Intention

Birth of the concept

Intention absorbed the main theses from scholasticism, which separated the mental (intentional) existence of an object and the real one. In the Middle Ages it was believed that there could be no knowledge of a subject without intervention in it. Thomas Aquinas discussed the nature of intention. He spoke about the formation of intention by the mind regarding an understood object. In the 19th century, with the light hand of psychologist F. Brentano, the concept took on a new life. He believed that consciousness is intentional, that is, directed towards what is outside itself. In other words, the concept brings meaning to consciousness. Scientists A. Meinong and E. Husserl developed in their scientific works various approaches to defining intention, which later had a significant impact on a number of areas in psychology (Gestalt psychology, personalism, and so on). Another philosopher, M. Heidegger, combined care and intentionality, believing that there is an internal connection between them. He argued that “man in his being is a being who cares about being.” If a person fails in his “being”, then he loses his possibilities.

Intention – what is it?

There are several meanings of the term “intention”. The first explains it as “the focus of consciousness on an object.” Intentional processes include cognitive, emotional, motivational and other mental processes, since attitudes and feelings towards a subject can be different. The object of intention can really exist, or it can be invented, meaningful or absurd. The second interpretation of the concept of “intention” is presented as “goal orientation” or the target intention of an action.

World of Psychology

Intention
(from Latin intentio - intention, desire) is the immanent orientation of consciousness towards its object, regardless of whether it is real or just imaginary.
The history of the concept of Intention goes back to scholasticism, which distinguishes between the real and intentional (mental) existence of an object. In the 19th century the concept of intention was reintroduced into German philosophy. philosopher and psychologist F. Brentano, in whose system I. ( intentionality ) is the main property of mental phenomena, acting as their objective reference in consciousness and the focus of consciousness on the objective content (see Psychology of the act).
The concept of intention was also developed in the “Theory of Objectivity” by A. Meinong and in the phenomenology of E. Husserl, in which there was a tendency towards ontologization of the intentional structure of consciousness. In modern Western philosophy, the concept of Intention plays a significant role in neorealism, neo-Thomism and existentialism, which consider the inner world of the subject as the main subject of philosophical analysis. The concept of I. was adopted in the beginning. XX century psychology. In the works of the Würzburg school, intention appears as the main property of imageless thinking, as its supersensible content, conditioned by not always conscious determining tendencies and attitudes of the individual in relation to the task at hand. The philosophical systems of Brentano and Husserl had a significant influence on the so-called. “holistic approach” in psychology (Gestalt psychology, holistic psychology, personalism, etc.). (A.B. Orlov)

Addendum : There are at least 2 ways of using (and meaning) the terms "Intention" and "intentionality".

Intentionality as “the direction of consciousness towards an object” (Brentano, Husserl). consciousness is always “consciousness about...” (Bewubtsen von...), so intentionality is the most characteristic feature of consciousness. Not only cognitive mental processes are intentional, but also many emotional and motivational ones. The same object can be simultaneously perceived, imagined, loved, desired, hated, etc. Intentional object m.b. real or fictional, meaningful or absurd. See also Reflection.
Intentionality (in a narrower and closer to etymological sense) is “direction towards a goal.” For example, the intentional aspect of the analysis of action (activity) is, according to A.N. Leontiev, clarification of the purpose of the action (vs. operational aspect - analysis of the method of carrying out the action). In this case, it is the actual intention, the purpose of the action. It is noteworthy that the actions of M.B. are also aimed at a supersensible, transcendental goal (religious ritual).

A similar understanding of intention is also found in literary criticism and folkloristics (for example, in the book by J. Lugovskaya “In the world of folk prose: texts, genres, narrative intentions”, 1993), where the idea (intention, goal setting) of the author or narrator is used as one from the criteria of the content typology of the text. (B.M.)

Psychological Dictionary. A.V. Petrovsky M.G. Yaroshevsky

Intention (from Latin intentio - desire) - the direction of consciousness, thinking on any object.

Dictionary of psychiatric terms. V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook

Intention (lat. intentio - desire) - the direction of consciousness, thinking towards some object.

Paradoxical intention (Greek paradoxos - incredible, strange) - see Frankl's method of paradoxical intention .

Neurology. Complete explanatory dictionary. Nikiforov A.S.

Intention (from intention – desire, intent) is the direction of a person’s movement or mental activity towards achieving a specific goal.

Oxford Dictionary of Psychology

Intention

In general, any desire, plan, goal, task or belief that focuses on some goal, some final state. Most often it is used with the connotation that such aspiration is conscious, although this term sometimes creeps into psychoanalytic work out of necessity.
According to the school of act psychology, an essential feature of all conscious processes is that they have an outward focus on objects. See intentionality here.

subject area of the term

PARADOXAL INTENTION is a psychotherapeutic technique developed by V. Frankl in 1927. within the framework of his logotherapy and existential analysis. It consists in the fact that the client, tormented by the fear of expectation, receives instructions from the logotherapist: in a critical situation or immediately before its onset, at least for a few minutes to want (in case of phobias), or to carry out himself (in case of obsessional neuroses) what he fears. This is illustrated by the example of a student who began to tremble before exams and who suffered most from the anticipation of this trembling and from the fear that everyone would notice it. With the help of a logotherapist, he formulated for himself a paradoxical intention - to tremble so much in an exam environment that he would be considered a “tremor champion.” Due to this, the student managed to get rid of both trembling and his fear of it.

Another example of this is that spouses who are prone to constant quarrels agree that next time they will quarrel for so long that they will completely exhaust themselves. The implementation of such self-instructions can occur in two ways: either the intention is realized, and then the situation or action that the client fears will cease to be an external unpredictable force and thereby lose its most painful symptom; or the client’s very attempt to realize the intention will switch his attention from involuntary emotional experiences to their voluntary reproduction, which will destroy their natural course and lead to their weakening.

The mechanisms of action of this technique are seen as a process of self-detachment, allowing the client to exit the emotional situation into the realm of meaning. As a model of such a process, the phenomenon of loss of the ability to sense pleasure with a purposeful desire only to achieve it is given. This technique has much in common with such psychotherapeutic techniques as anxiety arousal, implosion therapy, and induced anxiety. For greater effect, the paradoxical intention can be formulated in a humorous form.

FRANKL'S PARADOXAL INTENTION The method proposed by Frankl (V.E.), the author of logotherapy, in 1929, was described by him only in 1939, and published under this name in 1947. Logotherapy includes two specific human manifestations: self-transcendence and the ability to self-detachment. A person with noogenic neurosis is constantly in search of meaning. P. and. F. is used for neuroses when the following pathogenic response patterns are present:

A certain symptom causes the patient to fear that it may recur; a phobia arises - the fear of expecting a repetition of the symptom, which leads to the fact that the symptom actually appears again, and this only strengthens the patient’s initial fears. Sometimes fear itself can be something that the patient is afraid of repeating, but more often they are afraid of fainting, heart attack, or apoplexy. Patients react to their fear by escaping reality (life), for example, trying not to leave the house.
The patient is under the yoke of obsessive ideas that have taken possession of him, tries to suppress them, counteract them, but this only increases the initial tension. The circle closes, and the patient finds himself inside this vicious circle.

Unlike phobias, obsessive states themselves are characterized not by flight, but by fight - a fight against obsessive ideas. However, both phobias and obsessive states are caused by the desire to avoid situations that cause anxiety. Neurosis is generated not only by primary conditions (external and internal situation leading to the first appearance of a symptom), but also by secondary conditions (consolidation of fear of expectation). It is necessary to break these circular mechanisms. This can be done by depriving the patient of reinforcement of his fears. It should be borne in mind that a patient with a phobia is afraid of something that might happen to him, while a patient with an obsession is also afraid of what he might do himself.

In these cases, one should turn to the ability for self-detachment that is so characteristic of a person, which is especially clearly reflected in humor. humor is an important property of the human personality; it makes it possible to take a distance from anything, including yourself, and thereby gain complete control over yourself. Mobilization of this human ability to distance is achieved using the method of P. and. F.

P. and. F. is based on the fact that the patient must want something to happen (in case of a phobia) or so that he himself can realize something (in case of an obsession) that he is so afraid of. In this case, the paradoxical proposal should be formulated, if possible, in a humorous form. The similarity of P. and. F. with the methods of behavioral psychotherapy that later came into use. However, although in both cases the concept of reinforcement is used, one should not forget about the differences, which is illustrated, for example, by comparison with the “token” technique, where desired, correct behavior is positively reinforced. A 9-year-old boy regularly wet his bed every night. The parents beat their son, and shamed him, and persuaded him, and ignored him - everything was unsuccessful, it only got worse. The man they asked for advice told the boy that for every night he wet his bed, he would receive 5 cents. The boy immediately promised to take him to the cinema and invite him “for a cup of chocolate” - he was so sure that he would soon become rich. By the time of the next meeting, the patient had earned only 10 cents. He said he did everything he could to wet his bed every night to make as much money as possible, but unfortunately it didn't work out. He simply could not understand this, because before he had been “okay” with this. Logotherapy anticipated many things that were later put on a solid experimental basis by behavioral psychotherapy. So, studying the effectiveness of P. and. F., behavioral psychotherapists selected pairs of patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis with equally pronounced symptoms, and one of them was treated using P. and. F., and the other was left without treatment as a control patient. It was found that within a few weeks the symptoms disappeared only in patients who underwent treatment, while in no case did new symptoms arise in place of the previous ones.

P. and. F. helps even in severe and chronic cases, and even when the treatment does not last long. Fear is a biological response that allows us to avoid situations that fear represents as dangerous. If the patient himself looks for these situations, learns to act “past” fear, then the latter will gradually disappear, as if “atrophying” from inaction.

PARADOXICAL INTENTION (Greek paradoxos - strange and Lat. intentio - desire. Author. V. Frankl (1927)). Category _ A psychotherapy technique developed within the framework of logotherapy and existential analysis. Specifics . It consists in the fact that the patient, tormented by the fear of expectation, receives instructions from the logotherapist, in a critical situation or immediately before it - at least for a few minutes - to want (in case of phobias) or to carry out himself (in case of obsessive-compulsive neuroses) what he fears. Frankl illustrates this with the example of a student who began to tremble before exams and who suffered most from the anticipation of this trembling and from the fear that everyone would see it. With the help of a logotherapist, he formulated for himself a “paradoxical intention” - to tremble so much in an examination environment that he would be considered a “champion in trembling.” Another example of his is that spouses who are prone to constant quarrels agree that next time they will quarrel for so long that they will completely exhaust themselves. The implementation of such self-instructions can occur in two ways: either the intention will be realized, in which case the situation (or action) that the patient fears ceases to be an external unpredictable force and thereby loses its most painful symptom, or the patient’s very attempt to realize his intention switches his attention from emotional experiences to their arbitrary reproduction, which destroys their natural course and leads to weakening. The mechanisms of action of this technique are considered to be the process of self-detachment, which allows the patient to get out of an emotional situation into the realm of meaning, and as a model of this process, the phenomenon of loss of the ability to sense pleasure with a purposeful desire to achieve only it is given. For greater effect, the “paradoxical intention” can be formulated in a humorous form. Context . This technique has much in common with such psychotherapeutic techniques as “anxiety arousal”, “implosive therapy”, “induced anxiety”. Literature . Frankl V. Man in search of meaning, M., 1990

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Intention in psychology

In this science, the term refers to the internal orientation of consciousness towards a real or fictitious object, as well as the structure that gives meaning to experiences. Intention is the ability of a person to have intentions, the ability to participate in the events of the day, changing himself. One of the aspects of the concept is the ability to perceive an object from different sides, depending on the underlying meaning. For example, when considering real estate as a summer vacation spot for a family, a person will carefully familiarize himself with such issues as comfort, equipment, and leisure activities on the territory. If the same person buys the same property, then he will first of all pay attention to the ratio of price to quality of housing. Intention is the birth of a close connection with the outside world. In situations that are difficult to perceive, a person has learned to weaken the relationship until he is ready to understand the situation.

Psychotherapeutic technique of V. Frankl

Intention in psychology is represented by a method, the essence of which is for a person to play out his fear or neurosis in a critical situation. The technique was developed by psychologist V. Frankl in 1927 and is still successfully used in practice. The method is called paradoxical intention. An example is the life of spouses who often sort things out. The psychotherapist invites them to quarrel as loudly and emotionally as possible, thereby making the unpleasant situation controllable. Another example: a schoolboy is afraid to give a report and trembles. As part of this method, he is asked to begin to tremble violently himself, thereby relieving the tension that has arisen. The method of paradoxical intention can lead to two results: an action or situation ceases to be painful and uncontrollable, or, by switching attention to the voluntary reproduction of experiences, it weakens their negative impact.

Paradoxical intention - how to use it

The method of paradoxical intention is more effective if used with the inclusion of humor. American psychologist G. Allport said that a neurotic person who, during therapy, learns to treat himself and his phobia with humor takes the path of self-control and recovery. Examples of the use of paradoxical intention:

Therapy for insomnia
. A person who has been worried about sleep disturbance for some period of time becomes entrenched in a feeling of fear that he will not be able to fall asleep again. Frankl suggested that the patient try to wish for himself as much as possible in the waking state. The effort to stay awake soon causes sleep.
Fear of public speaking
. Trembling during performance. V. Frankl suggested working out the situation with trembling, causing a strong desire to tremble, to become a “tremor champion” and the tension is relieved.
Family quarrels
. The logotherapist, within the framework of paradoxical intention, gives the task to the spouses to begin to quarrel consciously with great emotional intensity, until each other is completely exhausted.
Various obsessive-compulsive disorders
. An interesting example from the practice of Dr. Kochanovsky. A young woman outside her home constantly wore dark glasses, which hid the direction of her gaze at the genital area of all the men she met along the way. The therapy involved removing glasses and allowing the therapist to look in the direction of any men's genital area without shame. The patient got rid of compulsion within two weeks.

The essence of the psychotherapeutic method

Paradoxical intention, as a mechanism of action, considers the process of self-detachment, which allows the individual to get out of an unpleasant situation. The technique is based on the desire of the person himself to accomplish or for someone else to do (with a phobia) what he fears. The method of paradoxical intention is actively used in psychotherapy. It is especially effective when combined with humor. Fear is the body’s biological reaction to dangerous situations, and if the person himself looks for them and is able to act in spite of fear, then the negative feelings will soon disappear.

Desire to speak out

In linguistics, intention is the initial stage of the birth of an utterance, followed by motive, internal pronunciation and speech.
The concept under consideration is associated with specific communicative meanings that are expressed in the process of communication. Speech intention (in a broad sense) is the merging of need, goal and motive into one, which is formed into a message through the use of communicative means. In a narrower sense, the term is considered as an effective purpose and merges with the concept of an illocutionary act. Doctor of Philological Sciences N.I. Formanovskaya considers intention as a plan to structure speech in a certain key, form, style. The difficulty in studying this term lies in the uniqueness of the experimental object, with often vague communicative intentions. Speech messages are always connected with various extralinguistic events, so any, even simple, utterance is multidimensional. Performances have a strong-willed attitude and influence the addressee. There is a concept of speech intention of disapproval, which is an integral part of communication. This is a negative manifestation that can lead the conversation into conflict.

What is intention in simple terms?

Intention is most often understood as some kind of attitude of the consciousness of the acting subject, his thinking towards the object of activity, or simply an object of the material world.

Intention must first be distinguished from desire. Desires are always human drives aimed at realizing some kind of fantasy.

Intention is inextricably linked with the plan, which in turn is something purposeful, requiring consistency in execution. As a phenomenon of communication, intention manifests itself in the form of a plan to build a line of argumentation, in the design of the style and form of speech influence, be it a form of dialogue or monologue.

A special type of intention is speech intention, which is understood as a certain plan to implement an act of speech influence. On the other hand, intention can be understood as some unconscious attitude toward something.

The meaning of speech messages. Types of intention

It is necessary to identify the purpose of the addressee’s statement taking into account the relationship of the interlocutors. There are different typologies of illocutionary goals. For example, Professor E. A. Krasina developed the following provisions:

The assertive goal is expressed in the urge to “say how things are.” The most frequently used statements are “I report”, “I admit” and others.
Commissive carries with it the task of “obliging the speaker to do something.” In this case, “I promise”, “I guarantee” and so on are often pronounced.
A directive goal involves trying to “get someone else to do something.” This type includes statements “I ask”, “I recommend”, “I order” and others.
Declarative has the task of “changing the world.” Statements of recognition, condemnation, forgiveness, and naming are often used.
The expressive goal seeks to “express feelings or attitudes about a state of affairs.” In this case, the verbs “sorry”, “regret”, “welcome” and so on are used.

Some psychologists and philologists distinguish between two types of intention. The first personifies the focus of human consciousness on the surrounding reality with the goal of accepting, cognizing, and explaining. This type of phenomenon is called cognitive. Communicative intention is the orientation of consciousness towards achieving a intended goal, for the sake of which a person enters into a conversation or leaves it.

Intentional method in the modern linguistic paradigm

Intentional Method in the Modern Linguistic Paradigm

Klushina Natalya Ivanovna Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, [email protected]

Klushina Nataliya I. Ph.D., professor, chair of Russian Stylistics, Faculty of Journalism Moscow State University,

Abstract In the modern anthropocentric paradigm, the leading role is played by cognitive, communicative and pragmatic scientific methods. We propose to consider the intentional method we have developed as an integral linguostylistic method for studying modern Russian discourse. The main categorical apparatus of the intentional method: intention, intentionality, intentional categories, addresser, addressee.

Key words: linguistic paradigm, intentional method, intention, intentionality, intentional categories.

Abstract There are cognitive, communicative and pragmatic scientific methods in the modern anthropocentric linguistic paradigm. We have created the intenthional method as the new integrative linguistic method for studying a modern Russian discourse. The main scientific categories of the intenthional method: intenthion, intentionality, intenthional categories, author, addressee.

Key words: linguistic paradigm, intentional method, intention, intentionality, intenthinal categories.

We live in a world of things and in a world of ideas. Science is called upon to bring order to the world of ideas that surround us.

By setting specific goals of knowledge and structuring heterogeneous ideas, science creates coherent (consistent) concepts for explaining the world.

Eclecticism, which can be a unique style of art, is rejected by strict scientific logic as inconsistency and lack of independence of thinking, as a disordered set of borrowed thoughts.

Eclecticism is opposed by conscious interdisciplinarity, which makes it possible to comprehensively study the objects of reality, with the help of author's, original and targeted methods (the basis of which is a specially developed scientific research apparatus).

That is why the state of any field of science is characterized through the prism of the leading paradigms of the era and the dominant research methods, which are recognized as ways of scientific knowledge.

Paradigms in linguistics

One of the most important tasks posed and solved in the 20th century was the task of comprehending and describing the phenomenon of language as a scientific abstraction. To do this, it was necessary to isolate language into an independent mental and spiritual substance, apart from its connections with other phenomena, and to comprehend its nature. Comprehension of the nature of language (as a primary phenomenon) proceeded from the position of the systematic approach dominant in science. The leading scientific paradigm of the twentieth century was the structural paradigm, which models and explains the mental essence of things and ideas. The main methods of the structural paradigm are formal-logical and systemic. With their help, the world is inventoried and cataloged.

Humanitarianism identifies, describes and classifies various types of systems with a set of specific characteristics. For example, in ecology, the structures of communities (micro-, meie- and macrobenthic organisms, etc.) that make up / form a certain ecosystem are studied. Society in sociology is described as a structure that unites various social strata. Language in the structural paradigm of the era is perceived as a system of systems (consisting of phonetic, word-formation, lexical, morphological, syntactic and stylistic tiers). The material result of the structural paradigm in linguistics is the academic “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” (M., 1970).

The structural approach provided a seemingly reasonable explanation of how entities are structured and how abstractions can be comprehended.

Cognizable ontological entities appeared as a system of systems (open or closed). The system appeared as levels (tiers) and its components. Intrasystem connections and patterns have been identified.

We seem to have comprehended the phenomenon, understood or consistently interpreted its nature, “believed harmony with algebra.”

For what?

Attempts by scientists to answer this question have led to a paradigm shift.

The humanities are the sciences about man. The structural paradigm (with its system-centricity and formal-logical scientific apparatus) is being replaced by an anthropocentric paradigm, manifesting an activity approach.

One paradigm replaces another, this alternation of paradigms, it seems, should not be associated with historical dates, it is not tied to a time frame , but in a surprising way it occurs at the break of millennia.

Let us express the idea that, as it seems to us, it is these two leading paradigms that constitute a dialectical antinomy and determine the movement of scientific thought and the development of science1. These paradigms (structural and anthropocentric) do not supplant one another, but alternate or coexist, since science will always be concerned with the questions: “ What is this?” and “ Why is this?”

The genius of Ferdinand de Saussure highlighted the dialectical nature of these paradigms in linguistics: language and speech are an abstract mechanism, structure, and man’s application of this structure in his activities.

Modern scientific methods

The anthropocentric paradigm in modern linguistics has given rise to many scientific methods. the speaker at the center of research , scientists have developed interdisciplinary approaches to cognition and description of his speech activity. In modern Russian linguistics, cognitive , communicative and pragmatic research methods have received the greatest creative development. These methods have their own theoretical basis, specific goals and proven scientific apparatus.

The cognitive method is based on the philosophical idea of the unity of language and consciousness and includes the following categorical apparatus: linguistic personality; picture of the world; concepts / metaphors - as clots of knowledge and basic elements in the picture of the world; interpretation – as a process of understanding reality. Cognition , which gives the method its name, is basic knowledge about the world, including background knowledge (presuppositions). With the help of interpretation a linguistic personality cognizes the surrounding reality, turning it into concepts / metaphors . The result of the interpretive linguistic-mental activity of linguistic individuals (an individual subject or a group) is the construction of a picture of the world (individual or collective), reflecting understanding and perception of the reality around him.

The pragmatic method was formed on the basis of the theory of speech acts . Its components are:

speaker and listener;
locution – illocution – perlocution;
speech-acting intention;
speech acts.

The speaker addresses the listener with a speech. The speech chain consists of purposeful and intentionally determined links - speech acts . A detailed study of speech acts and the construction of their typology using the pragmatic method revealed and demonstrated the complex organization of speech, its psychological and pragmatic components.

The communicative method in modern linguistics considers human (verbal) communication as the result of speech (text) activity of the addresser and the addressee . Communication using this method is perceived as a targeted message from the addresser to the addressee and can be presented in the form of a communication chain:

addresser – text + communicative situation – addressee.

In various studies of communication science, this chain is modified in different ways:

addressee – code – addressee – decoding

or becomes more complicated - due to the communication channel, noise / interference.

The terminological apparatus of this method: addresser, communicative intention, communicative strategies and tactics, addressee, communicative situation, text (transmitted message), decoding, communicative failures.

We deliberately emphasize and analyze the categorical apparatus of these three methods (leaving others, no less worthy, without attention), since they are the ones who are randomly mixed in scientific research in recent years, which leads to eclecticism and the construction of scientific chimeras, instead of coherent concepts.

The coherence of concepts is based on creative rethinking and consistent integration of methods, rather than the helpless mechanical folding of their elements.

In modern Russian linguistics, there are integral models that synthesize and combine the methods we have analyzed to implement the author’s scientific foresight. With the help of these integral methods, complex scientific problems are solved and new scientific hypotheses are formulated.

Intentional method in stylistics

The intentional method , which we developed in our doctoral dissertation “Intentional categories of journalistic text”2, is inherently integral, since with its help the cognitive, communicative and pragmatic features of modern verbal communication are identified and analyzed.

We based the method on the most extensive communication chain and deliberately complicated it by including the concept of intention : addresser – intention – text + communicative situation – addressee – decoding – impact ( perlocutionary effect / communicative failure ) .

The very understanding of intention includes cognitive, psychological, communicative and pragmatic components.

Intention is one of the main concepts in modern philosophy, psychology and linguistics. In each branch of science this term has a special meaning.

“Intention” (from the Latin “intentio” - “aspiration”) is originally a term of scholastic philosophy, denoting intention, goal, direction of consciousness, thinking on any subject. In philosophy, the problem of intention and intentionality is closely intertwined with the ontological question about the nature of consciousness. Intentionality is introduced into modern philosophical discussions as a concept denoting a special property of mental phenomena that no physical phenomenon possesses.

In psychology, the concepts of intention and intentionality are defined as means of describing consciousness. Intention is understood as the immanent orientation of consciousness towards a real or imaginary object. In the psychology of speech, intention constitutes the first stage of generating an utterance, followed by motive, internal pronunciation and speech realization (A.A. Leontiev3, A.M. Shakhnarovich4).

The concept of intention was introduced into modern linguistics by the followers of J. Austin, one of the creators of the theory of speech acts, which formed the basis of pragmalinguistics5.

Drawing from philosophy and psychology into pragmatics, intention is seen as illocution in speech act theory. Each speech act has its own speech act intention (illocutionary force / illocutionary compulsion). Therefore, the typology of speech acts naturally entailed a typology of speech act intentions.

Speech act intentions have grammatical markers that reveal the intentionality of a particular speech act. Lexical and morphological markers of intentionality include verbs of decision-making, verbs of desire, verbs of attempt, performatives (“think”, “want”, “swear”, etc.), etc., syntactic ones - subordinate clauses of the circumstance of the goal, general interrogative sentences , infinitive construction with the meaning of intention, etc. (see: intentional fields of A.V. Bondarko6, intentional and cognitive categories of I.M. Kobozeva7).

intention is a category of another level of abstraction. Individual speech acts are integrated into a coherent text based on global textual intention . Global intention shapes the intentionality of the text. Therefore, we can talk about the intentionality not only of specific speech acts, but also about the intentionality of the entire text.

The intentionality of the text, understood as the ability of the text to reflect the author's communicative intention, must be included in the most important parameters of textuality, along with cohesion - the structural coherence of the text, coherence - the meaningful integrity and semantic completeness of the text, informativeness - the expression of any information in the text, dialogicity - the perception of the text as replicas in a dialogue, intertextuality - the connection of the text with other texts, determined by background knowledge, decodability - the understanding of the text by the addressee - and pragmatics - focus on the addressee.

Texts form discourse based on discursive intention . Intention becomes not only the most important text parameter, but also a discourse-forming one. Discourse intention is one of the most important criteria for dividing the flow of communication into types of discourse and even discourse formations. For example, the intention of persuasion is the basis of journalistic discourse (including analytical materials), the intention of informing is the basis of information discourse, and the intention of entertainment forms the entertaining discourse. Advertising is created on the basis of the discursive intention of inducement to purchase, the intention of teaching gives rise to religious discourse, and the intention of knowledge gives rise to scientific discourse. Thus, we can talk about the discourse-generating and discourse-differentiating role of intention.

We cannot study verbal communication without including in our research the identification and analysis of intention as a nonverbal, but leading component in speech.

Intention and the intentionality associated with it are the main criterion of any human communication (not only verbal - audio-visual, gestural, facial, etc.), therefore it must be taken into account in scientific analysis.

From this point of view, the linguistic meaning of intention is most fully revealed by L.R. Bezuglaya: “Intention is the direction of human consciousness towards objects and states of affairs in the external world. In this regard, it can manifest itself in two ways: as a representational intention - the focus of consciousness on a certain object - a concept or proposition (otherwise - a propositional attitude), and communicative intention - the intention of the speaker to convey his representational intention to the addressee and cause him to have a certain reaction. The presence of intention of the second type distinguishes a communicative action from a non-communicative one”8.

We also highlight bidirectionality, or rather bicomponentity, of intentions.

Intention1 (the first component) is the focus of a person’s consciousness on the reality around him with the goal of cognizing (accepting, rejecting, explaining, etc.) the phenomena of life and himself in this world. Therefore, we define intention1 cognitive intention , since with its help the cognitive world of a person is formed. Intention directed at the external world creates an internal world. Intentionality is the “working state” of healthy consciousness; it is a continuous cognitive process of constructing personality.

Intention2 (second component) is a communicative intention . Communicative intention – awareness of human communication; this is the orientation of the addresser’s consciousness towards achieving his intended goal, for the sake of which he enters into communication (and does not refuse it).

We believe that intention1 (cognitive) and intention2 (communicative) are not different types of intentions (according to L.R. Bezuglaya), but two interdependent components of a single author’s intention. We can talk about the obligatory nature of intention1 and the optionality of the verbal expression of intention2 , since communication is not always carried out verbally.

We prefer to talk about the inseparability of these intentions also because awareness of life is never indifferent; it awakens emotions in a person who knows, which cannot always be verbalized. Intentionality, understood as awareness of reality, generates an emotional response of consciousness to this cognitive process. And the response already presupposes communication, even with oneself (autocommunication).

Thus, the cognitive intention is continued (transformed) in the communicative intention of the addresser, verbally expressed in his speech activity, i.e. in the discourse he creates.

The inclusion of intention (as awareness and purposeful speech activity) as a basic component of the intentional method we propose involves emphasizing such its most important components as addresser and addressee .

the addresser’s cognitions , concentrated in the ideology of the individual , represented through ideologemes in the discourse he creates, is just as necessary as taking into account his communicative strategies and tactics for implementing the plan, as well as stylistic competencies for the design (stylistic “packaging”) of his message. No less important is the ideology and communicative and stylistic competence of the addressee , who decodes and assimilates or reframes the message intended for him. That is why discourse analysis using the intentional method involves identifying ideologemes and cognitive characteristics of the addresser and addressee .

The intentional method we propose includes the definition of a system of intentional categories characteristic of various types of discourses.

We distinguish intentional categories taking into account the cognitive and psychological aspects, since these categories are the result of the intentionally determined speech-mental activity of the addresser in discourse.

On the basis of global textual (and more broadly, discursive) intention, paradigms of intentional categories are formed that form and structure a certain discourse. Intentional categories also do not coincide with the functional-semantic categories (FSSC) identified by M.N. Kozhina9 from the standpoint of classical functional stylistics, how FSSC do not coincide with the functional-semantic categories (FSK) of A.V. Bondarko10. FSKA.V. Bondarko are essentially grammatical categories and relate not so much to the text as to the language (for example, the present historical verb). FSSC M.N. Kozhinoy is a type of text categories that reflects the functional and stylistic differentiation of speech.

“FSSC is a system of multi-level linguistic means (including textual ones), united functionally, semantically and stylistically on the textual plane... i.e. realizing one or another categorical feature of a given text as a representative of the corresponding functional style. In other words, without the implementation of this feature, the text will not exist as a certain functional-stylistic formation”11.

Intentional categories are not so much text-forming as text-generating categories, identified from the standpoint of decoding the author's intention. FSSC is an almost ideal (in the sense that it is abstract) model of a certain style, which does not reveal the nature of the text as a communicative work, depicting style as a harmonious system that represents a set of standard text characteristics (for example, FSSC hypotheticalness, continuity of knowledge, prescription, logicality, standardization - in a scientific style).

Intentional categories reflect the internal, intentional mechanism for generating texts of a certain type that implement a certain communicative intention of the author.

We believe that there is a prototypical paradigm of intentional categories , characteristic of any type of discourse, which, depending on the discourse features, can be supplemented and varied within fairly wide limits.

The prototypical paradigm of intentional categories consists of: discourse ideologemes , nomination , interpretation , evaluation and tonality . These categories represent awareness (cognitive aspect) of the addresser’s discursive activity (communicative aspect), its purposefulness (intentional aspect) and influencing potential (pragmatic aspect).

These categories can be modified depending on the characteristics of the discourse they form. For example, evaluativeness will be social (Solganik) in journalistic discourse; group – in political election discourse, individual – in artistic and aesthetic discourse, intentionally “zero” – in information discourse.

The intentionally determined choice of tone (aggressive, neutral, ameliorative, etc.) is also associated with the parameters of discourse. The choice of nomination, interpretation and ideologemes, understood as the most important ideas affirmed by the addresser in the process of his discursive activity, seem to us to be least dependent on the characteristics of the discourse, and more determined by the ideology of the individual.

Thus, the categorical apparatus of the intentional method includes: addresser and addressee , intention , intentionality , intentional categories , communicative strategies and tactics , decoding , impact (perlocutionary effect) and communicative failures .

Using the intentional method we have developed, it is possible, as we see it, to describe modern Russian discourse and identify new discursive-stylistic patterns that allow us to expand, supplement and deepen the modern theory of stylistics.

We tested this method on the material of media discourse12. Today, with its help, we are trying to understand the style of advertising. It is also productive in the intentional analysis of genres as particular forms of discourse representation (see: the candidate work of L.E. Malygina, as well as the diploma studies of E.S. Sklyarova, Yu.V. Varvaruk, carried out under our supervision in 2010 -2011. )13. An optional goal of the method can be a consistent typology of Russian discourse.

Thus, the current state of Russian stylistics can be schematically (i.e., deliberately simplified) in the form of crystallized and widely developed scientific methods:

You can look at one problem through the prism of different methods - and get a comprehensive (stereoscopic) description of the subject of research (such as, for example, a very fruitful study of precedent phenomena in media discourse using various techniques in the monograph by E.A. Nakhimova14). We can use a certain method to try to understand the reality around us. Method is the philosophical knowledge of the world.

Linguistic scientific schools in Russia

In Russian linguistics (and stylistics as an integral part of it), scientific schools have emerged on the basis of university centers that have developed original scientific concepts using proprietary scientific methods. Precisely schools - because they have a conscious theoretical concept behind them, and not an eclectic set of fashionable terms.

Understanding that when listing the leading linguistic and stylistic schools of Russia it is very easy, as in “The Sleeping Beauty,” to forget to “invite someone to the ball,” we do not set ourselves such a goal - an exhaustive panorama of scientific life. We simply give a friendly handshake to the scientific teams with whom we collaborate and whose work we value and respect.

The first to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of media language was educational, headed by a professor at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosova M.N. Volodina. Collective monographs “Media language as an object of interdisciplinary research”, “Language and discourse of the media in the 21st century”, edited by M.N. Volodina15, became the basis and example of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach and were the impetus for the further development of this scientific direction.

It is necessary to note the outstanding role of Professor M.N. Kozhina in the creation and development of functional stylistics of the Russian literary language , which has become a classical philological discipline. Founded by M.N. Kozhina Perm School of Stylistics (M.N. Kozhina, E.A. Bazhenova, M.P. Kotyurova, N.V. Danilevskaya, etc.) actively and fruitfully studies the functioning of the Russian literary language in various spheres of communication. This is one of the most famous stylistic schools in Russia.

The no less authoritative Saratov school of stylistics (O.B. Sirotinina, M.N. Kormilitsyna, etc.) created a scientific direction that studies Russian colloquial speech . of good speech and the typology of speech culture of a journalist have also been developed here , and the language of the media is intensively studied.

N.S. was the first to declare communicative stylistics in Russian science Bolotnova. The Tomsk School of Communicative Stylistics , which she created, developed an original scientific apparatus and methodology for studying text from a communicative perspective.

Also, a fruitful communicative approach is being developed in Omsk. The seminal monograph by O.S. Issers “Communicative strategies and tactics of Russian speech”16 set the vector for communication research in linguistics. The Omsk school (N.A. Kuzmina, E.G. Malysheva, etc.) has achieved significant results in the cognitive-discursive study of media texts and media discourse.

Creative understanding of modern media discourse and the development of its theory is the scientific field of activity of the Belgorod school (M.Yu. Kazak, A.V. Polonsky, E.A. Kozhemyakin).

Active discursive research is conducted at Voronezh University . Professor V.B. Kashkin organized a scientific discourse seminar, in which various problems of discourse and communication studies are discussed. Exchange of experience of leading linguists in this field (at the First Seminar in April 2012, speakers were Patrick Serio (Lausanne), V.I. Karasik (Volgograd), S.G. Vorkachev (Krasnodar), A.A. Romanov (Tver) and etc.) gives impetus to further productive research.

Other scientific schools in Russia are also developing original scientific directions. Volgograd School of Emotive Linguistics , created by Professor V.I. Shakhovsky, productively develops the problems of emotiveness of language, speech and text (V.I. Shakhovsky, N.N. Panchenko, etc.). Advertising onomastics is also actively developing here (I.V. Kryukova).

Modern rhetoric and problems of linguistic ecology are studied in Krasnoyarsk (A.P. Skovorodnikov, G.A. Kopnina, etc.)

Political linguistics (A.P. Chudinov and others), the theory of ideologies and totalitarian language (N.A. Kupina), the theory of discursive practices (E.V. Chepkina) - scientific concepts of various schools in Yekaterinburg .

The school of legal linguistics (N.D. Golev, T.V. Chernyshova, etc.), established in Kemerovo and Barnaul , develops the most important scientific and practical area of application of language for modern society - linguistic expertise .

In Veliky Novgorod (T.V. Shmeleva, T.L. Kaminskaya) interesting studies of media speech are being conducted. The concept of speech genres of the media , “ speech masks ” of journalists (T.V. Shmeleva) and the concept of the addressee of mass communication (T.L. Kaminskaya) are the most important for the development of the general theory of media discourse.

St. Petersburg school of stylistics , created by professors K.A. Rogova and V.I. Konkov, pays special attention to the speech activity of the journalist. It seems to us that one of the bright ideas of Professor V.I. is extremely fruitful. Konkov about the possibility of reading the world as a text. It is partially implemented (the city as a text) in the doctoral dissertation of E.V. Bykova “Modular text in mass communication: patterns of speech organization” (St. Petersburg, 2012).

Within the framework of our Moscow school of stylistics , headed by Professor G.Ya. Solganik (G.Ya. Solganik, N.D. Bessarabova, V.N. Suzdaltseva, E.S. Kara-Murza, N.I. Klushina, A.V. Nikolaeva, V.V. Slavkin, T.I. Surikov and many others), a scientific direction was formed - media stylistics , the subject of which is media text . A comprehensive study of media texts from various directions dominant in modern linguistics allows us to make theoretical generalizations and see the prospects for the development of the science of stylistics. Also in our school, the concept of linguoethics (N.D. Bessarabova, T.I. Surikova), Russian is being studied (E.S. Kara-Murza), and the linguistic reflection of journalists (V.V. Slavkin, I.B. Alexandrov), trash trends in media communication (A.V. Nikolaeva), sounding speech (M.A. Studiner, I.A. Veshchikova, L.T. Kasperova, etc.), discourse of opposition media (N.V. Smirnov) and many other aspects of the functioning of modern Russian discourse.

Let us emphasize once again that these are only touches on scientific life in Russia, and not an accurate portrait of it. Left out of this brief overview of modern schools are such leading Russian scientists as I.P. Lysakova, T.A. Vorontsova, E.V. Kakorina, A.A. Negryshev and many others, with original creative concepts of knowledge of reality.

But even these sketches, it seems to us, allow us to look optimistically at the development of linguistic thought in Russia.

In the dialogue of scientific schools, the world appears:

as a system;
like a picture;
as a metaphor;
as text.

All these approaches bring us closer to understanding the world as a Symphony (and not an anatomical museum).

At the end of the 20th century, scientists became Fr. This was a premonition of a change in the established system of knowledge.

Classical functional stylistics, which formed the basis of general stylistics in the second half of the 20th century and was based on the functional method (the leading function of language and its correlation with a certain sphere of communication), by the beginning of the 21st century fulfilled its “mission”: with the help of the functional method it was systematized and fully described Russian literary language of our time. A coherent and consistent concept of functional styles of the Russian literary language has become one of the most significant achievements of the structural linguistic paradigm.

But any expansion of functional stylistics (by including new styles generated by the speech practice of modern times, for example, PR style or Internet style, or by combining it with other new concepts, for example discourseology), in our opinion, is not successful , since the idea of the functional concept is blurred and the logic of its method is violated. We see the future of functional stylistics either in the complication and updating of its method, or in its integration (rather than the arithmetic of addition) with other concepts.

Speaking about the crisis of stylistics, scientists thereby stated the completeness of one concept and the need to create new ones. Therefore, the so-called crisis of classical stylistics at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries, in our opinion, is not a crisis.

With the change from the structural (ordered, analytical) paradigm to the anthropocentric (complex, dissipative, with elements of irrationality), stylistics is also changing, in which today there is a search for new methods for describing the disordered and largely creative human speech activity.

W. Weaver’s thesis states: “Every discipline in its development goes through three stages of analysis - organized simplicity, unorganized complexity and organized complexity”17. Modern stylistics is on a creative path from unorganized complexity to organized complexity. The intentional method we propose is one of the possible options for streamlining modern social speech practice and individual speech activity of the subject within the framework of such a holistic science as stylistics , with its constant interest in the problem of the author-creator, his addressee, dialogue, as well as stylistic resources that ensure success communications.

The categorical apparatus of this method integrates philosophical, psychological, communicative and other aspects of modern scientific knowledge that help describe creativity (including automatism, irrationality, logic) of creative activity, which can largely be studied through understanding/interpretation of the author’s intentions and the intentionality of his creative consciousness. The intentional method in modern Russian stylistics is being developed by us to organize complexity without the reductionism that is inevitable at first glance.

In literary criticism, the idea was expressed that there are only two leading literary movements: romanticism and realism, and all the others are just their modifications.
Klushina N.I. Intentional categories of journalistic text: abstract. dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sci. M., 2009.
Leontyev A.A. Fundamentals of psycholinguistics. M., 1999.
Shakhnarovich A.M. On the problem of language ability (mechanism) // Human factor in language: language and the generation of speech. M., 1991.
Austin J.L. Favorites. M., 1999.
Bondarko A.V. Text linguistics in the system of functional grammar / Text. Structure and semantics. M., 2001. T. 1.
Kobozeva I.M. Categories of intentionality and cognition in modern linguistics: Proc. manual // https://rspu.edu.ru
Bezuglaya L.R. Pragmalinguistic concept of I.P. Susova / Susov I.P. Linguistic pragmatics. Vinnitsa, 2009.
Kozhina M.N. Functional semantic-stylistic categories // Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. M., 2003.
Bondarko A.V. Decree. Op.
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. M., 2003.
See: Klushina N.I. Stylistics of journalistic text. M., 2008; Klushina N.I. Intentional organization of a journalistic text / Proceedings of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language. Issue 2. M., 2008; Klushina N.I. Intentional categories of journalistic text: abstract. diss. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences, M., 2009; Klushina N.I. Intentionality of the modern media space / Word is Deed: Anniversary collection of scientific works in honor of Professor I.P. Lysakova. St. Petersburg, 2010. T. 1, etc.
Malygina L.E. Modern television announcement in the communicative and pragmatic aspect: dissertation. ...cand. Philol. Sci. M., 2010; Sklyarova E.S. Stylistic features of media information discourse (using the example of ITAR-TASS announcements): diploma. slave. M., 2011; Varvaruk Yu.V. Communicative and stylistic structure of the press conference genre: diploma. slave. M., 2011.
Nakhimova E.A. Precedent onyms in modern Russian mass communication: Theory and methodology of cognitive-discursive research. Ekaterinburg, 2011.
Media language as an object of interdisciplinary research / Ed. ed. M.N. Volodina. M., 2008; Language and discourse of the media in the 21st century / Ed. M.N. Volodina. M., 2011.
Issers O.S. Communicative strategies and tactics of Russian speech. Omsk, 2008.
Weaver W. Science and Complexity // American Scientist. 1948. Vol. 36. No. 2.

Text and intention

When writing books or articles, the writer relies on a general concept that he himself has defined. The idea of a work is called “author’s intention.” The combination of speech and author's intentions expresses the writer's worldview. To designate it, concepts such as a picture and model of the world, concept, point of view, image of the author, text modality, and so on are used. For example, the image of a writer is formed from his opinion about certain areas of life, the image of the narrator and characters, as well as from the compositional and linguistic structure of the text. The author’s attitude towards objects, his perception of surrounding people and events form a “model of the world”, which does not contain a reflection of objective events. Therefore, we can conclude that the writer’s view remains unchanged and considers the actions in the work only from one side. The reader also forms his own view of the author’s work.

Generalizing knowledge

A holistic personality is characterized by an individual attitude to the world, the initial components of which are the experience of one’s situation, the reflection of emerging emotions in appropriate images, as well as the birth of a program aimed at preserving and developing a person. To successfully implement a personal plan, the desire and intention of the individual is necessary. Focus on results and analysis of necessary actions are the main steps in achieving what you want. And the opportunity to reformulate your attitude towards a problematic situation opens the door to a calm and successful life.

What is Intention? Meaning of the word intenciya, philosophical dictionary

1. Intention – 1. (from intentio - desire, lat.) A condensed (unexpanded) image on which maximum attention is focused here and now. This image may have one or another semantic, sensory-affective and volitional coloring. In the extreme case, the figurative side, implying some hidden structure, disappears altogether, leaving only meaning, feeling, attraction, strength. There may be: intention-indication (idea of an object without unfolding the structure of the object, intention-EXISTENTIAL (undeveloped object of feelings, passions, nostalgia), intention of existential intentions (EXISTENTIAL: absolute, beauty, meaning of life, etc.). Intentions are not are abstractions and extra-abstract in essence. Similarly, they are not prepositions. Strictly speaking, these are mental concentrates. The feasibility or impracticability of transcension through them does not have phenomenological significance. The usually understood intention as a phenomenological orientation does not exist, due to the absence of a homunculus in consciousness, the absence of a real division on consciousness and the content of consciousness. Conventional pragmatic correlations are phenomenologically fictitious. The causes of misunderstandings are not only in physiologisms, conventions and spontaneous acts of attributing meanings, but also in the multi-layered nature of consciousness, the incoexistence of its data, the displacement of the area of highest permeability. Intention is this-worldly and, as a rule, does not transfer into transcendence.

2. Intention - (lat. intentio - intention) - 1) in the theory of knowledge, the direction or aspiration of the knowing mind towards its object, as it is given to human consciousness; in Thomism, this is an intellectual-volitional act, the first element of our conscious actions performed in the pursuit of a specific goal that is significant at the moment and differs from the final goal of all activity as a whole. 2) In existentialism, consciousness is “intentional in essence,” i.e. is expressed in an active attitude towards the world; the intentional orientation of consciousness towards the meaning of being is important as a prerequisite for a person to realize his calling - “to go into being,” where there is meaning and truth. 3) In moral theology, it is an act of free will aimed at achieving a good goal. 4) Religious consciousness is intentional due to its focus on the Supreme Being. In church practice, intention is often called a certain object, earthly or unearthly, for the sake of which prayer or sacred rite is performed.

3. Intention - the focus of consciousness and thinking on any object; intention, purpose.

4. Intention - (lat. intentio) - lat. the word "intentio" has a wide range of meanings. In the Middle Ages it was used to translate Greek. the word “tonos” (“tension”) is a term in Stoic philosophy that characterizes the active and ordering function of pneuma or, ed. authors, world matter. In the medieval tradition, the meanings of “intentio” can be divided into two semantic subgroups: practical and theoretical. The first includes its use to denote the will and its goals. Thus, in Augustine it denotes the direction of the soul towards a goal, which in a positive sense can only be God. At the same time, “attention of the mind” (“animi intentio”), according to Augustine, constitutes—along with the object that we perceive and the act of our perception—an essential element of cognition. A particularly clear expression of the practical meaning of “intentio” is found in the “Ethics” of P. Abelard, who distinguishes between an act (opus) and an intention (intentio), i.e., only a person’s intention (inaccessible to knowledge from the outside) is subject to moral evaluation on the part of God. other people), while any act in itself is ethically neutral. Further development of the practical problems of “intentio” in the Middle Ages follows the line of searching for objective criteria of moral assessment, which is achieved by integrating into the intention to be assessed not only the goal, but also the Means? Find out in Ozhegov's Dictionary. The means are...'>the means of its implementation. Thus, A. Gales includes in the definition of intentio, in addition to the goal, also “that which allows us to reach the goal,” thereby overcoming the dualism of intention and action, which was later consolidated by both Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas. For the latter, intentio and choice (electio) constitute two constitutive elements of a free moral act of will guided by practical reason. In modern European philosophy, B. Pascal’s irony regarding the Jesuit way of “directing intention” is known, i.e. justify unseemly actions with good intentions. Theoretical semantics of intentio in Lat. language appears in the 12th century. in connection with the lane works of Ibn Sons and the Arab, the words “mana”, which were introduced into Lat. Philosopher language difference "first I." and “second I.”: “The subject of logic is secondarily cognizable intentions, which are added to the primarily cognizable intentions.” By the first I. we mean here the cognizable objects themselves, and by the second - “logical I.”, such as: genera, types, distinctive features, and in general all logical concepts and terms that can be attributed to a cognizable object. In Thomas Aquinas, I. in a theoretical sense is closely connected with his doctrine of knowledge and means the “image” of a knowable thing, located in the soul and different from this thing itself; I. is a means for comprehending an object subject to knowledge, but not the knowable object itself . Synonymously, I. speaks of species (species) and forms of things (forma rerum). At the same time, several varieties of I. are distinguished. In late scholasticism, the meaning of I. as an act and as a relationship is introduced (this and other understandings are found in I. Duns Scotus). W. Ockham, calling “a really existing thing intentia prima,” considers “second intention” a pure act of intellect. In modern philosophy, the concept of intentionality is more widespread (F. Brentano, E. Husserl, J. Searle), but in Husserl’s phenomenology the concept of I. (“descriptive kind of intention”) is also found, which is characterized as an essential property of the act of intention and is used in relation to a certain kind of “mental experience,” namely those that are distinguished on the basis of “attitude to the object,” and in a double sense. In the narrow (and predominantly used) sense, information is “empty”, not associated with visual representation, perception, etc. of an object, remaining its pure positing. In a broad sense, information includes acts of realization of relatedness to an object when the latter is given to us in appropriate visual contemplation. Husserl's semantic concept is built, in particular, on the concept of “I. meaning" and "realization", or "filling", of this I. meaning. If the first makes an expression (for example, a sign on paper) meaningful, then the second allows us to raise the question of the truth or falsity of statements on the basis of the realized conjugation with the object implied in the statement.

5. Intention - (from Latin intentio - desire) - intention, goal, direction or focus of consciousness, will, feelings on any object. The concept of intention was developed in scholasticism in the 19th-20th centuries. the doctrine of the intentionality of consciousness was developed by F. Brentano, A. Meinong, E. Husserl and others.

6. Intention - (lat. intentio - intention, tendency, aspiration) - the focus of consciousness, thinking on any subject.