Personality theories
Today we will look at different theories of personality analysis in existing trends in psychology. Understanding how a person develops always depends on the direction in which a particular concept is developed.
Let's start with the dispositional theory of personality. She has different directions. In one, greater importance is attached to congenital characteristics, and in the other, acquired ones. We will discuss the general outline of this theory. It consists of the following: personality is a set of certain internal traits that predetermine our reaction in a new situation.
For example, a person deceives not because it is convenient at a certain moment, but because deceit is inherent in him. The most popular within this direction is the theory of temperament. Thus, an individual with a congenital weak nervous system will react in one way, and a naturally morally stable individual will react in another way.
The second direction of personality research is the behavioral approach. Its essence is understood in the same way as everything else within the framework of behaviorism (the totality of reflexes acquired over a lifetime, and nothing more).
Next comes the humanistic theory. Here personality manifests itself as a certain structure of motives, either in the form of a real “I” or an ideal “I”. In the latter case, a person strives for his perfect image, and then he self-realizes. When the subject cannot do this, he develops a feeling of worthlessness and falls into neurosis.
Next comes the cognitive theory of personality, founded by George Kelly. He came to the conclusion that a developing person is determined by mental operations: the perception of reality and its interpretation. In the process, he develops specific cognitive schemas. And with their help he interprets his external experience. Any personality is a combination of certain schemes that allow us to realize practical wisdom. Each person may have his own hierarchy of cognitive plans. Because of this feature, each individual person is unique.
And finally, we will consider the active, that is, Russian concept of the development of human essence. It includes:
- the individual, that is, the animal part of the personality;
- subject of activity - human consciousness;
- the personality itself, that is, its social part.
Self-esteem and its role in personality formation
Low self-esteem can be due to many reasons. Sometimes a person adopts it in childhood from his parents, who never dealt with their personal problems, in other cases it develops in a child due to poor performance at school, which, in turn, is the result of unfavorable conditions for studying at home or insufficient attention parents. Both ridicule from peers and excessive criticism from adults can have a detrimental effect on a child’s self-esteem. Personal problems, inability to behave in certain situations, as well as a lack of everyday skills also form a person’s unflattering opinion of himself.
What communication difficulties does a person with low self-esteem face? Ideas about oneself as less capable, ugly, unlucky, unhappy, sick are inherent mainly in people with anxious, stuck and pedantic types of character accentuation; they create a low background mood and perpetuate an “inferiority complex.” Persistent, excessively low self-esteem entails excessive dependence on others, lack of independence and even ingratiation; timidity, isolation, and even a distorted perception of others appear.
A sober and objective attitude towards oneself forms the basis of normal self-esteem. In our environment there will always be people superior to us in some way: stronger, more beautiful, charming, intelligent, successful or popular. And in the same way, there will always be those who are inferior to us in this.
The formation of self-esteem and self-esteem is influenced by many factors that already operate in early childhood - the attitude of parents, position among peers, the attitude of teachers. By comparing the opinions of the people around him, a person forms self-esteem, and it is curious that a person first learns to evaluate others, and then to evaluate himself. And only by the age of 14-15 does a teenager master the skills of introspection, introspection and reflection, analyze his own results achieved and thereby evaluate himself. (“If I didn’t give up in a difficult situation, then I’m not a coward,” “If I was able to overcome a difficult task, then I’m capable,” etc.) A person’s self-esteem may be adequate (a person correctly, objectively evaluates himself), either inadequately overestimated or inadequately underestimated. And this, in turn, will influence the level of a person’s aspirations, which characterizes the degree of difficulty of the goals that a person strives for and the achievement of which seems attractive and possible to a person.
The level of aspiration is the level of difficulty of a task that a person undertakes to achieve, knowing the level of his previous performance. The level of aspirations is influenced by the dynamics of failures and successes along the path of life, the dynamics of success and failure in specific activities. The level of aspirations can be adequate (a person chooses goals that he can actually achieve, which correspond to his abilities, skills, and capabilities) or inadequately inflated or underestimated. The more adequate the self-esteem, the more adequate the level of aspirations.
A low level of aspirations, when a person chooses too simple, easy goals (although he could achieve much higher goals), is possible with low self-esteem (a person does not believe in himself, has a low assessment of his abilities and capabilities, feels “inferior”), but It is also possible with high self-esteem, when a person knows that he is smart and capable, but chooses simpler goals, so as not to “overwork”, “keep his head down,” showing a kind of “social cunning.” An inflated level of aspirations, when a person sets too complex, unrealistic goals for himself, can objectively lead to frequent failures, disappointment, and frustration. In youth, people often make inflated, unrealistic claims, overestimate their abilities, and as a result, this groundless self-confidence often irritates others, causes conflicts, failures, and disappointments.
In social psychology, there are three areas in which the formation and formation of personality takes place: activity, communication, self-awareness.
Throughout the entire process of socialization, the individual deals with the development of more and more new types of activities. As a result, each person identifies aspects of activity that are especially significant for himself, concentrates his attention on this chosen main aspect, subordinating all other activities to it. In the course of socialization, the connections of a person’s communication with people, groups, and society as a whole expand and deepen, and the formation of an image of his “I” occurs in a person.
Self-awareness criteria:
1) separating oneself from the environment, consciousness of oneself as a subject, autonomous from the environment (physical environment, social environment); 2) awareness of one’s activity - “I control myself”; 3) awareness of oneself “through another” (“What I see in others can be my quality”); 4) moral assessment of oneself, the presence of reflection, awareness of one’s internal experience.
In the structure of self-awareness we can distinguish:
1) awareness of close and distant goals, motives of one’s “I” (“I” as an active subject”); 2) awareness of your real and desired qualities “Real Self” and
"Ideal Self"); 3) cognitive, cognitive ideas about oneself (“I am as an observed object”); 4) emotional, sensual self-image. Thus, self-awareness includes: - self-knowledge (the intellectual aspect of knowing oneself); - self-attitude (emotional attitude towards oneself).
In general, three layers of human consciousness can be distinguished:
1) attitude towards oneself;
2) attitude towards other people;
3) expectation of other people’s attitude towards oneself (attributive projection).
The attitude towards other people, the awareness of this attitude can be qualitatively different:
1) egocentric level of relationships
(the attitude towards oneself as an intrinsic value influences the attitude towards other people (“If they help me, then they are good people”);
2) group-centric level of relationships
(“If another person belongs to my group, he is good”);
3) prosocial level
(“Another person is their own value, respect and accept the other person for who they are.” “Do unto others as you would like them to do to you;”);
4) estocholic level
- level of outcomes (“Each person is in a certain relationship with the spiritual world, with God. Mercy, conscience, spirituality are the main thing in relation to another person”).
Three indicators - self-esteem, expected assessment, group personality assessment
- enter into the structure of the personality, and whether a person wants it or not, he is objectively forced to take into account these subjective indicators of his well-being in the group, the success or failure of his achievements, his position in relation to himself and others. He must take them into account even when he does not suspect the presence of these indicators and knows nothing about the operation of the psychological mechanism of assessments and self-esteem. In essence, it is a mechanism of social contacts, orientation and values transferred inside the human personality (interiorized). A person checks his testimony when entering into communication and actively acting. This check occurs mainly unconsciously, and the personality adapts to the modes of behavior determined by these indicators.
Unconsciously does not mean uncontrollably. We should not forget that all essentially significant assessments are formed in the conscious life of the individual. Before they were internalized, they were visibly represented in interpersonal contacts. Family, teachers, comrades, books, films actively shaped, for example, a child’s ideal Self and at the same time real Self, they taught him to compare them. The child learned to evaluate others according to the same indicators by which he evaluated himself, having previously learned to be equal to others. As a result, a person got used to peering into a social group, as if in a mirror, and then moved this skill inside his personality.
To understand a person, it is necessary to clearly imagine the action of these unconsciously developing inclinations of high school students to make plans for the future, the creation of which is impossible without imagination.
The construction of one's fantastic self is characteristic not only of young men, but also of adults. When assessing the motivating significance of this self-image, it is important to know whether the individual’s objective understanding of his position and place in life has been replaced by his fantastic self. The predominance in the personality structure of fantastic ideas about himself, not accompanied by actions that would contribute to the realization of what he wants, disorganizes activity and a person’s self-awareness and in the end can severely traumatize him due to the obvious discrepancy between what is desired and what is actual.
Only through numerous trials and errors does a person comprehend the extent of his real capabilities. But, no matter how unpleasant youthful self-confidence can be, psychologically much more dangerous is low self-esteem, a low level of a person’s social aspirations, which encourages him to shy away from all activities, refuse to achieve his goals, avoid people (because he does not believe in himself, is afraid of criticism, ridicule ) or be an obedient instrument in the hands of other people. For such guys, you need to try to create situations in which they would receive tangible proof of their social and human value, “believe in themselves” in order to block this process that is dangerous for the individual.
Self-respect is a generalized attitude of an individual towards himself, directly proportional to the amount of success achieved and inversely proportional to the level of aspirations (self-respect = success/aspiration), i.e. the higher the aspiration, the greater a person’s achievements must be so that he can respect himself.
Low self-esteem means acute dissatisfaction with oneself, a negative assessment of one’s personality, a tendency to neurosis, depression, when recognition and hypertrophy of one’s own shortcomings serve for a neurotic person not as a launching pad for overcoming them, but as a means of self-justification and refusal of activity.
But dissatisfaction with oneself and high self-criticism do not always indicate low self-esteem; Thus, intellectually developed and creative people are acutely aware of the discrepancy between those properties that they have and those that they would like to have. Hence, dissatisfaction with oneself, which encourages a person to set himself more complex tasks, to strive for improvement, for self-actualization. If a person makes unrealistic claims, he often encounters insurmountable obstacles on the way to achieving his goal, suffers failures, and experiences frustration.
Frustration is a specific emotional state of a person that arises when insurmountable obstacles appear on the way to achieving the desired goal. Frustration manifests itself as aggression, anger, which can be directed at others (“aggressive frustration”), or at oneself (blaming oneself for failures — (“regressive frustration”).
Frequently recurring states of frustration can consolidate certain characteristic traits in a person’s personality: aggressiveness, envy, anger - in some; lethargy, lack of self-confidence, “inferiority complex”, indifference, lack of initiative - in others. If a person does not get out of a state of frustration for a long time, then neurosis is formed - a disease that arises as a result of a conflict between a person and the environment due to clashes between a person’s desires and a reality that does not satisfy them.
Basic provisions I - concepts
The term “I-concept” (in English “self-conception”, literally “self-concept”) appeared in Russian-language psychological literature relatively recently. Previously, the terms “self-image” and “self-awareness” were used in the same meaning. Self-concept is one of the central concepts in many psychological theories.
Psychologists such as W. James, K. Rogers, J. Mead, E. Erickson, R. Burns and many others have studied the self-concept and its influence on human behavior.
One of the most famous works devoted to the self-concept is the work of R. Burns “Development of the self-concept and education.” Summarizing the experience of many researchers, R. Burns defines the self-concept as the totality of all an individual’s ideas about himself, coupled with their assessment. The descriptive component of the self-concept is called the self-image or self-picture.
The component associated with the attitude towards oneself or individual qualities is called self-esteem or self-acceptance. So, for example, a person may think: “I am smart, sociable, resourceful (I-image), and this makes me happy (self-esteem), but I am fat and wear glasses (I-image), and this is unpleasant for me (self-esteem).” The subject of self-description and self-esteem can be a person’s body, his abilities, social relationships, objects belonging to him and much more.
The self-concept is a complex structured picture that exists in the mind of an individual as an independent figure or background and includes both the self itself and the relationships into which it can enter, as well as positive and negative values associated with the perceived qualities and relationships of the self – in the past, present and future.
Self-concept is everything that an individual considers to be himself or his own, everything that he thinks about himself, all the ways of self-education characteristic of him.
The self-concept is formed in the process of education and socialization, but it also has certain individual and natural conditions.
What is personality structure?
This is roughly how the structure of personality analysis in psychoanalytic theory is deciphered, in which Freud distinguishes three parts:
- The id is essentially identified with the individual and is the bearer of our instincts, energy, and desires.
- Ego - coincides with the concept of the subject of activity, is the driving force of our consciousness and regulation of behavior, and a way of adapting to the external environment.
- The super “I”, which contains moral principles and norms: it is also personified with the personality.
Berne's personality structure can be subdivided in approximately the same way when he divided a person into parent, adult and child. True, unlike Freud, he considered these to be parts of the ego, and not the unconscious, conscious and supraconscious parts.
Personality and character. Psychological analysis of personality
In life, the manifestation of personality and character are very closely intertwined. They are very similar in many ways. These two concepts are not always distinguished not only by ordinary people, but even by psychologists. Here we will talk about the theory of personality analysis. You can find quite a few psychology textbooks in which character is considered a property. And it is on the basis of genetically based traits in particular that personality analysis is carried out, and it is not always clear where the differences are visible.
Indeed, we are all different. And the characteristics of a socially developed person, as well as character traits, manifest themselves in different ways. Everyone has their own way of socially analyzing personality. And, of course, when science deals with individual characteristics, one of the most popular methods of psychological knowledge and classification of these differences is called typology. Indeed, everyone is unique and unrepeatable. Nevertheless, in the aggregate individuality there are moments of commonality, the concept of repetition. The combination of these two concepts underlies the construction of the typology. Due to this association, certain types of people can be distinguished.
On the one hand, each of them speaks of individuality and difference from others. The second facet is when a type includes unique but common features.
Purpose of self-assessment of personality
Conducted research has revealed that self-assessment of human personality has three important functions:
- regulation that influences personal choice;
- protection serves as a guarantee of mental stability and independent behavioral model;
- development – promotes constant self-development.
Based on this fact, experts in the field of psychology recommend that their patients focus on themselves as often as possible. Only by conducting a detailed analysis of your own qualities can you find answers to numerous questions. In addition, this approach allows you to get rid of various “junk” that interferes with self-development. Establishing internal order eliminates existing conflicts and allows you to achieve harmony.
Personal self-esteem is an important link in the formation of human self-awareness.
Self-esteem is an individual’s opinion regarding himself and his own importance.
A detailed analysis of one’s own capabilities, skills and individual character traits allows one to determine one’s purpose in society. With the help of self-report, introspection and introspection, a person compares his own personality with those around him. It is important to understand that this element of self-knowledge has no similarities with banal curiosity. In the issue under consideration, such qualities as self-improvement, pride and the desire to achieve success act as incentives for personal development. It is these goals that push a person to wage a daily struggle with himself and constantly expand the range of his interests.
Self-esteem is the only way to know your own “I” by comparing your past actions with your plans for the future. Analysis of various aspects of your individuality allows you to become familiar with your own strengths and weaknesses, as well as determine a strategy for developing your own behavioral model in various conditions. It is this analysis that is the mechanism for launching moral self-development.
Personality self-esteem is divided into two key elements: emotional and cognitive. The first is responsible for the relationship with the individual traits of one’s own personality, among which temperament, character, behavior pattern and habits should be highlighted. The cognitive sphere is based on information that comes from the outside world.
Circumstances of modern psychology
It is necessary to take into account the fact that in modern psychology there is no single idea about the subject of analysis of personality development, which means that there is no one generally accepted theory that would be confirmed by all specialists in this field. On the contrary, about a hundred years ago, the entire psychological science was divided into many schools and directions, each of which came up with its own analytical concept. Namely: with an understanding of the subject as a whole, with specific ideas about the individual components of mental reality and one’s own theory of personality analysis. However, the view on the concept of “individual development” differed in the same way. We rely on the tradition that is associated with the Moscow Psychological School, that is, with the establishment of Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev. But despite this, one common feature can be identified: man is a common object for many different sciences. Each of them has its own purpose and method of personality analysis. In accordance with this, in man as a general object, each science distinguishes its own narrow subject.
Development of personal self-esteem
The formation of a person’s self-esteem occurs as a result of interpersonal connections. Public opinion has a special influence on the level of self-assessment. The assessment of surrounding people, combined with personal achievements, is one of the important criteria in the issue under consideration. Self-esteem in psychology is an idea of the degree of importance of one’s own personality to others. The foundation for the formation of an assessment is the personal qualities, shortcomings and advantages, feelings and actions of a person.
According to psychologists, this component of self-awareness has increased resistance to external influence. Since the development of personal assessment is formed in childhood under the influence of social and congenital factors, established opinions are difficult to correct. The development of self-esteem is influenced by relationships with other people, since each person tends to compare his actions with the actions of other people. You can determine the level of assessment of your own personality by studying criteria such as temperament, character, and the degree of interaction with other people.
Who else is exploring personality?
Let us remember: historians are also studying this theory. But they do this within a certain time period. They are interested in the role of man in the historical process, without using the structure of personality analysis. That is, not the extent to which each designated event can be determined by the actions of a particular celebrity, but the extent to which what is happening is a manifestation of the general laws of social development.
Teachers also study human abilities, but they are primarily interested in this in terms of educational work. This is their main goal. They use other personality analysis techniques.
Sociologists study similar concepts. There is a large branch in this area called “sociology of personality.” The goal is to find patterns in various social phenomena that arise as a result of the unification of people. Personality in this science is considered as an element of various social strata.
What does psychology highlight in the process of human development? Of course, specialists are interested in what motivates a person, the main active forces. At the same time, a person can be controlled by various motivations (economic, legal, social, cultural). But psychology has its own purpose. Since it studies the reality of human essence and can give an analysis of personality characteristics, it is obvious that among the diverse motives it will look for psychological driving forces. And they, in turn, are united by a common collective word - motivation.
Formation and development of self-esteem
If we consider how self-esteem is formed, we need to highlight the most important factors influencing it:
- own attitude to the surrounding reality,
- the relationship of the environment to the individual,
- success or failure in profession, love or family relationships.
Personality development - what is it in psychology
The formation of self-esteem goes in parallel with the development of personality, that is, already in early childhood. The main thing is that this process occurs under the influence of the assessments of others and the personal achievements of the individual, so children often define their abilities and capabilities as adults say: “Well done, you know how to do it,” “Ugly and sloppy, that’s why they don’t make friends with you,” they find their place in a group of peers as defined by those around him.
The next important stage in the development of self-esteem is adolescence. This is a difficult period in the life of a growing person, as there is a revision of values and worldviews that were unshakable until that moment. In adolescence, the adequacy of self-esteem gradually increases, and there is a sharp transition from an insufficiently clear vision of oneself to a relatively complete self-concept. In addition, objective awareness of one's strengths and weaknesses is growing. Appearance begins to play a big role. For example, in the essays of high school students, the importance of appearance is often pointed out as a determining argument in social recognition, in accordance with the standards accepted among peers. The teenager’s support during this period comes from parents, teachers, and classmates.
For your information. Self-esteem is not a constant value; it is influenced by life circumstances and active actions on the part of the individual himself. For example, a student, having successfully passed an exam, considers himself capable. But such an assessment can easily be shaken by the slightest disruption in further studies.
Adolescence is the most difficult period in the development of self-esteem, since much depends on the opinions of others and external data.
As psychologists note, conscious and stable self-esteem is formed in early adulthood by the age of 25. By this time, the realization comes that the assessments of others are other people’s assessments; it is important to have a personal understanding of yourself.
SWOT personality analysis
The main task and idea of this type of analysis is quite simple. To complete it, you just need a piece of paper and a pen, as well as thirty minutes of free time. This option is suitable when you are confused in some situation and do not know what to do. It is very useful to do a SWOT analysis at a time when you need to make an important decision. The results will help you do the right thing and will also show you your true path.
Draw a square on a piece of paper that will be divided into equal cells. The two columns are favorable and unfavorable. The two lines are internal and external.
Step 1: Think about what is positive for you and your process of action at this time. Write down the data, all without exception, in 1 column. In the same way, think about this, what in these conditions is risky and capable of harming you, what is most likely to interfere, from which you will be exhausted. It was 2 columns.
Stage 2. Try to ask yourself: can I influence these things, or is this in no way dependent on me in this situation? If you can influence these factors, this will be regarded as your internal quality, a characteristic feature. If any change seems impossible, and one only needs to take into account the given influence, then it is an external phenomenon.
Now all our cells are filled. What can help you and is internal are your strengths, and what hinders you are your weaknesses. In this case, what can become a help for you and remain outside the zone of control are opportunities. They can also be called abilities. And what is an obstacle and is located outside of you is threats.
It is sometimes believed that after filling in the data in 4 fields, the SWOT study is complete, and the analysis of the personality concept is complete. In fact, it is just beginning here. Now we have to figure out what to do next with all this.
General tips would be as follows:
- We are prescribing a strategy in which we strive to rely primarily on our own strengths, and either compensate for the weaknesses with something, or invest forces in their formation so that they cease to be similar to weaknesses.
- At the same time, we strive to use our emerging abilities to the maximum and somehow avoid these dangers. In particular, we carefully weigh two combinations: strengths + abilities. This is something we can do right now and show our best side. The second acceptable combination is weaknesses + threats. This, in this case, is what we can lose almost everything because of, and this is most dangerous if external threats are superimposed on our mental limitation and powerlessness.
Types and levels of personality self-esteem
When studying the question of what self-esteem is, we need to talk about its structure. In order to correctly determine the individual’s position, the following types and levels of self-esteem are identified:
- Adequate, corresponding to two positions: average level and above average;
- Inadequate, with positions of an overestimated or underestimated level.
How to love yourself - what does this mean in psychology, acceptance of your personality
In a psychological characteristic, the presence of one or another type of assessment is important and decisive, since it is on its level that the extent to which a person will sensibly assess his own strengths, actions, qualities, and actions depends.
For your information. What the level of self-esteem means is useful for every person to know in order to make a qualitative description of himself and correctly use his abilities and eradicate shortcomings. Practical psychology has developed many different recommendations on how to increase self-esteem and bring it to a normal level.
According to psychologists, the level is objectively determined by the ratio of mental processes: cognitive and protective. The first affects adequacy, the second, in situations of low self-esteem, is aimed at protecting internal psychological comfort.
Both high and low self-esteem can harm a person in interpersonal relationships
Important! Many people believe that an inflated level is good, supposedly it helps you to love yourself. However, this opinion is erroneous, since deviations of self-esteem in one direction or another mislead a person about himself and reduce the quality of life.
Thus, individuals with an inflated level are able to overestimate their own potential and believe that others undeservedly underestimate them. As a result, they show arrogance, unfriendliness, and sometimes aggression towards people. In addition, an inflated level of aspirations exceeds their real capabilities and leads to failure. It’s bad that such individuals cultivate a desire for superiority and quarrelsomeness, which is why many try to avoid communicating with them. In such a state, the individual experiences hysterical behavior and neurotic reactions, ultimately leading to neuroses.
For your information. Experts note that a person with high self-esteem has a characteristic appearance: head held high, straight posture, long and direct gaze, commanding voice.
A low level of self-esteem manifests itself in an anxious, stuck type of character accentuation. As a rule, such a person becomes insecure, does not trust anyone and, like no one else, needs the constant support of others.
An individual with low self-esteem often falls under the influence of colleagues or relatives and follows their lead. Such individuals, as a rule, exaggerate their troubles, become overly self-critical, envious, and suspicious. Often, thinking about their shortcomings leads them to view themselves as a loser, which is why their best qualities are incorrectly assessed. Low self-esteem begins to form in childhood, but often in adulthood it can transform from adequate, as a result of constant comparison of oneself and one’s achievements with others.
For your information. The appearance of a person with low self-esteem is characterized by: retraction of the head into the shoulders, an indecisive gait, reluctance to look the interlocutor in the eyes, a weak voice or prolonged silence.
Based on a person's appearance, you can get an impression of his level of self-esteem.
SWOT: example
We propose to analyze a regular sample. Let's say an individual is looking for a job. We are often quite conservative if we have worked in some place before. In this case, for some reason, we can look for subsequent work in such a way that it is similar to the previous one. However, if we didn’t like it at all in our previous place, then a SWOT study can help us get out of the rut. Someone is able to make us understand some other ways.
Suppose you know similar strengths in yourself: optimal mathematical preparation, understanding of 2 languages, analytical intelligence. Weaknesses: you have moved a little away from your own sphere, you have not observed developments and new products for a long time, and you are not yet very sociable and somewhat withdrawn into yourself. Hazards that are important to you have a good chance of being associated with the organization you work for. Perhaps your plans as a whole will soon be shut down, and the work category will be disbanded. Or perhaps your project has had powerful rivals; here you can analyze the person’s personality. Now let's take a closer look at abilities - this is what will help you introduce yourself to society in the shortest possible time. For example, some very good employer may currently be looking for employees with your qualifications. Or they are currently recruiting for internships at a good experimental center.
Let's say you decide to think about the opportunity and take a closer look at this internship. The ability to understand languages will be a support because it is your strength. But being a little sociable and uncommunicative, you will experience difficulties. You will have to compensate for these traits with something, so this is your weakness.
Now, looking at the preliminary results of the SWOT analysis, you can make some conclusions and formulate projects. For example, you prepare a portfolio and at the same time begin an interview when looking for a new activity, or send an application for internship.
When used consistently, SWOT research can help prevent problems and track abilities for the purpose of personality formation and growth.
Child development
The development and analysis of the child’s personality should be given special attention.
There are many ways that help to understand at what stage of psychological and intellectual growth a particular child is. But, given the low interest of children in this kind of action, experts offer an alternative method - studying children's drawings.
Has your baby started eating and sleeping poorly? Do you notice that something is wrong with him? Drawings will help transform your child’s mood from “childish” to “adult” language! In them, kids unconsciously express what worries them. Usually they start drawing with circles - the sun and the faces of people. This is normal until two or three years. From these simple images you can immediately understand whether everything is fine with your child. But with age, the pictures become more complex. So a person who does not have the qualifications and professional competence in this matter will most likely interpret this incorrectly. It is important to pay attention to the colors your child uses. The first alarm signal is the predominance of dark colors. Of course, one drawing may not answer your question, but it can be the most important signal that you should not miss.
Children's drawings are especially valuable material in cases where you need to find out whether a child has any problems. They to some extent help to conduct a psychological analysis of the individual. You just need to learn to read the works of the young artist. Most often, such images contain a deep, sacred psychological meaning. The parent can do the decoding personally, but it is still worth noting that this kind of analysis may not always be reliable. Therefore, psychologists strongly recommend contacting specialists.
