The issue of determining the level of personality formation and the stages of its development remains quite controversial. Various concepts are put forward, the focus of which is on the various components of the personality structure and the degree of their formation. Thus, according to some researchers, the level of personality development is directly proportional to the degree of its socialization. On this basis, the criteria of a formed personality are considered as criteria of socialization.
C. G. Jung associated the formation of a mature personality with a person’s willingness to accept responsibility for his actions, to realize the possible consequences of his actions through their projection and subsequent evaluation. A similar opinion was expressed by K. Rogers. Only from his point of view, the responsibility of the individual is closely related not only to awareness, but also to the freedom to be oneself, to manage one’s own life, to make one’s own choices, etc.
In modern psychological science, other concepts are proposed that describe in more detail the criteria for personality development.
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Concept by L. I. Bozhovich
From the point of view of the outstanding Soviet psychologist, student of Lev Vygotsky - L. I. Bozhovich, it is possible to identify two key criteria for a formed personality.
According to the first criterion, a person can be considered a person only if his motives are characterized by a certain hierarchy, that is, the person’s volitional efforts are sufficient to overcome some motives, giving preference to others. If a person has this quality, he is capable of indirect behavior. However, it is necessary to take into account that in case of indirect behavior, the motives with the help of which certain aspirations are given preference must be socially significant and justified, the very origin of these motives is socially conditioned, they are brought up in a person by society.
As the second necessary criterion for the formation of a personality, one must consider a person’s ability to consciously control his own behavior and manage it. This management is possible based on conscious motives-goals, beliefs and aspirations of the individual.
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The difference between the criteria is that the second presupposes a conscious subordination of motives. Only indirect behavior (without controlling motives; the first criterion) can be built on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, that is, a person will not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, but at the same time consider his behavior justified. So, although the second criterion also refers to mediated behavior, it is conscious mediation that is emphasized. It presupposes the presence of self-awareness as a special instance of personality.
Direction of criterion action
Any criterion carries over
its action on the levels of the hierarchy of criteria downward in comparison with itself, that is, down the criterion tree.
Therefore, the criterion affects only those resources of Nature that are within the scope of its action, that is, lower in the hierarchy of criteria - this is the law of adequacy (correspondence) of the criterion and resources.
That's why cultivation
in the system only in the sense of its optimization criterion.
Improvement in Nature
is conditioned by the action in it of its Global Criterion - God.
G. Allport's concept
According to G. Allport, the components of the concept of a formed personality are its mental health, rationality and maturity. In accordance with this, the scientist proposes six main criteria for personality development.
- Expansion of the self-concept, which begins to form in preschool age and expands based on a person’s direct experience. A special role in the development of self-concept is played by the activity of the individual and the purposefulness of his activities.
- Strong social connections. A formed personality is able to realize itself as a participant in close relationships (marriage, friendship), can support them through conscious indirect behavior (that is, without giving preference only to unconscious motives of behavior that may be unacceptable for another person).
- Self-acceptance and tolerance towards others. A formed personality manifests its own beliefs and worldviews, taking into account the beliefs, interests and feelings of the people around them, and at the same time understanding that the views of others may differ significantly.
- Realistic perception, assessment of skills and task. A formed personality is able to focus on solving an objective problem, taking into account its own capabilities. The task at hand should relegate the satisfaction of secondary drives to the background. This criterion is directly related to responsibility - the existential ideal of a mature, formed personality. At the same time, the formed personality is in continuous interaction with the outside world.
- Self-objectification. A mature personality is able to “be herself” in any situation; she is in harmony with her inner world, without playing any other roles.
- Unity of ideological views. A formed personality has an idea of his life purpose. A mature personality has a relatively clear self-image. This criterion is associated with the “maturity” of conscience.
Definition
A formed conscience is a feeling of duty to maintain one’s self-image in an acceptable form, to continue one’s chosen line of proprietary aspirations, and to create one’s own style of being. Conscience is a type of self-government.
It is important to note that the process of personality formation does not stop in adulthood. Moreover, it never ends, but always has a conscious or unconscious goal. Thus, the concepts of “personality formation” and “adulthood” are not synonymous. Also, within the framework of one paradigm, the problem of personality formation can be considered as a relationship between different levels of human organization: individual, personality, subject of activity.
PERSONALITY. Psychological Dictionary
Personality structure is a holistic systemic formation, a set of socially significant mental properties, relationships and actions of an individual that have developed in the process of ontogenesis and determine his behavior as the behavior of a conscious subject of activity and communication.
In a broad, traditional sense, personality is an individual as a subject of social relations and conscious activity. In this understanding, the personality structure includes all the mental characteristics of a person, and all the morphophysiological characteristics of his body - right down to the characteristics of metabolism. The ordinary understanding of the meaning of the personality phenomenon explains its sustained popularity both in society and throughout world literature.
In a narrow sense, personality is a systemic quality of an individual determined by involvement in social relations, formed in joint activity and communication. Alexey Nikolaevich Leontiev attached particular importance to understanding personality. According to his concept, personality is a qualitatively new formation. Personality is formed through life in society and therefore only a person who reaches a certain age can be a person. After all, only over time and in the course of activity does a person enter into relationships with other people - into social relationships, and these relationships become personality-forming. From the side of the person himself, his formation and life as an individual appear, first of all, as development, transformation, subordination and resubordination of his motives.
A narrowed understanding of personality allows us to isolate a very important aspect of human existence associated with the social nature of his life. In this case, a person as an object of social life acquires new formations (new qualities), which are absent if we consider a person in isolation from society. And in order to better understand these new personality qualities, it is necessary to consider them from the point of view of social tasks and interests of society.
As we know, every person, as a member of society, is a self-active subject, whose activity is determined, first of all, by his own needs and motives. On the other hand, society must take care of the reproduction of its members capable of maintaining the sustainability of this society and its development. Therefore, the main way to truly educate a real member of society, a real personality, is to educate his motives. Thus, a person becomes a personality to the extent that the system of his motives turns out to correspond to the requirements of society. And from this moment, each person begins to make a certain contribution to the life of society and individuals.
Concept by A. A. Rean
Summarizing the most well-known theories, the focus of which is the psychological analysis of the main criteria for personality formation, A. A. Rean suggests considering four basic criteria:
- responsibility;
- tolerance;
- self-development;
- positive thinking (positive perception of the world).
The last criterion is integrative; it is realized not only independently, but also being present in all the others.
According to the concept of A. A. Rean, the formation of personality is not limited to gaining autonomy and independence in decision making. The statement that personality formation is a process that has no logical conclusion and never stops indicates the infinity and unlimited possibilities of personality self-actualization. According to the researcher, in the process of its development, a person overcomes a long path, which includes, firstly, the formation of the ability for self-determination, self-government, and the subordination of some motives of activity to others (more socially significant); secondly, the successful implementation of existing forces, inclinations and resources; thirdly, the ability to overcome the limitations of one’s own self and actively master more global and significant values.
The process of personality formation is influenced by a significant number of factors, which include individual (mainly biologically determined) and age-related characteristics of a person, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of relationships with people around him (including in the family), success in professional activity (or lack thereof) ) etc. Thus, the process of personality formation cannot be uniform, and therefore changes in the nature of relationships at certain stages of life are progressive.
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Personality assessment criteria
If you are doing business or want to find worthy friends who you can rely on in difficult times, then you periodically ask yourself the following questions:
- What is most important when assessing a person?
- What are the most fundamental qualities in him?
Much depends on your goal setting, that is, what you consider important and valuable for yourself. For example, you may decide that the following criteria are important to you:
Temperament
This is a stable set of individual psychophysiological characteristics of a person associated with dynamic rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is closely related to character and has a strong influence on it.
Character
This is the structure of persistent, relatively permanent mental properties that determine the characteristics of relationships and behavior of an individual.
Socialization
Socialization means the ability to quickly and easily establish constructive relationships with others. A socialized person is more natural and open, but at the same time flexible, realistic and able to resolve interpersonal problems.
Understanding others
A mature, formed personality is free from stereotypes and prejudices, capable of adequately assessing the surrounding reality and other people.
Such a person accepts people as they are, respects their originality and the right to be themselves.
Creative thinking
A very important quality of a developed personality is that she is able to meet life's problems openly and flexibly, finding.
Mindfulness
This is a continuous monitoring of current experiences, that is, a state in which a person focuses on experiencing the present moment, without becoming involved in thoughts about past events or about the future.
She understands the consequences of her actions; she thinks first, then acts. She chooses her own reactions, what to feel, how to behave and how to think. Such freedom is achieved through prolonged mental exercise and reflection.
Integrity
This is internal harmony, when the physical, mental and spiritual-moral parts of life are inextricably linked. Integrity occurs when what you say, think and how you behave do not contradict each other. This is how a mentally healthy person should be.
Personal integrity is not given at birth, but is formed primarily under the influence of the external environment or in interaction with the external environment. It is achieved through enormous work on oneself, analysis of one’s psyche and self-reflection.
This does not mean that such a person is self-confident. He is aware of his shortcomings, but does not engage in flagellation, but methodically eradicates them. He develops his strengths and gets rid of his weaknesses.
