences are understood only as the subjective mental side of emotional processes, which does not include physiological components.

Is it possible to notice how to prevent

Affect develops in three stages, but they change very quickly. At the initial stage of affect, a person can control his excitement, but at the second stage he cannot. If you notice that you are falling into a state of passion, do the following:

1. With all your might, switch your attention to something else, do not concentrate on the irritating factor.
2. Change the activity or environment. For example, if you feel that a quarrel with your husband is about to end in an explosion, go out the door or onto the street and run around the house.
3. Try to slow down your reactions and reduce your excitement. Use breathing exercises. Take deep, long breaths and exhales for a few seconds, and concentrate on counting.

If these measures do not help, then you need the help of a psychologist. Your condition cannot be called a mild stage, so psychotherapy is indicated. In some cases, mentally healthy people prone to affective outbursts are prescribed medications.

If you feel vulnerable, you are afraid that you will suddenly break down, then take preventative measures, monitor the general condition of the nervous system, and strengthen it. The following practices will help with this:

• herbal and aromatherapy therapy;
• regular exercise;
• yoga, meditation and stretching;
• massage and warm baths;
• reflexology;
• auto-training;
• color therapy;
• complete rest.

These methods not only strengthen the nervous system, but also help in the development of self-control and self-regulation. They teach you to understand the body, its connection with the psyche, to feel the manifestations of emotions, their dynamics.

What reactions do discrete affects, moods, and affective states evoke in the analyst?

Typically, affective experiences located above the neutral line (liking, satisfaction, pride, courage, optimism, kindness, energy, confidence, effectiveness) allow the patient to feel safe when he talks to the analyst about his thoughts. Conversely, mistrust, envy, shame, fear, sadness, guilt, passivity, feelings of insecurity and ineptitude usually cause defensive measures and prevent the patient from opening up.

A direct affirmative response tends to reinforce the patient's positive affect or positive mood. Negative affects and moods may increase (or decrease) in response to the analyst's questioning and interest (Figure 4). In this case, the nature of the expectation, which can cause discrete positive or negative affect or mood, can be relatively easily brought to the patient's consciousness, revealing transference configurations of different intensity and duration.

===================================================== ========= Diagram 4. ———————————————————- Positive affect Security Ability to check and mood for compliance with conditions Negative affect Security and mood === ===================================================== ======
Intense affective states may also be accompanied by a feeling of safety or security. Delight, calm self-satisfaction, the idea of ​​one's perfection, reckless refusal, inspiration, arrogance, rage, grandiosity and omnipotence reinforce in the patient thoughts and modes of behavior that he does not seek to discuss or question.

The patient perceives the feeling of safety as depending on the preservation of his condition. Interventions aimed at reducing the patient's self-aggrandizement or eliminating dangerous aspects of the condition result in the analyst viewing the danger as not the emotional state as such. Persistent and/or intense suspicion, hatred, dissatisfaction, unbearable feelings of shame, horror, depression, self-pity, humiliation, apathy, victimhood and feelings of inadequacy are usually aimed at achieving a sense of security as a general guideline. Challenging their validity or even clarifying their sources often risks creating aversive feelings towards the analyst.

Affective states that express feelings of safety and security are, paradoxically, similar in that they are sources of resistance to exploration and change. A patient who experiences a state of elation, hyper-idealization and self-aggrandizement in various forms will be extremely resistant to its comprehension and exploration or the loss of a temporary sense of security.

Many of the behaviors dictated by these states, often grouped under the term “grandiosity,” are defensive or the result of deficits. We believe it necessary to emphasize the clinically extremely important facts: 1) their sources are usually a combination of previous difficult or traumatic experiences, 2) conflicts invariably play a role in their development, and 3) each case requires an investigation of its significance.

Reluctance to change is a necessary attribute; therefore, the analyst's failure to recognize the patient's insistence on maintaining a sense of security may be regarded as a lack of empathy. In turn, the patient's feeling of lack of empathy leads to strengthening of his defenses - now iatrogenic in origin - and often to the emergence of an aversive state.

The aversive state of anger, humiliation, fear, powerlessness, helpless dependence, self-pity and inadequacy can be associated with the despair of a person clinging with all his might to his past sense of security. These states are indeed dystonic and aversive, but the patient may regard them as familiar, as an aspect of identity, and as a reliable defense against new experiences of hope, disappointment, and frustration.

The analyst is able to help if he understands the patient's motive to cling to his state and inspires confidence in him by remaining with the patient in this state (containment of affect). Inquiring about the “reality” of aversive affects and discounting the seriousness of the current situation by interpreting the “real” cause in the past is often perceived as a lack of empathy and increases the patient's need to defend.

Advantages and disadvantages

The presence of affectation can be noted almost everywhere - on the theater stage, in cinema or other forms of art (literature, painting). However, the presence of such reactions is often noted negatively by critics.

However, it should be noted that such techniques are still very effective and perform their function. A sudden remark, an emotional outburst, a sharp movement - all this makes the performance bright and memorable. Sometimes excessive pathos creates the right atmosphere, heightened perception. You can especially often observe the work of affect on stage - during stand-ups, comedy shows, and in the theater.

Children resort to affectation when they want to attract the attention of adults to their needs - they exaggeratedly express dissatisfaction, cry openly, become capricious and “sulk”. Adults who exhibit affective behavior are also sometimes told that they are “acting like children.”

Affection often irritates people around you, as it looks very feigned and insincere - unless the situation unfolds in a comedic or humorous context. In addition, the “depiction” of exaggerated feelings is always an attempt at manipulation (albeit unconscious in some cases). People sense these attempts and perceive them negatively on a subconscious level.

Phases of affect and their characteristics

1. The first phase is pre-affective.
2. The second phase is an affective explosion.
3. The third phase is post-affective.

So far, we have used a phenomenological approach to describe discrete affects, moods, and affective states and how we work with them in treatment. We used nine pairs of opposing affects as examples. Obviously the list could be much longer.

The main affective experience related to the attachment system is the feeling of closeness. This feeling occurs both in dyadic relationships with mother and father (and any other person or pet) and - in more complex forms - in triadic relationships, in which shifting desires and competition exacerbate the desire for intimacy.

Thus, sympathy, trust, love, contentment, generosity, pride, respect, courage, optimism and valuable moral qualities are affective experiences that arise in the process of positive attachment experiences. Likewise, the complementary experiences of anger, doubt, envy, jealousy, apprehension, shame, and guilt intensify the experience of attachment.

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Feelings of efficacy and competence are most important in the motivational system of exploration and self-affirmation. A whole group of negative affects, moods and states are experiences that reflect the dominance of the aversive motivational system in discrete or combined forms of hostility and withdrawal. When a person is energetic and confident, this reflects the state of the self rather than any other system.

Affective experiences associated with systems based on the regulation of physiological needs and the need for sensual pleasure and sexual arousal are somewhat different from the schemes we have presented (schemes 1, 2 and 3). Affective experiences related to these two systems include many more bodily sensations that arise from the rhythmic intensification of physiological needs and tension due to the production of hormones.

We have described (Lichtenberg, 1989) the physiological needs that are subject to mental regulation throughout life: eating, excretion, breathing, tactile and proprioceptive stimulation, temperature regulation, balance, sleep and general physical health. We separate these physiological needs and the mental regulation they require from subtle bodily processes such as the function of the spleen, liver, etc.

, which are not accessible to awareness. We hypothesized that the basic innate feeding pattern is as follows: the need to eat > a feeling of hunger, which forms the affect of distress (crying) > the experience of sucking and absorbing food (the elimination of distress occurring at different speeds = relief) >

a feeling of pleasure and a feeling of satiety (accompanied by a state of transition to another motivational need). The success of mental regulation of this pattern is measured by the infant's achievement of awareness of the feelings of hunger and satiety as self-identified affects and sensations.

Awareness of the feelings of hunger and satiety is achieved only as a result of sensitive dyadic communication between mother and baby, when the mother picks up the baby's signals. In our clinical work with many adults, we cannot and should not grasp the subtleties of these formative dyadic interactions.

The “hunger-eating-relief and satiation” pattern, if it is formed and stable, hardly needs research. However, when disturbances related to eating function (lack of appetite, overeating and vomiting) occur, a spectrum of affective disorders arises that can force us to return to the basic pattern that led to the development of the disease (see Lichtenberg et al., 1992, pp. 138 -145).

Another example of affective patterns associated with the regulation of physiological needs is breathing. As a rule, during clinical interaction, the sensation of breathing remains outside the field of consciousness of both partners, that is, in the neutral zone. A possible exception is the properties of breathing that affect the speech of a patient who is experiencing a particular affect.

In some specific situations that arise during the treatment process, breathing directly or indirectly becomes a subject of awareness. In states of excitement, joyful excitement, fear or anger, breathing noticeably quickens. In states of reduced arousal, avoidance and suppression of affect, or drowsiness, breathing slows down.

In situations where breathing is difficult due to colds, sinus infections, and asthma attacks, the threat of airflow blockage causes discomfort with the potential for panic caused by a feeling of suffocation. If there have been traumatic events in the patient's life that are associated with the feeling of suffocation, such as the patient's near-drowning experience or, as in Nancy's case, Matt putting his hand over her nose and mouth, memories of them may revive this sensation, and then it will accompanied by a panic attack.

Our hypothesis is that during the analysis, even when the patient is breathing imperceptibly, the frequency and depth of breathing, along with postural changes and abdominal rumbling, are included in the imperceptible and unreflective dyadic communication. Perceived above a subthreshold level, these less immediate indicators of affect provide a background source of information that contributes to the vitalization of the predominant verbal-affective flow or indicates a flattened, lifeless state of the patient - “words without music.”

In our opinion, the affective goals of “sexuality” are much more diverse than postulated by libido theory. In this theory, the model of orgasmic release is as follows: a gradual increase (foreplay), then a more rapid increase in the state of arousal (coitus), resulting in orgasmic release (pleasure), and a sharp decrease in sensations, accompanied by relaxation (satisfaction).

Observation of the “sexual” life of young children and adults shows that from about nine months of age two paths are open: (1) the need for sensual pleasure, manifested in the form of general distress and anxiety or a specific sensation in the sensual target zone > calming, stroking, rhythmic frictions >

or a decrease in distress and anxiety and specific feelings of pleasure, accompanied by a decrease in general tension, or (2) a decrease in distress and anxiety and specific feelings of pleasure, accompanied by an increase in focal and generalized feelings of sexual arousal.

One path involves sensory sensations, the intensity of which can increase or decrease as pleasure is achieved. Another path involves sexual arousal, the intensity of which increases until it reaches a climax. The sensory pleasure pathway may involve sensations distributed throughout the body (mouth, skin, anus, and genitals) and across sensory modalities (vision, hearing, taste, and touch).

The pathway associated with sexual arousal may include all other sources of stimulation, but the main area is the penis or the vulvo-clitoral-perineal area. Sensual pleasure is often accompanied by feelings of tenderness towards oneself or others, while sexual arousal is accompanied by feelings of power and aggressive attack in both men and women, and these are often intensified by the sensation of pain.

Sensations and affects that include the full experience of both sensuality and sexuality may be “autoerotic” as a pattern, but not in their origin or psychic content. A vivid experience of sensuality and sexuality arises as a result of the intersubjective interaction between parents and child.

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Therefore, pre- and post-symbolic representations of these experiences bear the stamp of their dyadic and triadic sources in figurative forms in which passive and active roles can easily change. Sensual and sexual experiences often contain an elusive quality of vagueness and dreaminess that promotes the interchangeability of subject-object representations.

The variability of the qualities “active-passive”, “male-female” provides these experiences with great opportunities for penetration into various spheres of dyadic and triadic relationships. However, in patients whose self-coherence is vulnerable, variability in representations is often the cause of fear, as well as defenses against loss of boundaries, and hence avoidance that limits close relationships (Mitchell, 1993).

The significance for clinical interaction of this predominance of the language of “feelings” in the metaphors of each motivational system lies in two points. First, metaphors orient us to the affectively rich potential of what is being said. Second, metaphors often allow the patient to make divergent remarks that may be needed to get closer to the actual experience.

What is deprivation in simple words

Deprivation

called deprivation of a person’s usual qualities of life. We can talk about vital circumstances, as well as a person’s condition when it is impossible to satisfy some significant needs.

In English, the verb to deprive is known, meaning to deprive, take away, take away. It implies a negative connotation and the taking away of something necessary or valuable.

The word “deprivation” is often found in psychological literature. It is based on the Latin root privare - “separation”. The prefix de in an English word enhances the meaning of the root. If we talk about English-language literature, then the concept of “deprivation” implies some kind of loss or insufficient satisfaction of any need. This does not always mean the physical aspects - often it is about mental needs.

In their works “Mental deprivation in childhood,” J. Langmeyer and Z. Matejcek give the following definition:

“A mental condition resulting from situations in which the subject is unable to satisfy certain basic mental needs sufficiently over a long period.”

The needs included by the authors among the “basic”:

• the need for certain conditions for productive study (work);
• the need for primary social connections (mother, father), which help to form a personality;
• the need for self-realization in society, which provides the opportunity to master various skills and gain valuable goals.

When discussing deprivation, an analogy is periodically drawn between biological and mental failure. Just as disorders occur with a deficiency of vitamins, adequate nutrition, oxygen, and so on, so they can also appear with a mental deficiency of stimulation, love, and communication.

Physiology of affect

The onset of affect is accompanied by changes in autonomic reactions (changes in pulse and respiration, spasm of peripheral blood vessels, protrusion of sweat, etc.), pronounced changes in the voluntary motor sphere (inhibition, excitation or overexcitation, impaired coordination of movements). The principle of operation of a lie detector, which records many physiological indicators of the body, is based on this effect.

Strong affect usually disrupts the normal course of higher mental processes - perception and thinking, sometimes causing a narrowing of consciousness or darkness [source not specified 196 days].

Techniques to promote a sense of security

What technical approaches allow the analysand to feel safe enough to recreate affective states that reflect the important life experiences that need to be explored, and also to prevent the emergence of barriers to reflective understanding of the states?

The key to everything is the empathic way of perceiving. As the analyst makes progress in identifying the analysand's affects and moods and in understanding the corresponding motivations, affects tend to remain flexible, consciousness expands, and a sense of security develops. According to Friedman, “love, or the illusion of love, occurs when someone reinforces a person's subjective sense of support” (Friedman, 1995, p. 446).

When the analyst makes inevitable mistakes in identifying the affect, mood, and/or motivation presented from the patient's perspective, an affective state caused by such failure often follows. A characteristic feature of many of these errors is the patient's feeling that he is being treated as an “object” and his subjective qualities are being ignored or not noticed (objectification; Broucek, 1991).

If the patient and the analyst manage to contain the affective state and begin to explore its emergence as caused by the empathic error, the patient is able to correct the analyst's perception of the source of the destructive state. By being open to the analysand's perceptions, the analyst reinforces his ability to make reflective observations and influence.

“You become silent and nurse your resentment when I don’t accept what you tell me.” Or: “You speak as if you know everything, but I know nothing.” Or: “You are too confident in your attractiveness to understand how I feel.” These attributions of resentment, omniscience, and self-perfection provide opportunities for exploring the impact of one person's condition on another, if the analyst allows himself to “try on” the attribution.

By being open to speculation and allowing oneself to empathize with the state, sometimes recognizing dimly perceived aspects of the self that have been influenced in the intersubjective realm, the analyst can model a willingness to explore the impact of the affective state that inevitably impacts the dyadic relationship.

Affectation

Affection as a personality quality is a tendency to show
unnatural, usually ostentatious, exaggerated sensitivity, agitation in behavior and speech, expressed by unnatural gestures, excessive elation, and pathetic speech.
The lecturer asks with affectation and pathos: “Tell me, who was braver than Alexander Nevsky, wiser than Socrates, fairer than Solomon, more honest than Washington, wittier than Chekhov and more beautiful than Apollo and more brilliant than Einstein?” In the silence, a voice is heard from the last row: “My wife’s first husband!”

Since prep school student Volodenka had been bringing in only excellent scores all week, as an exception, he was allowed to spend Saturday evening at the table with adults. The adults drank coffee and liqueurs and told funny stories. Suddenly Volodenka squeaked: “And I also know a funny story!” “Well,” said one of the guests, “if it’s not very long, then tell me.” Volodenka struck a pose and said with affectation in a pathetic tone: “It’s been a month now, and there’s nothing.” - Well, isn't this a funny story? - said mummy. - But of course! This morning my governess said this to daddy, and daddy grabbed his head and groaned: “What a funny story!”

Affectation (French affectaion, from affecter - to do something artificially, to pretend). Unnaturalness, tension in address and speech, antics.

In psychology, affectation is interpreted as unnaturalness of speech, feelings for show, coercion, pretense, memorized speech. This is usually detected by barely noticeable signs (in tone, gestures, choice of words), and the acting of the subject of speech turns out to be in vain - unconvincing. If this is a denial of the accusations, the listeners remain unconvinced; if there is political or religious affectation, suspicion of bias or hypocrisy arises.

Affection is a combination in a person of exaggerated sensitivity, unnaturalness, theatrical excitement, feigned emotionality and pretense.

Sensitivity as a personality quality is the ability to feel, express one’s emotions, hear one’s own voice of the soul, subtly capture the shades of the mood of others, understand and empathize with their feelings, and perceive with piercing acuity the beauty of the world, nature, and works of art.

Affection is the inability to understand that one has gone too far. Like any excess, sensitivity, becoming exaggerated, artificial, posturing, that is, having absorbed the negativity of affectation, turns into ugly antics, stupid clowning and panache.

Now you will read a phrase that will be incomprehensible to you at first: “If you show affectation, the dog will not come out.” Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin had this saying: “You need to play on stage so that the dog comes out.” And when the actors asked what this meant, Fyodor Ivanovich told the following story:

— In the provincial theater of one county town, one of the artists always came to work with a dog. She curled up in a ball and slept throughout the rehearsal. But as soon as the last words of the play ended, the dog immediately jumped up and got ready to go home. The artists were surprised how she knew about the end, because everyone was talking both during the rehearsal and after it. But one day a famous artist from the capital came to this theater. And as soon as he began his first monologue, the dog immediately jumped up and got ready to go home. How did the dog find out about the end of the rehearsal, and why did the arrival of the capital’s artist knock it down?

Dogs are naturally attentive and observant. They sense affectation ten miles away, that is, the slightest falsehood, affectation and theatricality. You can’t fool them with affectation—cheap acting, panache, posing and showing off. While the actors juggled with pretentious phrases, showed affectation, artificiality, insincerity and unnaturalness, the dog dozed peacefully. When the rehearsal ended, people gave up affectation and theatricality and began to speak in a simple, natural and sincere way. The dog associated this metamorphosis in people's behavior with the need to leave.

When a real master arrived and showed his artistic talent in full force, the dog did not feel any affectation, on the contrary, he felt truthfulness, naturalness and sincerity. So I got ready to leave. The great Chaliapin is great because at the sound of his delightful, magical voice, any dog ​​would run to the exit. In a word, you need to live without affectation, so that the dog comes out.

An anecdote on topic.

At her husband's funeral, a beautiful young widow is inconsolable. She breaks her hands in affectation, sobs, fights in hysterics, throws herself into the grave shouting: “Darling!” Take me with you. She is constantly supported by the arm of a young man - a distant relative of her husband. Closer to night, when people have gone home after the wake, he begins to console the young widow. She timidly resists: “Well, it’s mourning, isn’t it?” – Are you sure his soul is still here? The young man, not paying attention to the words, slowly pushes the widow towards the bed. Finally, she says with pathos: “Well, okay.” Just do everything slowly and sadly...

Petr Kovalev 2020 Other articles by the author: https://podskazki.info/karta-statej/

Varieties of affect

1. Physiological affect is an affect caused by a single (one-time) psychotraumatic impact of the victim’s behavior.
2. Cumulative affect is an affect caused by a long-term traumatic situation associated with the behavior of the victim.
3. Pathological affect is affect caused by illness.
4. Interrupted affect is an emotional state interrupted by external influence, unfolding according to certain psychological mechanisms and reaching affective depth. In such situations, we can talk about the interruption not of the pre-affective phase and the immediate moment of the affective explosion, but of the post-affective period.

Signs of affect

1. Subjective unexpectedness of psychotraumatic effects.
2. Subjective suddenness of the occurrence of an affective explosion.
3. Explosive nature of emotional reaction.
4. Partial narrowing of consciousness - fragmentation and incompleteness of perception: simultaneous (incomplete perception of the situation at a separate point in time) and successive (incomplete perception of the surrounding reality and one’s actions over time).
5. Violations of voluntary regulation of activity - disorder of mediation of actions, disorder of control of actions, decreased ability to predict the results of actions, lack of prediction of long-term consequences of actions.
6. Physical asthenia (exhaustion).
7. Mental asthenia (exhaustion).

1. A feeling of subjective hopelessness from the current situation.
2. Unfavorable psychophysiological state (overwork, lack of sleep, somatic illness, etc.).
3. Relating to a partial narrowing of consciousness - the filling of consciousness with experiences associated with psychotraumatic effects, elements of distorted (illusory) perception, elements of loss of a sense of the reality of the environment, elements of a feeling of alienation of one’s actions.
4. Relating to violations of voluntary regulation of activity - motor automatisms (stereotypes), disturbances of speech activity, inconsistency of the aggressive actions of the accused with his value-semantic sphere, personality orientation or typical ways of reacting.
5. A sharp change in vasomotor and other vegetative manifestations.
6. Disorganization of mental activity.
7. Incomplete awareness (misunderstanding) of what happened.
8. Committing actions atypical for the personality psychotype (aggression, intention to harm oneself, even suicide, stupor)

Literature

1. Affect: the practice of forensic psychological and psychiatric examination. Reader / Compiled by F. S. Safuanov, E. V. Makushkin. - M.: Federal State Budgetary Institution "GNTsSSP im. V. P. Serbsky" Ministry of Health of Russia, 2013. - 312 p.
2. Affect // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
3. Balabanova L. M. Forensic pathopsychology (issues of determining the norm and deviations). - Donetsk: Stalker, 1998. - 432 p. — 20,000 copies. — ISBN 966-596-104-7.
4. Reber, Arthur S. Large explanatory psychological dictionary = The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology: Second Edition. — 2nd edition. - Moscow: Veche, AST, 2001. - T. 1 (of 2). — 592 p. — 8000 copies. — ISBN 5-17-009151-6, ISBN 5-17-009148-6, ISBN 5-17-008900-7, ISBN 5-7838-0606-4, ISBN 5-7838-0605-6.
5. Psychological Dictionary / Edited by V. V. Davydov, A. V. Zaporozhets, B. F. Lomov and others. - Moscow: Pedagogy, 1983. - P. 29-20. — 448 p. — 75,000 copies.
6. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. In 3 volumes / Chief editor B.V. Petrovsky. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1982. - T. 1. - P. 109. - 1424 p. — 100,000 copies.

Fundamental emotions (according to K. Izard)
Emotions and feelings
Affects
Moods

This page was last edited on August 28, 2019 at 3:52 pm.