Suggestibility. Factors influencing suggestibility

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Without noticing it, people receive suggestions from their environment and, to the same extent, influence others. All beliefs, ideas, thoughts, even characters and morals, are suggestible. It is an effective remedy to manage various forms of the condition. It is actively used in medicine, sports, and pedagogy. The main task of influence is to bring positive aspects and teach people to benefit. But there is a category of people to whom it is especially easy to impose their ideas, thoughts, and considerations.

What is suggestibility

A suggestible person is one who is easy to subordinate to someone else's will. This has not only disadvantages, but also its advantages.

Education occurs through suggestion. There are no people completely free from the judgments and opinions of others. First, parents tell their children what is good and what is bad. They convey information about the world around them within the framework of its advantages and disadvantages. Then along the way we meet other people who can also somehow influence us. Psychologists claim that the degree of suggestibility of each person has its own characteristics.

Pros and cons of quality

People who are suggestible easily adapt to circumstances and rarely conflict. They quickly remember any information and very often become professionals in one field.

Positive qualities:

• availability of talents;
• easy and quick perception of any information;
• plasticity of psyche and logic;
• high learning ability.

The disadvantages of suggestible people include the fact that they trustingly accept criticism addressed to them and have low self-esteem. They very quickly succumb to the influence of scammers, because they believe in the good deeds of other people.

Negative qualities:

• quick change of opinion;
• falling under the influence of scammers or swindlers;
• the emergence of frequent conflicts from a diversity of opinions.

Frequent conflicts are a possible consequence of increased suggestibility

Increased suggestibility does not interfere with a person’s life, but its degree can affect the quality of life.

Suggestibility. Factors influencing suggestibility

“I am so easily suggestible that I rush forward before I have time to figure out what exactly I am being asked to do.”
Agatha Christie Suggestibility - increased susceptibility to suggestions from the outside or one's own. Suggestible people more easily than others submit to the suggestive influences of others, books, advertising, etc., and accept other people's ideas as their own. They relatively easily obey instructions and advice, even if this advice contradicts their own beliefs and interests, and are easily infected by other people's moods and habits.

The degree of suggestibility depends on many personal and situational factors. First of all, these are personal characteristics: women, children (especially preschool age) and adolescents are more suggestible; people are trusting, impressionable, anxious, and insecure. People with undeveloped logical thinking and generally lower intelligence are more suggestible. In some cases, suggestibility is the basis of conformity - the habit of thinking and acting “like everyone else.”

Personality traits that favor increased suggestibility include: self-doubt, low self-esteem, feelings of inferiority, humility, timidity, shyness, gullibility, anxiety, increased emotionality, impressionability. With frequent reproduction of states of suggestion, a corresponding character is formed (traits of timidity, gullibility, impressionability, anxiety, lack of self-confidence). The following situational factors are identified that influence the increase in individual suggestibility:

1) the psychophysical state of the subject - with rest and relaxation, suggestibility increases, as well as with strong emotional arousal, fatigue, illness, stress; maximum suggestibility is observed in hypnosis;

2) low level of awareness and competence in the issue being discussed or the type of activity being performed; low degree of its significance for the individual;

3) lack of time to make a decision.

Every person in certain situations can be suggestible to some extent.

The group in which the person being indoctrinated is located plays an important role: the larger the group and the higher the unanimity in it, the more difficult it is to resist it. In addition, suggestibility is greater, the lower a person’s status, the higher his attachment to the group or dependence on it. The effectiveness of suggestion is influenced by the confident manners, categorical tone, and expressive intonation of the person doing the suggestion.

Everyone is suggestible to one degree or another, and sometimes it is quite harmless: usually the greater the suggestibility, the less important what is being discussed and the less a person understands about it. Including people are more suggestible in situations of time shortage, stress and fatigue. Lead a healthy lifestyle, get enough sleep, learn to plan your time, practice calm presence and the habit of independent thinking - and you will be protected from unnecessary suggestions.

Psychologist of the public health department of the Gomel Regional Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health Ekaterina Shundikova

A person lives in a society where he is influenced by various suggestibility factors. Suggestion can be called a mechanism for introducing beliefs, opinions, ideas into another person in order to influence the course of his further thoughts, decisions and actions. Intragroup forms of suggestibility are actively used, which make it possible to control entire groups of people.

People influence each other. But only you can choose whether to be a “pig”, as they say about you, or not. Just because other people don't believe in you and express their dissatisfaction with criticism doesn't mean they're right. Go against other people's opinions. Improve yourself in the direction you want to develop, regardless of what other people think about you.

Modern man never misses a moment to offend anyone. Insults create the feeling that the person doing the insulting is better and more perfect than the person being criticized. It is no longer a secret to anyone that through insults and humiliation of others, people often increase their self-esteem, which is often impossible to increase in other ways. This is the first reason why one should not pay attention to insults addressed to oneself when a person feels so pathetic that he resorts to criticism.

Let's not forget that people influence each other. The famous saying, “Call a man a pig and he will eventually grunt” is true. A lot of people became what others called them. But since people do not always know how to give compliments, most often you can hear criticism from them. That’s why you often see “grunting pigs” and not successful people.

Lack of faith in another person and paying attention only to his shortcomings makes him criticize rather than praise. Well, what can you do with the tendency of human nature to see only shortcomings in others? You just need to be aware of this and again not react to insults addressed to you by a person who saw nothing in you other than your shortcomings.

People influence each other, but you have a choice. You can monitor those situations when you are humiliated so as not to react to them emotionally and mentally. Let other people say whatever they want. But you have a choice whether to listen to them or not! If the other person has nothing to say other than criticize you, then ignore what they say. Let him think what he wants. You can become the person you see yourself as, despite the fact that someone is dissatisfied with you and is unable to support you.

People are sometimes blind and ignorant. Forgive them for the mistake of seeing only flaws in you. While they're thinking about you, work on developing the skills and qualities you want to have. And in the future you will see who was right: the one who called you a “pig” or “lazy”, or you, considering yourself a person capable of achieving anything?

Suggestibility indicators

Suggestible people blindly follow advice, even if they wanted to do differently. They can easily change their views and opinions and are prone to irritation and imitation.

Suggestibility indicators:

• timidity, dependence, gullibility;
• impressionability, the presence of an inferiority complex;
• anxiety, emotionality, low self-esteem;
• subject to the influence of hypnosis;
• lack of confidence in one’s own strengths and assertions;
• slowness of thinking;
• presence of mental disorders;
• tendency to imitate.

Suggestible individuals do not know how to compare facts and reason, and do not have their own opinions. They constantly worry about their behavior, feel anxious when they need to make an independent choice, and doubt the correctness of their actions. They are always in search of a person, preferably one of authority and status, who will advise and help, and will inspire the right choice.

Factors and reasons

Suggestible people may not even suspect that they are being influenced. There are situations in which they become a victim of obsession. Suggestibility is influenced by factors:

• degree of importance of information;
• fatigue and lack of time;
• stress and pressure from others;
• uncertainty in choice;
• psychological instability;
• alcohol or drug addiction.

Children and the elderly are quickly suggestible. During illness or a stressful situation, it is easy to inspire specific actions in people. When a person understands the result of influence, his self-esteem drops. Suggestibility depends on the following categories:

• circumstances;
• life experience;
• the level of education;
• age.

You can succumb to suggestion both under the influence of hypnosis and due to low self-esteem. Stopping being influenced is difficult, but possible.

What influences suggestibility? Definition of suggestion, hypnosis, clinical application of “waking suggestion”

Factors influencing suggestibility, therapeutic use of suggestion for the treatment of phobias and psychosomatics.

Suggestibility

Suggestibility is the tendency to accept suggestions from other people and behave in accordance with them. Suggestibility can also manifest itself in memory processes, when a person adjusts his memories to repeated information from the outside. [1]

A person who experiences intense emotions is usually more accepting of ideas and more suggestible. Moreover, suggestibility usually decreases with age. And the level of suggestibility varies from person to person. In particular, suggestibility is influenced by individual levels of self-esteem and assertiveness, which has led to the creation of the concept of a suggestibility spectrum. [2]

Definition

Attempts to isolate the isolated personality trait of suggestibility have failed due to the inability of diagnostic procedures to distinguish measurable differences between different types of suggestibility [3].

• suggestibility as a result of communication or expectation, when individual reactions are implemented without will, as automatism
• Suggestibility is the independent use of imagination or mental strategies that evoke an involuntary reaction in response to communication or expectation.
• suggestibility as an uncritical but conscious belief in what other people say
• suggestibility as an external demonstration of compliance with external norms and expectations of other people, without subjective acceptance or belief in these norms (conformism)

Wagstaff's opinion states that “the true response to hypnotic suggestion is a reaction caused not by the will, but exclusively without the will of the subject, and perhaps even in spite of it [4]. And it is precisely this state of affairs that reflects the real essence of hypnotic suggestibility.”

In 2004, however, self-report measures of suggestibility became available, allowing suggestibility to be isolated and studied as a personality trait. [5]

About hypnotherapy. What is regression hypnosis and hypnotherapy? Review of treatment for fear of the dark

Experiments in hypnosis: hypnotic phenomena in deep hypnosis (somnambulism). Hypnosis training

Examples of suggestibility

Suggestibility can be observed in people's everyday lives.

• A schoolboy witnessed a quarrel between classmates. However, when asked afterwards about the "big fight", he distorts his memories, exaggerating the significance of the quarrel and already perceiving it as a big fight.
• The parents told their child that he sings well, and from that moment on, the child believes it, although in fact the parents simply lied.
• A professor might deceive his psychology students and ask “suggestibility is the distortion of memory through suggestion and misinformation, correct?” It is likely that the audience will agree with this, believing in the authority of the teacher, although in fact the effect of misinformation was meant.

However, sometimes suggestibility has extreme manifestations, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

• A witness changes his testimony as a result of distorted memories caused by the fact that the investigator asked incorrect questions.
• A young girl begins to suffer from migraines, which leads to insomnia and depression. She turned to a psychotherapist who was based on Freudian theory and constantly questioned her about her sexual relationship with her father. As a result, at some point, the girl made up memories related to her father molesting her, which led to her father being convicted and her being placed in a foster home.[6]

Hypnosis

Hypnotic suggestibility is a personality trait that reflects differences between people in their tendency to respond to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. Standardized studies of measures of hypnotic suggestibility have shown that there are significant differences between people on this variable [7]

The extent to which a subject may or may not be suggestible is of major importance in the scientific study of hypnosis and its associated phenomena. Most researchers in this field start from the fact that it is suggestibility that determines the ability to induce a hypnotic trance, or rather the depth of hypnosis that a given individual can achieve in a given context, with a given hypnotherapist, and given a given set of beliefs, expectations and instructions.

Dr. John Kappas (1925-2002) identified three types of suggestibility that can affect the state of hypnosis.

1. Emotional suggestibility. Suggestibility, related to a person's emotional responsiveness, which is usually associated with the hypnoid stage. Such suggestibility is more due to rational inferences than to the acceptance of direct suggestions.
2. Physical suggestibility. Suggestibility refers to the degree to which the body reacts to suggestions. What is meant here is the influence of direct suggestion on the body, which is associated primarily with the cataleptic or deeper stages.
3. Intellectual suggestibility. A type of suggestibility in which the subject is afraid of falling under control and constantly tries to analyze, deny or rationalize everything said by the operator. With this type of suggestibility, the operator must provide a logical rationale for each of his suggestions and allow the subject to think that he is putting himself into hypnosis.

However, it is still not clear what suggestibility is. It is both a clear variable and a factor that is extremely difficult to control and measure.

Here are a number of controversial issues regarding suggestibility.

• Is suggestibility a permanent personality trait or is it a learned skill/acquired habit?
• Is suggestibility chemically or genetically determined?
• Are there factors or symptoms of suggestibility activation?
• Is suggestibility similar to the function of learning?
• Is suggestibility a consequence of language acquisition and empathy?
• perhaps suggestibility is just a biased terminology to describe people's ability to be open to new ideas
• perhaps suggestibility is the result of a symbiotic relationship between people
• Is suggestibility related to the ability to empathize and communicate?
• whether suggestibility is influenced by sympathy and similarity between therapist and client or speaker and listener
• Suggestibility is an advantage or a disadvantage, or something neutral.

Conceptually, hypnotizability has always been understood as increased suggestibility. In practice, hypnotizability is measured as suggestibility following induction. However, the data show that these are different constructs. Although hypnotic induction significantly increases suggestibility, the correlation between hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestibility is not as strong, and measurement scales are better at predicting waking suggestibility than hypnotizability.[8]

There is a fairly extensive number of studies that confirm the effectiveness and legitimacy of hypnotherapy, however, without a clear understanding and methods of measuring the subject's suggestibility, it is impossible to give a clear forecast of the process and outcome of treatment.

Moreover, this problem significantly hampers the development of hypnotherapy protocols. As a result, we can only say that although some methods of persuasion are more universal than others, there is nothing better yet than an individual approach to the client by studying his motivational, emotional and behavioral styles. Few therapists do not study the history of the client they are working with.

Autonomy

The issue of individual differences in suggestibility is reflected even in the works of the ancient Greeks, and in particular Aristotle, who wrote:

“The smartest people are those who can accept an idea without necessarily believing it.”[9]

And this is perhaps the most accurate reflection of the experience of practicing hypnotherapists and hypnotists. When one is absorbed in someone else's inspiring words that convey ideas and ways of thinking, subjective attention is drawn to them because of their logic, aesthetics, and the relevance of the hypnotist's words to the person's personal experiences and motivations.

In a natural state of trance, as well as in those that are purposefully induced by a therapist, a person’s critical abilities are reduced. And this poses a problem for us, because a person must “be sure to believe in what is said,” and it turns out that suggestibility goes against human autonomy [10].

Susceptibility

Popular media and lay articles often equate the terms "suggestible" and "receptive", depending on the degree to which a person responds to suggestion. These two words are not synonymous, but the second term often avoids the negative connotation that is attached to a person’s suggestibility.

In the scientific literature and research on hypnosis, the term "suggestibility" describes a neutral psychological and possibly physiological state or phenomenon. And this differs from the generally accepted cultural meaning of the word “suggestible.” Both terms unfairly have negative connotations in society.

Being suggestible does not mean being gullible. The latter term presupposes a certain attitude towards the information coming to the observer. But being open to suggestion has nothing to do with the accuracy of the suggestions received, nor with whether their objective verification is possible (as is the case with metaphysical faith).

Some therapists pre-diagnose clients with suggestibility because clients often have beliefs that contradict suggestibility, such as that one must believe in an idea even when there are better options, or that one should not be persuaded.

The term “susceptibility” implies increased anxiety of a person in relation to a particular stimulus. Essentially, these are negative expectations of a person, which themselves are based on hypnotic suggestion. Hypnotic suggestions include terms, phrases or entire concepts, where understanding a given concept also implies the creation of a corresponding subjective experience that creates the preconditions for a certain reaction.

Language acquisition

Cognition occurs before the decision-making process. Thus, the concept that needs to be known must exist before the body reacts. Such concepts are either suggested by the mind itself as a reaction to other suggestions, or are suggested by other people.

Suggestion directs a person's thought to notice a new concept or category of the world and offers new perspectives that can later influence the choice of actions and create triggers for automatic responses (for example, returning a smile), or, finally, indicate specific types of behavior. In hypnotherapy, usually with the help of suggestion, they form the desired result in the client, while personalizing it to the needs, motives and motivations of the client.

Suggestion through experience or social influence

Suggestion does not have to be verbal. A smile, a glance, a wink, a doctor's white coat - all these are suggestive stimuli that make us automatically react in a certain way. And usually the hypnotherapist uses these elements in his work.

Based on this theory, being under the influence of suggestion can be characterized as a manifestation of behavioral compliance without personal acceptance or belief. That is, as actions that are not consistent with a person’s own will and his belief system, which destroys the autonomy and self-expression of the individual. In much the same way, we repress emotions through rational choice.

Experimental and clinical applications

The use of hypnosis varies widely depending on the goals.

Experimental hypnosis answers the question “What will my group of subjects do if, in the same context, I give them the ABC suggestion” (the dependent variable is the reaction of the subjects)

Clinical hypnosis answers the question “What can I say to this specific subject in this context to achieve goal XYZ” (dependent variable - suggestion)

Sociocognitive theory of hypnotic suggestibility

According to social psychological concepts of hypnotic suggestibility, such as Nicholas Spanos's role theory, subjects do not enter into any distinct psychological or physiological state that could be called hypnosis. They simply act on the basis of social pressure, i.e. It is easier for them to obey than not to obey. Although this view does not challenge the possibility that people under hypnosis experience hypnosis, it does argue that hypnotic mechanisms are socially determined and therefore do not require any explanation based on an altered state of consciousness. [eleven]

Me and Others (1971). Felix Sobolev

Brain capabilities (creative hypnosis by Raikov).

Childhood

A child's mind grows and develops, and is constantly filled with new ideas from surrounding sources. This leads to the fact that children are more suggestible, which allowed scientists to identify the main factors of such suggestibility.

Internal factors.

Age. Children have a distinctive ability to remember events from their lives. The real age difference in suggestibility lies in the amount of detail in the memory. Older children remember events in more detail, while younger children may need help in remembering from adults[12]. The problem with suggestible people is that they mix different events into one memory. Children, especially younger ones, tend to include similar details in memories that are not actually related to the event, which shows that age is critical to the level of suggestibility.

Preconceptions and prior knowledge. Preconceptions about an event can be dangerous when working with children. Yes, such knowledge in the work of a specialist can sometimes resurrect the corresponding memories, but often it also leads to false memory. For example, if children are shown a particular situation several times, they may well write it into their memories.

Extracting meaning. Although children are extremely prone to false memories, they will also remember false information in a current situation if it is similar to familiar information. Scientists have called this distortion global meaning, which means that an individual tends to connect various events with each other. In this way, children will awaken false information related to current representations of the situation.

External factors

Interviewer bias. Interviewer bias is the preconceived opinion of the person being interviewed that affects the outcome of the interview itself. This happens because the interviewer focuses only on information that confirms his hypothesis and rejects information that does not correspond to it. And it is precisely this distortion that is usually observed when surveying children.

Repeated questions. It has been shown that frequent repetition of the same questions when interviewing a child causes the child to change his answer in favor of this question. This is due not only to false memory, but also to the child’s belief that if a question is repeated, it means he answered incorrectly and needs to change his answer. [13]

Interviewer's tone. Children are extremely sensitive to a person's intonation, especially in a questioning situation. If a person dictates a question to a child with a certain intonation, then he will most likely create false memories associated with the question. For example, a positive tone usually leads to more detailed reports about an event, but at the same time less truthful ones.

Interaction with peers. Children's stories are often distorted by information from their peers. Often, when retelling an event, children begin to believe that they themselves were there. [14]

Repetitive misinformation. It has been shown that if false information is woven into an event over several interviews, the child will tend to include this misinformation in his memories.

Extreme situations

In extreme situations, such as sexual abuse, extreme anxiety, abuse, children can be extremely susceptible to suggestibility. It is possible that the child may remember something that did not actually happen [15], or he may be so traumatized that he cannot remember what actually happened.

There has been some research into the effects of anxiety on the encoding and distortion of information after an event or at the time of eventual retrieval on subsequent suggestibility. Thus, the accuracy of memory for non-suggestible subjects was normal and did not depend on anxiety. However, anxiety in the case of suggestible subjects led to severe distortion of information.

Another example can be seen in a study in which memory, suggestibility, stress arousal, and trauma-related psychopathology were examined in 328 children aged 3 to 16 years participating in forensic investigations of abuse and neglect. The children's memory and suggestibility were assessed during a medical examination and venipuncture. Age and higher scores on cognitive functioning were associated with fewer inaccuracies. Additionally, cortisol levels and trauma symptoms in children who reported more dissociative tendencies were associated with increased memory errors. This provides evidence that stressful or traumatic experiences in young children may be influenced by suggestibility [16].

Other cases

It is argued that people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder are more suggestible. Although it is believed that such patients tend to achieve higher levels of hypnotizability, there has been little research to support the claim of increased suggestibility. [17]

Group dynamics, as well as crowd influence, are also examples of suggestibility.

Common examples of suggestible behavior in everyday life are “contagious yawning” (many people begin to yawn after watching someone in a group yawn) and medical student syndrome (a person begins to experience symptoms of a disease after reading or hearing about it). It is also believed that placebo response is based on individual differences in suggestibility. Suggestible people may be more receptive to various forms of alternative medical practices that appear to rely on the patient's belief in the intervention more than on knowledge of the actual mechanism of the treatment. Studies of the effectiveness of medical interventions often involve controlling for individual differences in suggestibility.

Data from the Mental Dimensions Yearbook [18] show that there is still no psychological test for diagnosing suggestibility. And the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale is questionable for this kind of purpose because of its narrow focus.

In addition to health-related consequences, suggestible people may be prone to errors in judgment, such as failing to examine offers critically and falling prey to emotional advertising.

[1] Psychlopedia – Suggestibility.” psychlopedia.wikispaces.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020.

[2] Hooper, Victoria-Rose; Chou, Shihning; Browne, Kevin D. (November 2016). “A systematic review on the relationship between self-esteem and interrogative suggestibility” (PDF). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 27 (6): 761–785.

[3] Wagstaff G. F. (1991). "Suggestibility: A social psychological approach." Human suggestibility: Advances in theory, research, and application. Florence, Kentucky: Taylor & Frances/Routledge. p. 141.

[4] Wagstaff G. F. (1991). "Suggestibility: A social psychological approach." Human suggestibility: Advances in theory, research, and application. Florence, Kentucky: Taylor & Frances/Routledge. p. 141.

[5] Kotov RI, Bellman SB, Watson DB (2004). "Multidimensional Iowa Suggestibility Scale (MISS): Brief Manual" (PDF). Stony Brook University Medical Center.

[6] “Psychlopedia – Suggestibility.” psychlopedia.wikispaces.com. Retrieved May 17, 2016

[7] Milling LS (April 2008). “Is high hypnotic suggestibility necessary for successful hypnotic pain intervention?” Current Pain and Headache Reports. 12 (2): 98–102.

[8] Kirsch I (July 1997). “Suggestibility or hypnosis: what do our scales really measure?” The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 45 (3): 212–25.

[9] Rock, Hugh (July 2017). "Social Theism: How can the Liberal Idea of ​​God Speak to a Materialist Worldview?". Modern Believing. 58 (3):253–263. doi:10.3828/mb.2017.19

[10] Eisen, Mitchell L.; Quas, Jodi A.; Goodman, Gail S., eds. (1 September 2001). Memory and Suggestibility in the Forensic Interview.

[11] Spanos NP, Barber TX (December 1972). “Cognitive activity during “hypnotic” suggestibility: goal-directed fantasy and the experience of nonvolition.” Journal of Personality. 40(4):510–24

[12] Eisen ML, Goodman GS (December 1998). "Trauma, memory, and suggestibility in children." Development and Psychopathology. 10 (4): 717–38.

[13] Bjorklund DF, Bjorklund BR, Brown RD, Cassel WS (June 1998). "Children's Susceptibility to Repeated Questions: How Misinformation Changes Children's Answers and Their Minds." Applied Developmental Science. 2 (2): 99–111.

[14] Principe GF, Ceci SJ (September 2002). ""I saw it with my own ears": the effects of peer conversations on preschoolers' reports of nonexperienced events." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 83 (1): 1–25.

[15] Milchman MS (April 2008). “Does psychotherapy recover or invent child sexual abuse memories? A case history." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 17 (1): 20–37.

[16] Eisen ML, Goodman GS, Qin J, Davis S, Crayton J (November 2007). "Maltreated children's memory: accuracy, suggestibility, and psychopathology." Developmental Psychology. 43 (6): 1275–94.

[17] Montgomery, Guy H.; Schnur, Julie B.; David, Daniel (July 2011). "The Impact of Hypnotic Suggestibility in Clinical Care Settings". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 59 (3): 294–309.

[18] Buros, Oscar Krisen, 1905-1978. (1972). The Nineteen forty mental measurements yearbook. Gryphon Press.

Scientific basis for hypnosis and hypnotherapy

● Various definitions of hypnosis. Review of scientific articles on the applications of hypnosis in psychology, medicine, and research. ● Scientific articles and studies on the treatment of cancer using hypnotherapy. ● Review of the phenomenon of hypnoanesthesia: the use of hypnosis instead of anesthesia, surgical operations under hypnosis. ● Evidence base for hypnotherapy. Translation of an article from Wikipedia. ● Two series of videos on the history of hypnosis and hypnotherapy. ● How to distinguish real hypnosis from ostentatious one? ● Neurophysiology of hypnosis. Scientific research on hypnosis ● How people are fooled in hypnosis courses.

• Group VK “Treatment of fears and phobias. Hypnosis training"
• FB group “Psychosomatics. Treatment of fears and phobias with hypnosis"

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Degrees of suggestibility

In psychology there is a concept of the degree of suggestibility. It can be increased and mild. The first is typical for people:

• poorly educated;
• with mental disorders;
• prone to hysteria.

The second degree is observed in a certain situation:

• under the influence of alcohol;
• under stress;
• during hysterics;
• in children 7-11 years old.

When under stress, a person becomes more suggestible

Group suggestibility

In addition to individual suggestibility, group suggestibility is distinguished. The so-called crowd effect. When a group of people is influenced by one person, the individual cannot control his emotions and thoughts. He thinks and acts the same way as the people in his group. The very acceptance of information occurs as if under hypnosis. This is unconscious and uncontrolled suggestibility. A person may unconsciously perceive information just to be in this group. This is not always a negative effect. Categories of such groups accompany people throughout their lives:

• groups in kindergarten or school;
• group of friends;
• team;
• circles and sections.

The desire to be in a group becomes higher than one’s own principles and life positions. An individual cannot be alone and therefore must accept the rules of the group and obey them.

Misconceptions

Many people are susceptible to influence and suggestion, but there are no absolutely non-suggestible people. Those people who claim that they live completely only in their thoughts seem to be protecting themselves from the world. They want to prove to themselves that they don’t look at anyone and don’t listen to anyone. But that's not true. Any information that comes to us is already an influence, someone’s opinion, which is sometimes worth following, and not just accepting.

The consequences of suggestion can also include elementary rules of behavior and established requirements in society. Teachers at school give knowledge - this is also suggestion and a requirement for its processing and perception. Each person then learns to extract from the information received what they need for themselves. This confirms the fact that suggestibility is not such a bad quality as it seems. It is necessary to benefit from information.

Some psychologists study the power of suggestion as a method of combating illness. In the category of patients there are those who have caused the disease to themselves.

Briefly about the main thing

People live in society, so it is not at all surprising that each of us is influenced by different factors throughout our lives. Suggestion in psychology is the introduction into a person’s consciousness of ideas, beliefs and opinions that belong to another individual or even a group of people. Moreover, these ideas must necessarily have an impact on a person’s future life and his actions.

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It turns out that the concept of suggestibility is a reflection of such character traits of a person that incline him to obey the influence of the environment: the media, people, groups, etc. At the same time, not every individual understands that he is suggestible; he can accept the group’s ideas as his own and follow them. Suggestible people are usually somewhat different from the general mass. They have certain features:

• Timidity.
• Dependence on others.
• Gullibility.
• Increased impressionability.
• Excessive emotionality.
• Anxiety.
• Low self-esteem.
• Poorly developed logic.
• Slow progress of mental processes.
• Diffidence.

It is worth noting that suggestibility to one degree or another is inherent in absolutely all people. If this were not the case, then we would hardly be able to accumulate social experience.

Agree, for example, that the process of upbringing is also an example of suggestibility: parents tell their children every day about how to behave and how not to behave, what is good and what is bad, etc. Teaching is again a process of suggestion, the teacher planting some information in the heads of students. Many more similar examples can be given.

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Suggestibility within normal limits does not in any way prevent a person from living, but if the degree of this characteristic is increased, then the person becomes pliable and is ready to believe in any information. Manipulators often take advantage of such individuals, forcing them to do something to benefit themselves.

State of increased suggestibility

Hypnosis is a state of increased suggestibility. Many people are sure that they are smart and strong in spirit, so hypnosis is not scary for them. They confuse suggestibility with gullibility.

Hypnosis is a human condition characterized by increased suggestibility

Gullibility is the concept of simplicity and gullibility. Such people are easy to deceive and convince. Hypnosis rejects the idea that only the stupid and undeveloped, the gullible, can fall into a state of hypnosis. On the contrary, hypnosis increases the level of suggestibility. The smarter a person is, the more developed his thinking is, the higher his suggestibility. Hypnosis does not aim to deceive. It creates a situation in which it is easy to instill ideas. Psychologists have proven that the most suggestible individuals are very smart and talented. They easily receive information with new ideas and views. They can quickly make them their own, remake them for themselves.

Suggestibility

In the context of personalization, we believe that suggestibility, both primary and secondary, can be represented. In general, suggestibility is defined as “the ability to perceive influence from another person; this is the degree of susceptibility to suggestion” (Bleicher, Kruk, 1995). It is believed that primary suggestibility underlies readiness for self-hypnosis and hypnosis. “Secondary suggestibility is associated with relationships of subordination, their motivation and low self-esteem of the subject” (Psychology, 1950). It is stated that suggestibility is a normal property of the human psyche, if “it is not excessive.”

There are 13 personality traits that favor increased suggestibility: self-doubt, low self-esteem, feelings of inferiority, humility, timidity, shyness, gullibility, anxiety, extroversion, increased emotionality, impressionability, weakness of logical thinking, slow pace of mental activity. Note: some personality traits can equally well be both a consequence of increased suggestibility and its cause. Situational factors influencing individual suggestibility include peace, relaxation, emotional arousal, fatigue, low level of awareness, low significance of activity, lack of time to make a decision, and group pressure.

K. Jaspers includes, among other things, involuntary imitation as phenomena of suggestion: “Such an imitation reflex is one of the fundamental properties of human nature.” One of the most unclear is the question of the criteria for excessive suggestibility. If we take into account that suggestibility under certain circumstances almost always entails at least temporary regression and disorganization of behavior, then in principle it cannot be a sign of a healthy and mature personality.

To the above, we can add the following consideration: to the extent that suggestibility makes an individual an object of manipulation, increases his tendency to accept external influences, as well as his own fantasies, for his authentic experiences, it is certainly a maladaptive and, in this sense, an unhealthy personality trait. The widespread opinion that it is impossible to introduce into the personality of a suggestible individual, even in a deep hypnotic state, anything that would contradict his attitudes, is deeply erroneous. Modern and quite aggressive ways of influencing the human psyche are such that they can have a radical impact on the motivational sphere. Reality shows that masses of people are now becoming victims of manipulation and “duping,” for example, by the media, election technologies, advertising, and custom-made printed materials. Often brainwashed people behave contrary to both their vital interests and the interests of the society in which they live. One of the psychologists cites this fact of recent history.

In the Nazi Reich, many Germans, ordinary people in general, actually lost their identity after they accepted Hitler and made him part of their self. This also happened: at the moment of orgasm, German women did not make the usual sounds of voluptuousness, but, having forgotten themselves, screamed something like the following: Oh, Fuhrer, you are my God, I am all yours. The use of such rather cynical methods in the treatment of patients as “programming”, “anchoring”, “coding” is, generally speaking, a challenge to spiritual vandalism of the humanistic desire to help people find themselves in the best meaning of these words.

Here we cannot irresponsibly and hypocritically hide behind the hopelessly outdated commandment of the mythical Hippocrates to treat the sick with what helps them. The methods of witchcraft once “helped” and now seem to “help”, as well as any other manipulation, even if the patient believes in their effectiveness. Indiscriminateness in the means of achieving a goal under the guise of good intentions distinguishes scientific medicine from the profanation of treatment. One of the first and sacred duties of a doctor is to educate, consolidate, and not undermine the consciousness and self-awareness of his patients.

A number of authors wrote about the use of suggestion in the waking state for treatment purposes, one of the first was I.S. Sumbaev (1958). I.S. Sumbaev points out: “With the help of suggestion in reality, it is possible to obtain from the subject (our suggestive studies were carried out mainly in hysterics and chronic alcoholics) a number of very diverse suggested phenomena: involuntary movements, catalepsy, anesthesia, amnesia, false memories, hallucinations and etc.... The word... when suggested, influences not only its semantic content, but also the strength, pitch, rhythm and timbre of the sounds pronounced by the doctor. During suggestion, a number of emotions are involved, both on the part of the doctor and, especially, on the part of the patient.”

Suggestion and self-hypnosis, emphasizes I.S. Sumbaev, “are based on faith and conviction.” Here is a fragment of the formula of suggestion he developed: “Under the influence of suggestion, you fell into a state of complete lack of will, complete subordination, you lost your will, your Self, turned into an automaton, a doll that is entirely in my power and carries out all my orders. But you are not sleeping... You do not offer me any resistance, you trust me completely...” The use of such suggestion formulas raises certain ethical problems, and the widespread use of suggestion based on blind trust is fraught with a certain risk.

Such suggestion, however, was used much earlier and not only in medicine, it was practiced, in particular, in the Orthodox Church within the framework of the institute of elders. F.M. Dostoevsky (1889) reports that elders and eldership in the Orthodox East “have existed for far a thousand years.”

He further explains: “So, what is an elder? The elder is the one who takes your soul, your will into his soul and into his will. Having chosen an elder, you renounce your will and give it to him in complete obedience, with complete self-denial. This temptation, this terrible school of life, one who dooms himself accepts voluntarily in the hope, after a long trial, to conquer himself, to master himself so that he can finally achieve, through obedience throughout his life, already perfect freedom, that is, freedom from himself, to avoid the fate of those who they have lived their whole lives, but have not found themselves in themselves... Here the eternal confession of all those who strive to the elder is recognized and the indestructible bond between the bound and the bound... Thus, the eldership is gifted with power in certain cases, limitless and incomprehensible... It is also true, perhaps, that this is tested and already a thousand-year-old weapon for the moral rebirth of man from slavery to freedom and to moral improvement can turn into a double-edged weapon, so that instead of humility and final self-control, it will lead others, on the contrary, to satanic pride itself, that is, to chains, and not to freedom "

We are actually talking about existential psychotherapy, in which, however, a significant place is occupied by suggestion in the waking state, emanating from the omnipotent, to a certain extent, therapist. Let us cite as an example the suggestion of Elder Zosima (F.M. Dostoevsky “The Brothers Karamazov”). The elder turns the suggestion to his mother, whose fourth and last child died; she is in such deep grief that she decided to leave her house and her husband, since she no longer needs anything in the world: “And this,” said the elder, “is ancient Rachel crying for his children and cannot be comforted, because they are not there, and such a limit has been set for you, mothers, on earth. And don’t be comforted, and you don’t need to be comforted, don’t be comforted and cry, just every time you cry, remember unswervingly that your son is the only one from the angels of God - from there he looks at you and sees you, and rejoices at your tears, and He points to them to the Lord God.

And for a long time you will continue to experience this great maternal cry, but in the end it will turn into quiet joy for you, and your bitter tears will be only tears of quiet tenderness and heartfelt cleansing, saving you from sins. And I will remember your baby for his peace.” Here, as you can see, there are no brutal formulas of suggestion, here it is not only felt, but there is definitely a major role, it seems, that wisdom, so revered among the people, plays a role. In addition, there is no rigidity, imperativeness, humiliating suppression, but there is compassion, something that elevates the personality, there is also improvisation, taking into account each unique case of illness; There is also a clear understanding that you can harm a patient in dozens of ways, but you can help him, perhaps, in only one way, the very same way in which a person gains the opportunity to comprehend the meaning of his torment.

Discussing this topic, K. Jaspers points out that when the phenomena of suggestion are realized, there are no opposing ideas, motives and values, while at the same time the implanted judgments, feelings and attitudes are carried out without questions, completely uncritically, without the participation of personal will or a consciously made decision. Particularly surprising, continues K. Jaspers, is the involuntary, unconscious “imitation” of certain somatic manifestations, for example, acute pain in the place where one of our neighbors has a broken bone, paralysis or spasm at the sight of similar suffering of another person.

Suggestibility is a personality quality that is very widespread. 75% of healthy subjects, expecting, for example, the appearance of a smell in an experimental situation, actually feel this smell, although it is not there. The same number of subjects see, walking along a dark corridor, a suspended matte bead if they think that it continues to hang there. The expectation of an imaginary impression, and even more so the confidence that it will certainly take place, can thus give rise to deceptions of perception in the majority of healthy individuals, even without the influence of direct external suggestion. There is nothing surprising, therefore, in the fact that the expectation of paralysis in a bruised limb can lead to real immobilization of this limb under the influence of autosuggestion. The appearance of the so-called Conversion symptoms are thus undoubtedly associated with painful susceptibility to autosuggestion.

It is generally accepted that excessive suggestibility is characteristic primarily of a hysterical personality. The above data on suggested hallucinations prove the opposite: it is very doubtful that 3/4 of healthy individuals are such pronounced hysterics. However, the very concept of “hysteria” does not have a clear enough content for it to be used to explain something not very clear, in this case, suggestibility. Meanwhile, the essence of the matter with suggestion and autosuggestion actually comes down to the fact that suggestible individuals show an increased readiness to accept the desired as real, the imaginary as real, the possible as inevitable, the imaginary as embodied, materialized. In other words, this is what happens with personalization.

Suggestibility increases sharply in a state of hypnotic sleep. The very appearance of such a dream, especially a deep one, indicates the abnormal ease and speed with which the indoctrination of the idea of ​​an upcoming sleep is accepted and implemented. During a hypnotic trance, contact with the source of suggestion is not interrupted; the patient's attention is focused exclusively on the influence of the suggestor. This circumstance indicates that sleep itself does not occur and that a completely different state is observed. The EEG pattern, by the way, represents waking activity. The so-called hypnotic sleep is most likely a pronounced or even extreme degree of a hysterical twilight state of consciousness. This condition is definitely pathological. This is typical iatrogenic, somewhat close to a factitious disorder through a representative. Such a representative in this case is the doctor himself, although he acts, of course, without intent and with the best intentions.

There are several hypotheses regarding how a hypnotic trance occurs. Perhaps the most common of these is that hypnosis is viewed as a partial sleep in which the critical function is eliminated and the “anti-suggestive” barriers are removed. This hypothesis captures what is not in a state of hypnotic trance; it says nothing about what actually exists. Another hypothesis assumes the existence of a “suggestive attitude” that balances the relationship of an autonomous individual with the social environment. This attitude is normal, and it is realized in hypnotic suggestion.

In this case, the tautology is obvious: the explanation is that which itself requires explanation. Finally, there is a psychoanalytic hypothesis. There is a distinction between “hard” hypnosis (the suggestor’s authoritative behavior) and “soft” hypnosis (the suggestor prefers stroking, passes, and speaks in a soothing voice). In the first case, it is assumed that the patient associates the suggestion with the influence of the father, in the second - with the mother. Thus, it seems to be stated that during a hypnotic trance, there is a regression of the personality to the child’s level of functioning, and, accordingly, a regression of self-awareness to the period of development when predominantly parental influences are assimilated or internalized. This hypothesis is quite abstract and not supported by anything factually. E. Bleuler points out that there is not one type of hypnosis, but a whole set of similar states, for which a common feature is the one-sided direction of all ideas towards the goal designated by the hypnotist. I.S. Sumbaev explains suggestion and hypnosis from the perspective of the theory of I.P. Pavlov.

Through suggestion in a hypnotic trance, a variety of mental and behavioral disorders can be caused in the recipient, both during and after the trance. These are deceptions of sensitivity and perception, stupor, somnambulism, actions and actions inconsistent with the real situation, somatic disorders that represent the experience of a real pathology of the past. The effects of delayed suggestion may take several days or even weeks to appear. It is absolutely clear that suggestive influences on an individual in his normal state cannot lead to any serious consequences.

Most likely, he will simply dismiss them as strange, if not absurd. It is obvious that his states of consciousness and self-awareness in trance are so severe that the ordinary words of an ordinary person can lead to the development of symptoms of a deep disorder, quite comparable to those observed in the clinic of psychosis. In a patient with delirium tremens, for example, deceptions of hearing and vision can be induced through suggestion. Moreover, sometimes there are patients who, using self-hypnosis, can provoke the appearance of auditory hallucinations in themselves. Sometimes, such patients say, it is enough for them to remember the hallucination as it appears. In other words, the state of altered consciousness and disturbances in self-perception in psychosis and hypnotic trance are quite comparable in severity.

This is also indicated by the fact of spontaneous post-hypnotic amnesia, as well as amnesia for a period of confused consciousness. From the above, several conclusions, or at least assumptions, follow: 1) in a state of hypnotic trance, as in psychotic states, disturbances of self-awareness are observed; 2) the latter, among other things, are characterized by increased suggestibility, and this, in turn, indicates the presence of personalization; 3) the high prevalence of suggestibility proves that of all violations of self-perception, personalization is the most frequent and 4) suggestibility is a readiness to develop a violation of self-perception, and high suggestibility in itself is this violation, i.e. state of personalization.

Between hypnosis and hysteria, K. Jaspers points out, there is a “very definite connection.” It consists in the fact, the author insists, that persons “with a spontaneous tendency towards hysterical mechanisms” are more susceptible to hypnosis, as well as children “whose mental life is normally quite close to the hysterical variety of mental life.” The reference to hysteria, we repeat, does little to clarify what is happening in hypnosis; hysteria itself needs clarification.

The main thing that is observed in hypnosis is the unconditional and absolute acceptance of the suggestor’s will as one’s own. This, we believe, is where rapport comes from—a complete loss of active attention and the utmost concentration of passive attention on the activity of the suggestor. As for situations in which an individual, for the purpose of treatment, healing or personal growth, purposefully uses self-hypnosis (auto-training, meditation, yoga), then in the context of self-perception such technologies are essentially a simulation of the dissociation of the Self into the suggestive and suggestive subpersonality, supplemented by personalization, that is subsequent acceptance of one’s own impulse, represented in the form of external will, and submission to it.

This self-harm treatment is likely to be effective in some cases, at least in the short term. In any case, the patient is ready to believe it. There are many things that exist only because you want to believe them.

Regarding the personal qualities of individuals who are highly suggestible, it should be said that they do not form any kind of homogeneous group. Some of them, indeed, are selectively suggestible and equally negative hysterical personalities, always ready to accept praise, compliments, flattery and believe that they are exactly what they are said to be.

Since, however, the hysteric needs such things to be told to him constantly, the effect of suggestion seems to be fragile, despite the fact that such patients stand out among others for their hypnophilia. They always need to be sympathized with, to have compassion, to be told pleasant things, to be pitied, like little children, to be kept in a state of hypnotic trance all the time, just as a patient with alcohol addiction needs continuous intoxication. Hysterical individuals have nothing stable at all, only inconstancy is stable, so treating them with hypnosis usually does not bring anything other than a short-term positive effect.

Personalities of the conformist type are apparently quite suggestible; they are almost the majority in the population. But the suggestibility of conformist persons is of a special kind. These individuals are focused primarily on authority, officialdom, the opinion of the majority, and the printed word. But they, too, eventually lose their identity if they completely identify themselves with the source of influence. If hypnosis can somehow help them, it will happen under one indispensable condition: the suggestor in their eyes must look like an indisputable authority.

Excessive imitation of idealized prototypes is more common in autistic patients. As a rule, patients do not include doctors in this category of persons and are usually not susceptible to suggestion.

Finally, perhaps the most suggestible cohort of people are unstable individuals. They can be completely defined as individuals with a constantly blurred identity, as people who do not have something special of their own, who do not have a face unique to them. Each of them always resembles someone, but in general they do not resemble anyone in particular. Treating them with psychotherapy methods is generally futile. An exception is the methods of implanting selective fear, for example, in the treatment of alcohol addiction, especially if this fear is intensified in the future, at least through indirect suggestion.

Individuals of the asthenic type with their inherent inferiority complex are also suggestible. In any case, in life they often rely too much on others and enter into relationships of dependence, as if not trusting themselves, but sometimes they try to extract some benefit from this for themselves. It would, perhaps, be more adequate to consider as suggestible those individuals who exhibit different combinations of the mentioned character traits, because it is well known that the so-called. There are practically no pure personality types.

Among psychotic patients, the extreme degree of suggestibility is demonstrated by catatonic patients with automatic obedience. Catatonic people are also extremely negative. Apparently, indicators of suggestibility and negativism, as well as the severity of personalization and depersonalization, increase as psychotic manifestations become more severe and reach a maximum in patients with catatonia.

As for the relationship between suggestibility and personal qualities, it would be logical to assume that the opinion about the personal determination of suggestibility, as well as the opposite opinion, are controversial, since both of them contain some unknown variable. The position according to which suggestibility, as well as some other personality traits, themselves are a derivative of relatively mild, subtle violations of self-perception seems more consistent to us.

In fact, most people are characterized by some kind of attachments, interests, the desire to have material and other benefits, compassion, impressionability, imitation, and in general the ability to transform external influences, primarily social ones, into their internal property, into personal qualities. This is not just a normal phenomenon, but something much more. In essence, this is the only opportunity for the human body to become an individual, a personality, the only path along which the process of its socialization takes place. This is happening, a lot speaks in its favor, thanks to personalization and alienation.

But where personalization crosses some line and becomes excessive and inadequate, we get psychopathic personality traits instead of normal ones, such as dependence, codependency, greed, stinginess, suggestibility, a tendency to idealize, excessive impressionability, morbid suspiciousness, a tendency to experience something... something extraneous and insignificant as something deeply personal and important.
The same can be said about excessive, painful alienation, that is, depersonalization; its result may well be such personality traits as alienation, lack of attachments, interests, closedness, etc. Back to content

Fighting methods

If a person is highly suggestible, this causes a lot of problems for her and those around her. Often, someone else's unnecessary opinion creates a barrier in relationships between loved ones or friends. Ways to combat the feeling of suggestibility:

• work on improving your self-esteem;
• actively develop abstract thinking skills;
• learn to operate with facts;
• know how to check the information presented;
• learn to process information, analyze and extract only useful data;
• Participate in training to develop critical thinking.

A high degree of suggestibility does not allow you to live your life. All emotions, views, concepts are dulled and relegated to the background. Such an individual succumbs to stress, which leads to complete abstraction and lack of will. If he comes across a person with good intentions on the way, who allows him to believe in his own strength, then suggestibility will become a faithful companion.

Social and psychological methods of management.

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1. intragroup suggestibility - conflict-free, unconscious acceptance by a group member of the group’s opinion. A kind of hypnotization occurs: acceptance of the group’s opinion occurs completely uncritically;

2. conformity - conscious external agreement with the opinion of the group while internally disagreeing with it. A person consciously changes his own assessments, under pressure from the group, internally remaining in disagreement with this (naked king);

3. negativism - a person opposes the opinion of the group in everything, demonstrating at first glance an extremely independent position; he is “tied” to group opinion, but always with the opposite sign;

4. collectivism is a type of behavior of an individual in a group, which is characterized by a selective attitude towards any of its influences, towards the opinions of the group, dictated by conscious adherence to its socially significant goals and objectives.

Of great psychological importance for relationships in a team are the characteristics of words, facial expressions, gestures, and actions of colleagues, depending on individual situations and conditions. All this constitutes a source of additional information.

Take, for example, the word “thank you!” They are expressed, for example, gratitude for the work done, for which they spent a lot of time. “Thank you,” said cordially, with warmth, expressed with a handshake or other gesture, can warm you up, improve your well-being, and you will not regret the work expended. “Thank you” can be said officially, protocol, from which we can conclude that you did not do anything special, but simply performed an ordinary official duty. “Thank you” can also be said ironically, hinting that you wasted your time and that your work did not bring results.

The method of transmitting information is also important, for example, who transmits the information, communicates the decision: the manager, his deputy or a technical worker. Communicating information privately, in front of a group, or publicly increases or decreases its value.

The socio-psychological climate is a specific phenomenon, which is made up of the characteristics of human perception by a person, mutually experienced feelings, assessments and opinions, readiness to react in a certain way to the words and actions of others. It influences the well-being of team members;

to develop, adopt and implement joint decisions;

to achieve the effectiveness of joint activities.

Thus, the socio-psychological climate is the relatively stable psychological mood of its members prevailing in a group or team, manifested in their attitude towards each other, towards work, towards surrounding events and towards the organization as a whole on the basis of individual, personal values ​​and orientation.

As is known, the socio-psychological climate can be favorable or unfavorable.

Signs of a favorable socio-psychological climate:

— trust and high demands on each other;

— friendly and businesslike criticism;

— sufficient awareness of team members about its tasks and the state of affairs in their implementation;

— free expression of one’s own opinion when discussing issues affecting the entire team;

— satisfaction with belonging to the company:

- tolerance for other people's opinions;

— high degree of emotional involvement and mutual assistance;

— acceptance of responsibility for the state of affairs in the group by each of its members.

The formation of a certain socio-psychological climate is influenced by the following factors:

1. Compatibility of its members, understood as the most favorable combination of employee properties, ensuring the effectiveness of joint activities and the personal satisfaction of each. Compatibility is manifested in mutual understanding, mutual acceptance, sympathy, and empathy between team members.

There are two types of compatibility: psychophysiological and psychological.

Psychophysiological is associated with the synchronicity of individual mental activity of workers (various endurance of group members, speed of thinking, peculiarities of perception, attention), which should be taken into account when distributing physical activity and assigning certain types of work.

Psychological involves an optimal combination of personal mental properties: character traits, temperament, abilities, which leads to mutual understanding.

Incompatibility manifests itself in the desire of team members to avoid each other, and if contacts are inevitable - in negative emotional states and even conflicts.

2. Behavioral style of the leader, manager, owner of the enterprise.

3. Successful or unsuccessful progress of the production process.

4. The scale of rewards and punishments used.

5. Working conditions.

6. Family situation, outside of work, conditions for spending free time.

Depending on the nature of the socio-psychological climate, its impact on the individual will be different - it will stimulate work, lift spirits, instill cheerfulness and confidence, or, conversely, act depressingly, reduce energy, and lead to production and moral losses.

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