Anticipation: its types and forms, methods of correcting this condition

A person always wants to anticipate upcoming events, because this allows him to prepare for their implementation. Also, a person is inclined to believe that a possible future will definitely be realized, therefore he always wants to achieve it if it predicts something good for him. All this can be attributed to anticipation, of which many examples can be found in psychology. The online magazine psytheater.com will also consider the mechanism of anticipation.

The concept under consideration is understood as predicting the further development of the future by logical or any other method. Some people study cause-and-effect relationships to predict possible futures. Others are involved in occult sciences. Any method is good for a person who wants to know what awaits him in the future in order to be prepared for it.

The “self-fulfilling prophecy” effect states that your expectations cause you to act in such a way that they are guaranteed to have their proof in reality, even if these expectations are fiction.

Your expectations tend to come true. And you personally contribute to this. You are that creature that begins to believe in something, and then does everything to find evidence of your belief. For example, a woman who thinks that her man is cheating will always find evidence of her expectation (she will find the phone number of another woman, although it will just be his employee, or she will be jealous of the gift of her boss, who congratulated all the men in her team on February 23).

If you expect something, you usually get it, regardless of whether you expect bad or good. There are so many stories of how people's fears were realized faster than their desires. Remember how you were afraid of something, and then got a situation where your fear was realized.

Why do expectations become reality? Because you yourself begin to act in such a way that your expectations find their proof in reality. For example, if you are told that a particular person does not like you, then when communicating with this person, you will behave tensely and constrained, without trust and a little aggressively (after all, he does not like you). And thus, by your actions, you will cause him to have various thoughts that you don’t like him, you don’t trust him and don’t want to communicate at all. Although initially you may have been deceived about how the other person treats you. But you found confirmation of your expectation, because you yourself created a situation where they communicate with you constrainedly and without interest.

Your expectations tend to come true, and the reason for this is you yourself: you begin to believe in something, then behave accordingly so that what you expect actually becomes real.

What is anticipation?

Anticipation refers to the prediction of further developments of events, results, phenomena that may arise in the conditions that currently exist. Anticipation manifests itself in the life of every person who, through logical reasoning, tries to predict what awaits him in the future. However, examples of anticipations can also be:

1. Weather forecast, when assumptions are made about what it will be like.
2. A betting game where players try to predict at what point and under what conditions they will win.
3. Fortune telling, when people try to find out what awaits them in the future by referring to objects.

A person always wants to know what awaits him in the future in order to take advantage of this information. If the future is what a person wants it to be, then he simply prepares for its arrival. If the future is unfavorable, then the individual prepares to cope with it. In some cases, information about a possible future allows a person to take some measures to prevent its development, that is, the individual changes his future.

Anticipation is a person's desire to influence his life and be prepared for what may happen. This helps reduce stress levels. Thus, anticipation is:

• The ability of a person to imagine the outcome before it occurs.
• A person's ability to select tools to eliminate a possible problem in the future.
• A person’s desire to influence his future, to change it, if possible.

Have you ever wondered how the predictions of gypsies, witches, and clairvoyants come true in such an amazing way? After all, not every person working in this field really has supernatural abilities. And you cannot be sure that you are in consultation with a truly gifted person. However, predictions almost always come true, regardless of who they were received from. How does this happen?

There is no need to go into the realm of mysticism and the unknown to trace the natural development of this process. You are predicted something or simply told how your life will develop, and you begin to believe in it. Because your clairvoyant told you that you will meet your loved one in the next two months, you believe it because you received this prediction from an authority figure you trust. After which your belief that you should meet someone works wonders, namely, it forces you to narrow your consciousness - you begin to pay attention only to what is about to happen.

After two months, you can meet a certain person, and only because at this time you should meet your love, it seems to you that he/she is your soulmate. Although in fact you just met a new person who may become an acquaintance or friend. At the same time, you do not pay attention to other events that happen in your life. You are focused on finding your loved one, and not on what is happening around you in real life.

Predictions come true only because you provoke them yourself. You know that you have to meet someone, you go out into a crowded place and start having fun meeting other people. And you do this only because you believe that you should meet the person you need. So it turns out that they didn’t predict it for you, but you yourself made sure that what was said came true.

Moreover, various fortune telling operate on the principle of focusing on what is desired. As mentioned above, you pay attention only to what you expect to receive, completely not noticing what else is happening in parallel with you. Your consciousness narrows as you wait for your miracle to materialize, while not noticing other unimportant things that could take you in a different direction, where you would really be happy, or they show you that you are making a mistake or, conversely, going to in the right direction, or are simply contributing factors. In other words, you pay attention to one thing without completely noticing other things that are happening to you at the same time. Indeed, in addition to the prediction, other phenomena happen to you that can lead you to the fulfillment of a better desire that you did not even dare to dream about. But you don’t notice this because you want to get what you have already pictured in your imagination. Any predictions that you yourself embody and provoke work on this principle.

And this applies not only to predictions, but also to the broadcasts of people close to you. They tell you something in a fit of anger or resentment, and you believe it, after which you receive what was told to you. But it was not they who were right, but you yourself agreed with them that this should happen, which is why you provoked those situations that confirmed their guesses.

Learn to be more aware, that is, notice everything that happens to you. And perhaps it will turn out that you want to change your desire and achieve more than you previously allowed yourself to desire.

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“Working with text – anticipation.” methodological development

Dear colleagues. The topic of my speech is “Working with text - anticipation”.

The goal of the modern education system is to raise a functionally literate person who is able to independently build and transform his own life activities, to be its true subject.

To do this, the child must initially be given the opportunity to become an active participant in the learning process in general and the reading process in particular, since the ability to read is not only a subject-specific, but also a general educational skill.

Forming a conscious child reader is a difficult task facing elementary school. But before a book “speaks” to a child, he must “evaluate” it. At this stage, the anticipation technique should be applied. Translated from Latin, “anticipation” means predetermination, anticipation, prediction of events; a preconceived idea of ​​something, the ability of a person to imagine the possible result of an action before it is carried out.

With the help of anticipation, the reader runs ahead in thought. He not only understands what the author is talking about in the text, but also assumes, guesses, what he should say after this. The reader turns into a kind of co-author. The anticipation technique can be used at any stage of the lesson: at the stage of students formulating the topic and purpose of the lesson, during vocabulary work, at the stage of pre-text, textual activity.

Today we will work with the stage of pre-text activity using the technique of anticipation. What does it give at this stage? It helps to develop motivation to read the text, increase the activity and awareness of children when working with a new work, and students predetermine its content by title and new words that children become familiar with before reading.

Several anticipation methods will now be presented to your attention.

Method 1, I call it “Tree of Predictions”. Read the author's name and title of the text. (V.A. Zhukovsky “The Sleeping Princess”).

-What do you remember about V.A. Zhukovsky?, Vasily Andreevich poet, educator

-What do you think the fairy tale will be about?

- What can happen?

- What kind of fairy tale will this be? (identify type)(magical)

—Will the fairy tale have a happy ending?

— In which fairy tale do we already meet the sleeping princess? (Charles Perrault)

- Do you think these skakzi will be similar? How?

Method 2 “Illustration”. Try to predict the content of the work by looking at illustrations from the story by L.N. Tolstoy "Shark".

Method 3: Question Tree. Make up questions for the text based on the title and illustration. After reading the text, mark those that fit it.

Method 4: “Support words”. Based on supporting words taken from the text, try to compose a short story and then compare it with what you read. Victor Dragunsky “Childhood Friend”: punching bag, teddy bear, I won’t be a boxer.

You can also use “Guidelines of Anticipation.” The purpose of this method is to update previous knowledge and experience related to the topic of the text. Progress: 1. Read the statements and mark those with which you agree. 2. Mark them again after reading the text. If your answer has changed, please explain why. (Alexander Ishimov, from the book “History of Russia in Stories for Children”). Judgments can be either false or true.

And "Glossary". We will look at it using the example of the Russian folk tale “Two Frosts”. Look at the list of words and mark those that can be related to the text. When you have finished reading the text, go back to the given words and look up their meaning and the usage of the words used in the text.

Thus, the use of the anticipation technique helps to increase the active and conscious activity of younger schoolchildren, strengthening their subject position in the educational process and the formation of a functionally literate personality. Today I presented to you only those methods of anticipation that I myself actively use at the stage of pre-text activity, but there are actually a huge number of them. (Associative series, I know, I want to know, I found out. , “Dissection of the question”

The goal of the strategy is to make a semantic guess about the possible content of the text based on its title. Progress: Read the title of the text and divide it into semantic groups. What do you think the text will be about? “Alphabet at the Round Table” We plan to read and discuss the topic of relationships between humans and animals, humans and nature. On the alphabet map provided to you, write the titles or authors of books that are related to this topic. The results are discussed using the free discussion method.)

The anticipation technique can and should be used not only in a literary reading lesson, but also in lessons of the Russian language, the surrounding world, etc.

Anticipation in psychology

Psychology considers the concept of anticipation quite complexly. What a person has now, he perceives. What happened to a person in the past remains in memory. And what a person sees in his future is called anticipation. How a person perceives the present largely depends on what kind of past is left in his memory, and also to some extent on what a person hopes for in the future.

Anticipation is a phenomenon of anticipation, which is considered by psychologists as follows. The future seems to be the same as the person's past. The individual inevitably returns to his experience when he remembers what actions led to what result. The future is also influenced by the circumstances and actions that a person takes. Taken together, from his present perception of the situation and past experience, a person predicts a certain future for himself.

A person always focuses on his past experience. At the same time, he always wants to know what future may await him. For what? This affects how a person begins to perceive current circumstances and what actions the individual takes. If you know your future, then you can take exactly those actions that will correct or, conversely, lead to a possible future.

Anticipation performs the following functions:

1. Regulatory - a person begins to limit himself in actions in the conditions in which he is now in order to come to the future that he desires or is possible. Thus, depending on what kind of future a person sees in front of him, he makes decisions about what actions to take.
2. Cognitive - a person does not remember everything that happens to him, but only what is significant for him and is somehow connected with the future he is focusing on. A person is surrounded by many circumstances. But he notices only what is important to him at this particular moment. Memorization of present facts becomes selective, which depends on the future to which a person strives or expects.
3. Communicative – when a person shows certain emotions and builds a model of his behavior with other people that will contribute to the result that he strives for or, conversely, tries to avoid.

Anticipation also influences the development of the person himself. If a person does not promise himself anything good, then he will not put in the effort and develop his strengths. If a person strives for some kind of success that he sees in front of him, then this will contribute to his self-improvement.

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How to develop anticipation

First, let's give a few examples. In a dialogue with a person, you can notice that, having asked a question to an opponent, the person already knows his answer. When asked, “How would your brother respond to this?”, he knows internally what to say. It manifests itself in the ability to predict the movement of the exchange rate.

To understand how to develop this property, you need to understand its mechanisms. The memory mechanism reveals the ability of foresight and prediction. It directly depends on memory. Therefore, it is necessary first of all to develop memory abilities. Exercises for memory training:

1. "Snowball". Each person in the group talks about himself, the next player must talk about the previous person and himself, so the last player must talk about each player and himself.
2. Association game. You need to build an associative series of words, remember it, and then try to reproduce it.
3. Ear training.

To develop anticipation, you can use the following exercises:

1. Connect the beginning and end of the saying. Several sayings are given, which are divided into two parts and mixed up.
2. Search for semantic errors. There are ridiculous descriptions in the text, you need to find them.
3. Fill in the missing letters. Given a number of words with missing letters, the student must correct this.
4. Reading text through words.
5. Restoring dialogue.

Anticipation is a useful phenomenon for humans. It is connected with a person’s internal state and can protect him from stress. In order to become a successful individual, you need to develop this quality in yourself. In cases where a person cannot do this due to a mental disorder, one must seek help from a psychiatrist or other specialist.

Anticipation mechanism

Anticipation is based on many processes that occur while a person is acting. Usually an individual foresees the future that has already happened to him in the past (that is, he has experience of achieving some result), or what a person desires for himself (goal).

While a person acts in the present time, at every step memories emerge of what results certain actions led to in the person’s past. A person begins to adjust his behavior, repeat or take new actions, depending on the desired future. All this is also recorded in memory, which a person will use in the future.

A person also focuses on his plans and goals. Depending on them, he begins to perform not just any actions, but specific actions that, in his opinion, should lead him to the desired result.

What memories a person will use in the process of moving towards a specific future depends on the circumstances that are happening to him now. Moreover, after each action, a person pays attention to the results that are already being achieved in order to quickly correct his actions or continue at the planned pace, which depends on external stimuli.

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What is anticipation

Anticipation is a person’s ability to foresee the present. It is usually due to shared experience. Anticipation is a generalized idea that has developed on the basis of past experience. For example, an individual sees a cat and is sure that it is a cat, because the idea of ​​a cat has already arisen in his head.

The meaning of the word anticipate was proposed and formulated by Epicurus. It is divided into anticipation of the result and anticipation of events. In the first case, the word goal is usually used. In the second case, we are talking about predicting the future.

Examples of anticipation

Every person has a life example of anticipation that confirms the presence of this phenomenon. It affects every area of ​​life. Let's look at some examples of anticipation:

• When you communicate with a person, you may understand in advance that he will respond to a particular remark. When you are asked the question, “What would your spouse/child say?”, you somehow know the answer, conveying the other person’s words as if you were them.
• When you predict in advance how a society or a particular state will live.
• The desire to predict the exchange rate of the national currency. It is quite possible that you will not guess the real change. However, the scientific justification of certain fluctuations is an anticipation.
• Deja vu - when it seems to you that what is happening now, you have already seen or heard somewhere.
• Prophetic dreams are when you dream about something that is about to happen.
• Speed ​​reading is when a person already understands what he is reading by the first letters of a word.
• Supernatural abilities in the form of fortune telling, shamanism, clairvoyance are anticipation, which is also aimed only at prediction, but not at the unambiguous implementation of what has been said.
• An unambiguous belief in what will happen. For example, an incomprehensible feeling of what number will come up.
• A subconscious understanding that you will be deceived, betrayed, and will not act as you agreed.
• I have a feeling that you shouldn’t get on a minibus. And soon you find out that she was in a road accident.

Every person has many stories about how anticipation manifested itself. Moreover, it can be both subconscious (“an incomprehensible feeling”) and conscious (when you analyze the situation and assume what might happen).

The most important condition for the manifestation of intuition is calm and sobriety of mind. Emotions and desires drown her out. When ambitions turn on, a person is subject to his own emotions and euphoria. Intuition requires calm from emotions and a “cold” look at what is happening.

Anticipation mechanism when teaching schoolchildren to perceive foreign language speech by ear

Anticipation mechanism when teaching schoolchildren to perceive foreign language speech by ear

Krylova Natalya Sergeevna

(English teacher)

MBOU "Secondary School No. 11"

Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod region

The main goal of teaching a foreign language at school is to develop the communicative competence of students in foreign language lessons, that is, mastery of a foreign language as a means of real communication. By foreign language communication we understand not only the process of speaking the target language, but also the process of listening and perceiving information.

Today, listening is an integral part of teaching a foreign language. It acts as one of the aspects of control on the Unified State Exam in the subject and, due to its specificity, is a rather difficult task for examinees.

​Listening as a type of speech activity is determined by the following characteristics: - structural organization; — subject content; — the functioning of probabilistic forecasting, comprehension and memory, acting as psychological mechanisms; — unity of the internal and external sides, unity of content and forms of its implementation;

From the research of domestic and foreign psychologists it is known that when listening to foreign language speech, the listener relies on his existing linguistic and general cultural experience, as well as fairly developed psychological mechanisms of perception, prediction, memory and comprehension.

In this work, we will consider the psychological mechanism of anticipation (mechanism of probabilistic forecasting), which is responsible for the quality of perception of the sounding message. In psychology, scientists such as N.I. studied this mechanism. Zhinkin, I.A. Zimnyaya, R.M. Frumkina and others.

So, I.A. Zimnyaya defines anticipation as “the process of anticipating the whole, foreseeing the elements that will follow a given element, based on an assessment of the a priori probability of their appearance in the appertaining whole.” In other words, “elements following a given element” are nothing more than a phonetic sequence and lexical compatibility characteristic of a given language. She distinguishes two types of anticipation: semantic and formal. Semantic anticipation involves predicting thoughts as a whole. Formal anticipation involves predicting a sound sequence at the phonetic level and the probabilistic occurrence of certain words in a certain form at the sentence level [3].

T.S. Serova identifies three important components of the mechanism of probabilistic forecasting: - the probabilistic structure of past experience; - current situation; — hypotheses [5].

The anticipation mechanism in foreign language communication is based on observation of the sequence of events of an utterance in a foreign language, the structural components of speech, taking into account the recipient’s past speech experience, the situation of this communication and the context [4].

It should be noted that in the process of foreign language listening, the work of the anticipation mechanism is combined with the work of RAM. This combination provides a synthesis of the received information, which is a necessary condition for understanding foreign spoken language. Thus, the anticipation mechanism serves as a kind of mood for the semantic perception of a foreign language speech message and a condition for its understanding.

Bibliography

1. Galskova N. D., Gez N. I. Theory of teaching foreign languages. Lingvodidactics and methodology. 6th edition, 2009.
2. Zhinkin N. I. Mechanisms of speech. M.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the RSFSR, 1958.
3. Zimnyaya I.A. On the probabilistic nature of speech perception // Studies of language and speech. M., 1971.
4. Zimnyaya I. A. Linguistic psychology of speech activity. M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, Voronezh: NPO "MODEK", 2001.
5. Serova T. S. Theoretical foundations of teaching professionally oriented reading in a foreign language at a non-linguistic university: Diss. doc. ped. Sci. Perm, 1989.