TEST for DETERMINING PERSONALITY ACCENTUATIONS according to K. LEONHARD

Personality accentuations

Attempts to identify and characterize certain types of characters based on the most pronounced accentuations have been carried out for a long time; many famous psychologists and scientists are directly involved in this. The earliest classification was developed by the German leader in the field of psychology E. Kramer. The divisions according to the character types of his American colleague W. Shannon look a little different. The modern classification uses the works of K. Leonhard, E. Fromm.

This article discusses the definition of personality accentuation according to the questionnaire of A. E. Lichko.

Basic principles for systematizing accentuations

In the process of taking a test to identify characteristic personality traits, you should adhere to the following key points:

• bright accentuations of character are formed at an early age and are stable throughout life;
• combinations of strong traits and weak manifestations of individual personal qualities cannot be built randomly, they create stable relationships that determine the typology of character;
• Almost all people from any social group can be classified as a certain type of character.

Accentuations as an extreme feature of the norm

According to psychologist A.E. Lichko, the highest limit for the development of accentuation should not exceed the normative limits of psychological deviations, beyond which a pathological change in personality occurs. In adolescence, such accentuations, bordering on pathology, are often observed and have the peculiarity of a temporary state of mind.

In a person, affective neuroses and borderline states, behavioral characteristics, and predisposition to somatic diseases depend on the type of accentuation. Accentuation can act as an important component of endogenous mental diseases and reactive nervous disorders. The most striking features should be taken into account when compiling a list of rehabilitation measures, psychological and medical recommendations.

Accentuation determines the future profession, makes it difficult or difficult to adapt to society . This indicator is important when choosing programs of psychotherapeutic activities, in the sense of obtaining the most complete effect from group, individual, directive or discussion psychotherapy.

The most fully developed character traits appear during growth and puberty, then gradually smooth out towards adulthood. Accentuations can appear only in certain conditions, and in normal circumstances they are almost undetectable . Sometimes the manifestation of accentuations in human character can lead to difficulties in adaptation in society, but such phenomena are temporary and are subsequently smoothed out.

Degree of manifestation of accentuation

The severity of bright and strong characteristic personal qualities leads to a division into two types:

• obvious accentuation;
• hidden accentuation.

Explicit accentuation

Refers to extreme manifestations bordering on the norm. Constant personality traits determine an individual’s attitude towards a certain type of character, but pronounced traits do not lead to difficulties with adaptation in society. People choose a profession that corresponds to their developed abilities and certain capabilities.

Vivid personality indicators become more acute during adolescence, which, when interacting with certain psychogenic factors, can lead to disruption of smooth communication with other individuals and deviations in behavior . After reaching adulthood, the features remain significantly pronounced, but are smoothed out, and communication in society occurs smoothly, without incident.

Hidden current of accentuation

This degree of development of the most significant character traits rather refers to normal options; we can say that accentuation (the manifestation of bright personal indicators) does not appear at all. But those assessment indicators that have the highest value can manifest themselves during tests in situations of psychologically heightened background, after severe mental trauma and experiences.

Types of accentuations according to the classification of A. E. Lichko

The characters of people, depending on combinations of certain personal indicators, are divided into the following types:

• labile , characterized by a sharp change in mood and behavior depending on external circumstances;
• cycloid , with a set of traits with a tendency to certain changes in behavior during a certain period;
• asthenic , with an indecisive character prone to anxiety, prone to rapid fatigue, depressive states, irritability;
• the fearful type involves timid and shy communication when absolutely necessary, impressionability from contacts with others, a feeling of one’s own inferiority;
• psychasthenic individuals show excessive suspiciousness, anxiety, doubtfulness, are prone to self-examination, preferring traditional actions;
• a schizoid individual isolates himself from society, adaptation in society is difficult due to isolation, emotional poverty, indifference to the suffering of others, and immature intuition;
• the stuck type of paranoid orientation has increased irritability, ambition, inadequate touchiness, and constant suspicion;
• epileptoid characters exhibit a melancholy and angry mood, impulsive behavior, uncontrollable outbursts of anger, cruelty, retardation of thinking, pedantry, slow speech pronunciation;
• the hysterical demonstrative type manifests itself in a tendency towards deceitful speeches, pretense, acting to attract attention, adventurous solutions to issues, lack of conscience, vanity;
• the hyperthymic type is distinguished by a cheerful disposition, talkativeness, active activity, scattering of attention on various interests without pursuing them to completion;
• dysthymic type is constantly depressed with reduced activity, excessive seriousness, sadness and depression;
• an unstable type of extroverted behavior, susceptible to the influence of others, loving new impressions, events, sociable, with the ability to easily contact new people;
• conformist is prone to subordination and allows his own dependence on the opinions of others, does not know how to self-critically perceive shortcomings, conservative, has a negative attitude towards everything new.

Classification of types of character accentuation

Hyperthymic type

Hyperthyms are very sociable, even talkative, active in work, very mobile, and restless. They love to be the center of attention and command the group. They have many hobbies, but, as a rule, they are superficial and pass quickly. During physical activity that requires activity and energy, they retain strength for quite a long time. Almost always in a good mood. Accuracy is not their distinguishing feature.

Sexual feeling awakens early, can be strong, and reactions associated with the formation of sexual desire manifest themselves clearly. Hyperthyms enter into sexual relationships early, but romantic interests usually do not last long. They strive to quickly have sexual intercourse with the object of their love, and if this does not work out, they do not refuse casual acquaintances.

Cycloid type

This type is characterized by repeated alternation of periods of full strength, energy, health, good mood and periods of depression, decreased performance, which is why they are called cycloids. For cycloids, the phases are usually short and last 2-3 weeks. During periods of depression, they experience increased irritability and a tendency toward apathy. At this time, society irritates them, they avoid meetings and companies, and become lethargic homebodies.

Depression can be replaced by a normal state or a period of recovery, when the cycloid turns into hyperthymia, quickly makes acquaintances, strives for company, claims leadership and quickly makes up for lost time.

Labile type

In behavior, representatives of this type are unpredictable and extremely changeable in mood. The reasons for an unexpected change in mood can be different: a word dropped by someone, someone’s friendly glance. In connection with their mood, the future is either painted with bright colors, or appears gray and dull. The attitude towards people is the same: for them the same ones are either cute, interesting and attractive, or boring, boring and ugly.

Poorly motivated changes in mood sometimes create the impression of frivolity, but this is not so. They are capable of deep feelings, great and sincere affection. And some pleasant conversation, interesting news, a fleeting compliment can lift their spirits, distract them from troubles until they remind themselves again.

Asthenoneurotic type

Characterized by suspiciousness, capriciousness, increased fatigue, and a tendency toward hypochondria (morbid suspiciousness, expressed in an obsession with the idea of ​​illness). They listen carefully to their bodily sensations and willingly undergo treatment. In their thoughts about the future, concern for their own health occupies a special place. They are drawn to friends and company, but quickly get tired of them, after which they seek solitude or communication with a close friend.

Sensitive type

Their increased sensitivity and impressionability are combined with high moral requirements for themselves and others. They do not like large companies and outdoor games. They are timid and shy with strangers and give the impression of being withdrawn. They are open and sociable only with those they know well. Very obedient, attached to their parents. They are diligent in their work, although they are afraid of control.

People of the sensitive type see many shortcomings in themselves, especially moral, ethical and strong-willed ones. Timidity and shyness are clearly manifested when they experience first love. Rejected love plunges them into despair and exacerbates their feelings of inferiority. Self-flagellation and self-reproach sometimes lead them to suicidal thoughts. In a situation that requires courage, they may fold.

Psychasthenic type

Characterized by a tendency to reasoning and reflection, to “philosophizing” and introspection. Often indecisive, anxious, suspicious. Pay attention to signs and rituals. During adolescence, sexual development outstrips physical development. Sports are bad for them. Psychasthenics have especially weak arms, but at the same time strong legs. They are characterized by unstable mood and increased fatigue.

Schizoid type

Schizoids are characterized by isolation, isolation, inability and unwillingness to establish contacts with people. A combination of contradictory personality traits appears, such as coldness and refinement of feelings, stubbornness and pliability, wariness and gullibility, apathetic inactivity and assertive determination, unsociability and unexpected importunity, shyness and tactlessness, etc. They live in the world of their illusions and treat everything with disdain. that fills the lives of others.

Schizoids most often themselves suffer from an inability to communicate, empathize, and try to find a friend to their liking. They love to read books. Gymnastics, swimming, and yoga are preferred to group sports games. Do not confuse a schizoid with a schizophrenic (sick with schizophrenia)!

Epileptoid type

The striking features of an epileptoid are a tendency to affective explosiveness, inactivity, heaviness, and inertia. Dysphoria (anger, annoyance, irritation), lasting for hours and days, is characterized by an angry and melancholy coloring of the mood, a search for an object on which to vent evil. The affects are not only strong, but also long lasting. The spontaneity of dysphoria is accompanied by apathy, idleness, aimless sitting with a gloomy frown. In the affects of epileptoids, unbridled rage is observed (obscene language, severe beatings, indifference to the weak and helpless others).

Their sexual desire awakens with force. But their love is colored by attacks of jealousy, they never forgive imaginary and real betrayals. Innocent flirting by one's partner is regarded as betrayal.

Hysterical type

The main features of a hysteroid are egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for attention to one’s own person, admiration, surprise and sympathy. Behavioral manifestations include suicidal blackmail. The forms of such blackmail are different: a depiction of an attempt to jump from a window, cuts to the veins on the forearm, intimidation by taking medications from a home medicine cabinet, etc. Drug use (imaginary or episodic) for the sake of the intention of attracting attention to oneself. This manifests itself especially often at 15-16 years of age. Teenagers skip classes, run away from home, and don’t want to work because... “gray life” does not suit them.

There is a lot of theatrical play in sexual behavior. Men can hide sexual experiences, but women, on the contrary, like to advertise their real relationships or invent non-existent ones. They are capable of self-incrimination in order to portray themselves as libertines to impress others. Sexual attraction among asteroids is neither strong nor intense.

Unstable type

They have an increased craving for entertainment, idleness and idleness. They lack any serious and professional interests. They do not feel true love for their parents. Their troubles and concerns are treated with indifference and indifference. They cannot keep themselves busy with something, so they do not tolerate loneliness well and are drawn to friends. Cowardice and little initiative do not allow them to become leaders. They are driven. They don't like sports.

Sexual hobbies are not strong. Romantic love passes them by; they are not capable of sincere love, but they will not refuse to become acquainted with debauchery and perversions. They don’t care about the future, they live in the present, trying to get more entertainment and pleasure.

Conformal type

The main feature of conformists is an excessive tendency to adapt to their environment. They obey any authority, the majority in the team. It is difficult to adapt to a new environment. Uninitiative, lacking desire for leadership. Hobbies are entirely determined by the environment and fashion of the time. Deprived of their own initiative, easily controlled, they can be drawn into crimes and alcohol or drug companies. Thus, the weakest link of conformists is excessive susceptibility to the influence of the environment and excessive attachment to everything familiar.

The essence of identifying accentuation

Accentuation refers to extreme manifestations of individual characteristic personality traits, while traits of a certain orientation are enhanced, showing vulnerability to some psychogenic influences, while showing resistance to others. The accentuation revealed during the test is not considered as a deviation from the norm; on the contrary, the accentuated personality is considered morally healthy with disproportionately expressed and sharpened features. Incommensurability and a set of certain combinations of character traits can lead an accentuated personality to disharmony with the surrounding reality.

The term “accented personality” was first introduced into use by the German psychologist K. Leongard. It is a mistake to consider the manifestation of strong character traits as a pathological deviation from the norm. Such people are not abnormal, on the contrary, people without strong character traits may not develop in a negative direction, but they are also unlikely to do anything positive and outstanding. People with an accentuated character equally actively move into negative groups and join socially positive groups.

A.E. Lichko in his works expanded the concepts of accentuation and changed the generally accepted term to “accentuation of character,” explaining this by the fact that personality is too broad a concept and is standardly used in the field of psychopathy.

Brief background

The scientific basis for Leonhard’s accentuated personalities almost immediately proved its truthfulness. However, it applied only to mature subjects. Younger age groups, not having the appropriate knowledge base, could not answer the questions proposed. Accordingly, it was not possible to establish their features and subtleties of nature.

The search for solutions was undertaken by the Soviet doctor of psychiatry - A.E. Lichko. He modified Leogrand's testing for use in the children's age category, reworked the proposed character types, changed the names, and added new types. He considered that it was most rational to study the striking characteristics of boys and girls, since during this period the personality and its inclinations manifest themselves. It was through the study of behavioral manifestations during growing up that new species were formed that are not observed at a more mature age.

Description of the test procedure

The questionnaire is a portable test for use in diagnosing individual team members. The test consists of 143 lines of statements representing 10 diagnostic scales and one control scale. The scale contains 13 affirmative expressions, which are arranged in a specific order.

Each member in the test group is offered two sheets, one with questions in the form of statements, the second for answers. After reading a line of statement, everyone decides whether he agrees with it or not. If the statement is characteristic of a person, then you should circle the number assigned to the question or mark it in another way on the answer sheet. Disagreement with the statement means that such a number is not noted on the answer sheet, but is simply skipped.

Answers should be given accurately and truthfully, trying not to be deceived. This will make it possible to clearly define the character and identify its inherent accentuations. After filling out the sheet, count the sum of points scored for each line and put the indicators at the end of the lines.

Features of working with the questionnaire

School workers in the field of psychology rarely use the full version of the A.E. questionnaire. Lichko (351 line), since it is quite complex and requires a lot of time to test one student, and for group testing, using the questionnaire is problematic. Based on this, the portable version is used, which is now being discussed.

The modified version is composed of diagnostic questions; during processing, the standard typology characteristic of the school environment is preserved. At the same time, the questionnaire method becomes the most convenient and is closer to the method of identifying character accentuation along the path of K. Leonhard.

It is considered convenient to use only affirmative responses, while the full version requires the use of negative responses, which makes processing the results much more difficult. The modified version is simplified so much that high school students can, following the instructions, count and identify marginal results. The help of a psychologist consists of deciphering the indicators and explaining the obtained indicators.

It must be said about the difficult diagnosis of neurological, asthenic, cycloid and sensitive nature, since based on the results of a series of tests it was found that such personalities are disguised as another type of accentuated nature, for example, labile. The reliability of determining character accentuation was tested two weeks after the previous test, and the results were 94% correct.

Changing character accentuations

This transformation is characteristic of the dynamics of accentuated features. The essence of the change usually lies in the fact that striking traits are joined by types that are close in compatibility; sometimes the added traits overshadow the dominant ones and come to the fore. There are cases when many similar traits are mixed in a person’s character, and in some situations the most highly developed ones reach a peak and overshadow all the others.

The change in the brightness of features and the replacement of some by others occurs according to accepted patterns, when only compatible types interact. Transformation can occur under the influence of biological or socio-psychological reasons.

Basic forms of change

Transformations of accentuations can be divided into two main groups:

• transit passing changes with affective reactions;
• relatively stationary changes.

First group of transformations

The first group collects acute reactions and, in fact, represents psychopathic reformations:

• intrapunitive are manifested in causing damage to one’s body, attempting suicide, unpleasant and reckless actions, breaking things;
• extrapunitive ones indicate aggressive behavior, attack on the enemy, revenge with malice on innocent persons;
• immune ones represent a withdrawal from the conflict by escaping from the situation, which is not a resolution of the affective problem;
• demonstrative manifestations arise if the conflict results in stormy scenes from the category of theatrical roles, a depiction of taking his own life.

Second group of changes

Changes of a sustainable nature are also subject to subdivision. There is a transition of a bright character trait into a hidden form; this can happen in connection with growing up and gaining a sufficient amount of life experience; in this case, angular personal qualities are smoothed out.

Hidden accentuation marks the transition from the acute phase to the usual, undistinguished variant, when all character traits are equally weakly expressed. It is difficult to form an opinion about this type even after long-term communication. But dormant and smoothed features can suddenly appear under the influence of extraordinary circumstances.

An interesting manifestation is the manifestation of a clear change in accentuation, when traits as a result of the test gain indicators that reach extreme norms, but the criteria are not an obstacle to adaptation and personal communication. With age, such features may remain in the range of manifested intensity, or smoothing out will transfer them to the category of hidden.

• It is necessary to say about the formation of a psychopathic path of development of accentuations at the level of psychopathic pathology. This requires a combination of several influences:
• a person must exhibit one of the accentuations;
• the pathological conditions of the surrounding reality must be such that their type corresponds to the least resistance to this striking feature;
• the action of the factors must be long-lasting;
• the transformation should take place at the age most suitable for the development of accentuation.

A. E. Lichko’s test is an effective way to identify character accentuations and determines the most likely paths of personality development.

Determination of character accentuation according to A.E. Lichko

Tapping test according to I.P. Pavlov

7. Determination of character accentuation according to A.E. Lichko

Using this technique, the accentuations of a person’s character are determined and, based on them, those types of character accentuations that dominate in a given person are established.

The goal is to determine which of the 11 character accentuations (hyperthymic type, cycloid type, labile type, asthenoneurotic type, sensitive type, psychasthenic type, schizoid type, epileptoid type, hysterical type, unstable type, conformal type) are most characteristic of.

In addition to the described types, in real life there are often mixed ones that combine different accentuations of characters. This technique consists of many judgments combined into 25 subscales. During the study using this technique, the subject receives the corresponding 25 subscales and lists of judgments for each scale. From each group of judgments, he must choose three that apply to him to the greatest extent and three that apply to him to the least extent. The type of accentuated character to which the subject belongs is judged by the nature of the choices.

The procedure for working with the technique is as follows: reading each of the corresponding lists of judgments for each subscale, the subject must select and write down in the “suitable choice” column the three most characteristic ones, and then, in the “inappropriate choice” column, the three least characteristic judgments for him. If the subject cannot choose anything suitable for himself or chooses less than three judgments, then he can limit his choices to a smaller number and, accordingly, enter a smaller number of numbers in the columns of the registration sheet.

The elections made by the subject are entered into a special registration sheet:

In the following lists of judgments on the right there is a transcript of the subject’s answers, that is, it indicates what type this judgment belongs to. The alphabetic decoding symbols correspond to the following types: G - hyperthymic, L - labile, C - cycloid, A - asthenoneurotic, S - sensitive, P - psychasthenic, W - schizoid, E - epileptoid, I - hysteroid, N - unstable, K - conformal . For each choice corresponding to the specified symbol, the subject receives one point. If there are several symbols, then the number of points increases according to the number of symbols. For example, GShK – 3 points, and in this case, one point each is given to indicators of the development of three types of character accentuations in the subject. Below I present tables with judgments, but not in full, but only those options that were selected. Those judgments that are selected as a “suitable choice”, I will either decode or put a “–” sign (in the event that the choice does not have a decoding) in the “most characteristic” column. And, accordingly, also with the “inappropriate choice” column, which will be deciphered in the “least characteristic” column.

Well-being

Therefore, according to the first table we have: C – 2 points.

Mood

According to the “mood” table, we have P – 1 point.

Sleep and dreams

According to this table: G – 1 point, N – 1 point, K – 1 point.

Waking up from sleep

From this table we have: L – 1 point, N – 2 points.

Appetite and attitude towards food

Conclusion from this table: A – 1 point

Attitude to clothing

Conclusion from the table: A – 1 point, C – 1 point, K – 1 point.

Attitude to money

Conclusion from the table: L – 1 point, A – 1 point.

Attitude towards parents

Conclusion: P – 1 point, K – 1 point.

Attitude towards friends

Conclusion from the table: G – 1 point, C – 1 point, K – 1 point.

Attitude towards others

Conclusion: E – 1 point

Attitude towards strangers

Conclusion: G – 1 point, C – 1 point.

Attitude towards loneliness

Conclusion: W – 1 point, L – 1 point, A – 1 point.

Attitude to the future

Conclusion: G – 2 points.

Attitude to the new

Conclusion: Ш – 1 point.

Attitude towards failure

Conclusion: I 1 point, L – 1 point.

Attitude to adventure and risk

Conclusion: G – 2 points, L – 1 point, I – 1 point.

Attitude towards leadership

Conclusion: the table is inconclusive.

Attitudes towards criticism and objections

Conclusion: Ш – 2 points.

Attitude towards guardianship and guidance

Conclusion: C – 2 points, P – 1 point, P – 1 point.

Attitude to rules and laws

Conclusion: K – 1 point.

Attitude to school

Conclusion: G – 1 point, E – 1 point, I – 2 points, N – 2 points, C – 1 point.

Assessing yourself at the moment

As a result, after analyzing all the tables, we received the following: hyperthymic type - 9 points, cycloid type - 7, labile type - 6, asthenoneurotic type - 4, sensitive type - 1, psychasthenic type - 3, schizoid type - 6, epileptoid type - 2, hysterical type – 4, unstable – 5, conformal type – 5.

Based on this data, a graph is built:

Following the test key we have

We can draw the following conclusions:

– the dominant type of accentuated character according to the maximum number of points scored is hyperthymic (9 points), this is the average level of development of character accentuation. This type is almost always in a good mood and does not tolerate loneliness well. Often reacts violently to events and is irritable;

– “the type is considered indeterminate if the minimum diagnostic number (MDN) is not reached on the objective assessment scale. The MDC is not the same for different types and is equal to:

MCH 7 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Types G Ts L A S P Sh E I N K

If the MDC is achieved or exceeded in relation to type K and other types, then type K is not diagnosed regardless of the number of points scored in its favor.”*

Thus, we have: G = 9 points, C = 7 points, L = 6 points, W = 6 points - those accentuations that have reached or exceeded the MDC.

If the MFC is achieved or exceeded in three or more types, then among these types two are selected, in favor of which the greatest excess in points over the MFC was obtained. In our case, this is the hyperthymic type and the cycloid type - they are diagnosed together. Cycloid type – often changes mood, periods of depression alternate from time to time with activity characteristic of the hyperthymic type;

– the level of development of the conformal type is at an average level. This suggests that the subject is overly susceptible to external influences, is conservative, does not like new things, and avoids unnecessary problems;

– the level of development of other types of character accentuations is at a low level; in terms of the number of points, labile and schizoid types predominate here (6 points, the level of MDC has been reached).

conclusions

General psychological and pedagogical conclusions and recommendations in accordance with the purpose of the study are given on the basis of a generalization of data obtained as a result of studying the student’s cognitive processes. And the purpose of my research, as I said above, is to clarify the characteristics of individual development at the time of development, and to clarify some difficulties in the field of emotional self-regulation.

It is more convenient to draw general conclusions by drawing up an individual psychological map.

Map of individual psychological development: *

last name, first name, patronymic: Afanasenkov Yaroslav Nikolaevich

child's age: 18 years

course: 2

Psychological and pedagogical conclusions:

1. A study of the level of Yaroslav’s cognitive processes allows me to say that all indicators are normal. In addition, I would like to note that the assessment of attention distribution and the level of attention stability are very high, Yaroslav has a high level of speech development, and an average level of artistic development. The student has a moderately developed short-term visual memory; operational auditory memory is normal. Attention productivity is average.

2. A study of the student’s personal and emotional-volitional sphere showed that Yaroslav has a strong nervous system, a phlegmatic type of temperament, a hyperthymic type of character accentuation, and a normal level of anxiety. The student is not aggressive; the motivation to achieve success prevails over the motivation to avoid failure.

3. There were no difficulties in conducting psychodiagnostics.

Overcoming one's shortcomings is possible by restraining and hiding the subject's feelings. But do not cross the line between restraint and constraint, otherwise other deviations are possible. Conduct auto-training to control feelings and behave calmer.

Bibliography

1. Eromasova A.A., Shvetsova A.D. Psychological workshop at school. Methodological recommendations for compiling a psychological and pedagogical characteristics of a student’s personality (for 4th year students). – Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2003.

2. Nemov R.S. Psychology: In 3 books. – Book 3. – M., 1995

3. General psychodiagnostics / Ed. A.A. Bodaleva, V.V. Stolin. – M., 1987.

4. Rogov E.I. Handbook for a practical psychologist: In 2 volumes. – Book 1. – M., 2000.

5. Stolyarenko L.D. Basics of psychology. Workshop. – Rostov n/d., 1999.

Tapping test according to I.P. Pavlov

Information about the work “Psychological and pedagogical research of personality using special techniques”

Section: Psychology Number of characters with spaces: 29865 Number of tables: 25 Number of images: 5

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