About terminology
The generalized form is a concept used not only in pathology, but also in physiology. Outside of pathological processes, it means the spread of excitation throughout the central nervous system of an animal. This occurs in the human body and is typical for animals. Generalized processes are observed if there is a pulsed peripheral effect. They are often triggered by strong irritating factors - pain, food. The influence of a new factor is possible, which is still indifferent to the body and requires one to navigate the changed situation. In the cerebral hemispheres, generalization is the first step in the formation of a conditioned reflex.
In pathology, a generalized form is a condition in which a initially limited affected area spreads and turns into covering different parts and tissues. This is possible with a tumor, infection, or some other variants of the disease. With generalization, lesions appear in different parts of the body. This term cannot denote a gradual increase in the original area, since it does not lead to the formation of new affected areas.
Causes of generalized epilepsy
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) has no other causes other than genetic determination. Its main pathogenetic factor is usually channelopathy, which causes membrane instability of neurons, leading to diffuse epileptiform activity. The probability of having a child with epilepsy if one of the parents has the disease does not exceed 10%. About 3% are monogenic forms of IGE (frontal epilepsy inherited according to an autosomal dominant principle, benign familial convulsions of newborns, etc.), in which the disease is determined by a defect in one gene, and polygenic forms (for example, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy), caused by mutations of several genes.
Etiofactors for the occurrence of symptomatic HE may include traumatic brain injury, neurointoxication, infectious diseases (encephalitis, meningitis), tumors (brain gliomas, lymphomas, multiple metastatic brain tumors), dysmetabolic conditions (hypoxia, hypoglycemia, lipidosis, phenylketonuria), fever, hereditary pathology (for example, tuberous sclerosis). Symptomatic generalized epilepsy in children can occur as a result of fetal hypoxia, intrauterine infection, birth trauma of the newborn, or abnormal brain development. Among symptomatic epilepsy, most cases are of the focal form; the generalized version is quite rare.
Using the example of epilepsy
Modern medicine knows a huge variety of all kinds of diseases affecting the human nervous system. Among the most common is the generalized form of epilepsy. A distinctive feature is stereotypical seizures that come from time to time. The prevalence level is up to 10% of the world's population. The cause of a seizure is usually an abnormal discharge in the brain structures, which provokes a violation of a person’s ability to think. Due to such a discharge, the functionality of the autonomic nervous system is disrupted, sensitivity and the ability to move are impaired.
For a long time it was believed that the generalized form of epilepsy was incurable. Modern science recognizes this belief as incorrect: highly effective medications have been developed to alleviate the patient’s condition. Complete seizure freedom is achievable in approximately 65% of patients. Each patient experiences a sharp decrease in the severity of attacks from the very beginning of the therapeutic course.
Generalized epilepsy
Generalized epilepsy (GE) is a type of epilepsy in which epileptic paroxysms are accompanied by clinical and electroencephalographic signs of primary diffuse involvement of cerebral tissues in the process of epileptiform excitation. The clinical picture of this form of epilepsy is based on generalized epileptic seizures: absence seizures, myoclonic and tonic-clonic paroxysms. Secondary generalized seizures do not belong to generalized epilepsy. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, some authors began to question the accuracy of the division into generalized and focal epilepsy. So, in 2005 Studies conducted by Russian epileptologists were published, which indicate the focal onset of atypical absence seizures, and in 2006. a detailed description of the so-called “pseudogeneralized paroxysms” appeared.
However, the concept of “generalized epilepsy” is still widely used in practical neurology. Depending on the etiology, idiopathic and symptomatic GE are distinguished. The first is hereditary in nature and accounts for about a third of all cases of epilepsy, the second is secondary, occurs against the background of organic brain damage, and is less common than idiopathic forms.
Features: Is it possible to succeed?
If the diagnosis showed a generalized form of epilepsy, the patient should set himself up for a long-term therapeutic course. The doctor’s task is to monitor the patient’s condition and periodically examine him, recording the progress and regression of the condition. Doctors were able to classify the factors that provoke health problems. Epilepsy can be symptomatic, cryptogenic, or idiopathic. The first option is accompanied by brain defects: tumor processes, defects, cysts. The idiopathic type is observed due to a genetic factor in the absence of changes in the structure of the brain. A cryptogenic case is one when the cause cannot be determined, but a program selected by a doctor allows you to alleviate the condition.
About forms
In many ways, the success of treating a generalized form of epilepsy is due to the timely start of the course, which means that you need to be able to recognize and suspect the disease in the manifesting symptoms. The main manifestations of epilepsy are seizures. Their strength varies. There are two variants of the course of the disease: convulsive and non-convulsive. For an outside observer, generalized seizures are the most frightening disease. The attack is accompanied by muscle tension, cessation of breathing, and screams. Some patients bite their tongue. On average, after a quarter of a minute, the clonic stage of alternate relaxation and again muscle tension begins.
The non-convulsive type of generalized disease is accompanied by absence seizures. More often the form worries children and young people. The patient freezes unpredictably, looks at one point, while looking blankly. Some people close their eyes and tilt their heads back slightly. The eyelids may tremble. The duration of the attack is several seconds, so they may not be noticed. For many, the end point of the phase is involuntary urination. The convulsions go away on their own, the post-attack stage begins - the patient is drawn to sleep, consciousness is confused, and the head hurts.
Clinical picture
The first type is characterized by loss of consciousness lasting no more than 30 seconds. The patient freezes for a while, his face shows detachment and an absent look. Motor activity in a complex form of absence seizure is manifested by rolling the eyes, twitching of the facial muscles, and licking the lips. Unconscious movements may be absent, in which case absence is considered simple.
Autonomic symptoms of paroxysm: increased salivation, redness or, conversely, paleness of the skin on the face.
The EEG recorded during a typical attack shows complexes consisting of peak waves with a frequency of 3 Hz. Moreover, the frequency of the waves at the beginning of the paroxysm is 3-4 Hz, towards the end it decreases to 2-2.5 Hz.
The frequency of waves during atypical absence seizures is no more than 2.5 Hz. They are also characterized by irregular peaks.
Complete loss of consciousness, accompanied by alternating tonic tension of all muscle groups with clonic intermittent muscle contractions, is a generalized tonic-clonic form of epileptic paroxysms.
The duration of the first tonic phase following the patient's fall is 30-40 seconds. The clonic phase lasts up to 5 minutes. Paroxysms can be isolated clonic or tonic in nature. The end of the attack is accompanied by uncontrolled urination, followed by relaxation of all muscles and further sleep.
Involuntary contractions of isolated bundles of muscle fibers cause muscle twitching of a diffuse asynchronous nature - myoclonic seizures. This type of paroxysm is characterized by symmetry of the muscles affected, but not all muscle groups are always involved in the process.
Consciousness is not impaired, but stupor is possible. The patient falls due to loss of control of the leg muscles. Involuntary movements are also observed in the limbs. The wave frequency on the EEG is 3-6 Hz.
Mycobacterium: the disease can be complex
An equally important topic for modern medicine is the generalized form of tuberculosis. The classic understanding of this disease is infection of the pulmonary system, but there is a possibility of formation of lesions in unpredictable parts of the body. Possible damage to the musculoskeletal system, kidneys, lymph nodes, and ureter. If the infection is similar in its manifestations to blood poisoning, a generalized type of course is established.
Currently, tuberculosis is one of the most common, socially significant and dangerous diseases throughout the world. From year to year, up to eight million new victims of the disease, the number of deaths is estimated at two million. The frequency of occurrence is higher in countries with low living standards. There is an association with HIV infection. In HIV patients, the likelihood of transformation of the local form of tuberculosis into the entire body is much higher.
HIV and tuberculosis
As studies show, cases of death are increasingly being identified among those infected with HIV and suffering from diseases associated with such infection. With immunodeficiency, the danger of tuberculosis is much greater than in the case of other pathological conditions. At any stage, an active form may appear. A wide variety of features of the morphology and clinical picture of the case have been established - this is determined by the weakness of the immune system.
The generalized form of tuberculosis complicating HIV is today one of the most common causes of death. Timely diagnosis is one of the serious problems of medicine. In recent years, a generalized type of course with an atypical pattern of infection and an alternative inflammatory process has been increasingly diagnosed posthumously. Giant, epithelioid cell structures do not form, and the bacteria show increased resistance to acids.
Generalized nature of the rheumatic process
The third period was marked by the identification of other signs of the rheumatic process in the form of a diffuse, exudative, nonspecific in its morphology process (M. A. Skvortsov) and increased vascular permeability (B. I. Mogilnitsky). The fourth period was characterized by a biochemical and histological focus on the study of connective tissue and that part of it where the rheumatic process primarily develops.
The fourth period was characterized by a biochemical and histological focus on the study of connective tissue and that part of it where the rheumatic process primarily develops.
B.V. Ilyinsky notes the following patterns characterizing visceral extracardiac lesions by rheumatism:
- As a rule, damage to various organs by the rheumatic process is clinically clearly expressed only in more severe forms of rheumatism and is observed in patients who are more severely affected. the cardiovascular system.
- Extracardiac visceral changes are usually observed not during the first, but during secondary attacks of rheumatism. Moreover, the greater the number of secondary attacks of rheumatism, the less pronounced the changes in the joints, the more severely the heart is affected and the more generalized the rheumatic process, the more likely and more pronounced the damage to certain internal organs.
- There is a clear connection between the manifestation of visceral lesions and the first most acute alterative-exudative phase of the rheumatic process. During the proliferative and sclerotic stages of the rheumatic process, these lesions remain clinically undetected.
- Visceral rheumatism (with the exception of rheumatism of the heart and central nervous system) is characterized by relatively benign development, variability and rapid recovery.
As mentioned above, the generalized course of the rheumatic process is one of the features of rheumatism in childhood. It follows that a pediatrician and rheumatologist-pediatrician, when diagnosing rheumatic disease, treating and preventing children with rheumatism, should pay much attention to the issue of visceral extracardiac lesions.
The question of the localization and nature of the rheumatic process has gone through several stages throughout the history of its resolution. Strukov outlines 4 main periods: the first period is clinical, associated with the names of Sokolsky, Polunin, Bouillaud, when, on the basis of clinical studies and macroscopic changes in the valvular apparatus of the heart in patients with rheumatism, a correct idea was given about rheumatism as a disease not only of the joints, but also of the heart. The second period was histomorphological (Aschoff, Talalaev, Geipel, Klinge), when, on the basis of an in-depth histological study of the cardiovascular system, a coherent doctrine was created about rheumatic granulomas as a specific manifestation of rheumatic disease.
“Rheumatism in childhood”, Stefan Kolarov
Myocarditis (Subjective complaints)
Subjective complaints are not constant. In most sick children they are hidden behind the general symptoms of rheumatism. Weakening, lethargy, fatigue, palpitations during movement and at rest are observed; Children, less often than adults, experience vague and uncharacteristic pain in the heart area. Feelings of weakness and asthenia are caused by myocarditis only in cases of generalized, diffuse damage to the heart muscle. As factors...
Myocarditis (Increased percussion tone)
An increase in percussion tone when the heart is percussed or a cardiac shadow during an x-ray examination determines the greater likelihood of diffuse myocarditis. The general expansion of the boundaries of the heart in all dimensions is very convincing in this regard. The most valuable and richest clinical signs of rheumatic myocarditis are detected by auscultation. The most common indicator even at an early stage of the disease is a weakening of the first tone. Muted…
Pericarditis
According to the literature, the percentage of clinically recognizable pericarditis varies widely - from 5.6 to 26.5% [V. O. Mochan, M. M. Bubnova and M. N. Skvortsova, Z. I. Edelman, E. V. Kov: left and many others - cit. according to L. D. Steinberg). Pericarditis occurs more often in children than in adults. According to the sections...
Pericarditis (Special case (V.R., 13 years old, I.B. 684/1957)
V. R., 13 years old, and. b. 684/1957 I fell ill with rheumatism at the age of six and a half years. The process was subacute, protracted, with a clearly defined wave-like course, frequent exacerbations and short periods of subsidence. He was treated several times in hospitals. He entered the institute in a very serious condition with a diagnosis of rheumatism, active phase, subacute protracted course, cardiovascular...
Heart lesions
The fate of a child with rheumatism is decided by how and to what extent the heart is affected by the rheumatic process, as well as by the nature of the residual effects of this lesion. That is why the study of heart changes during rheumatism, even in the more distant past, received a lot of attention from clinicians and morphologists, and more recently also from histochemists and biochemists. Major advances in the field of pathogenesis and...
Infection
A rather serious problem of modern medicine is a generalized form of infection. The term refers to a pathological condition in which the pathogen that initiated the disease has penetrated into different parts of the body. The main route of transport is lymph and blood. When infected, bacteremia is observed, that is, a condition in which pathological forms of life circulate in the circulatory system without reproducing. Viremia, characteristic of such an infection, is a condition in which the circulatory system is infected with viruses circulating in the fluid. Sepsis refers not just to infection of the circulatory system by bacteria, but also to their proliferation in this environment. Septicemia is a septic form when pathological forms of life move in the blood and produce their own kind, but no secondary area of infection appears. Septicopyemia is a condition similar to septicemia, but aggravated by the formation of metastases in the form of foci of suppuration. Their localization area is a variety of internal systems and organs.
The generalized form of the disease may be characterized by toxemia. The term refers to a pathological condition accompanied by the circulation of bacterial endotoxins in the circulatory system. Toxinemia describes a pathology in which the circulatory system is infected with bacterial exotoxins and other toxic substances. This is usually recorded with botulism and tetanus. If the circulatory system is attacked suddenly, a large number of pathological life forms and toxic substances associated with them enter the bloodstream, forming a shock condition called toxic septic or bacterial.
Diagnosis of generalized epilepsy
The diagnostic basis is the assessment of clinical and electroencephalographic data. For IGE, a normal basic EEG rhythm is typical, although it may be slightly slowed down. In symptomatic forms, the basic rhythm may be changed depending on the disease. In both cases, in the interictal interval, diffuse peak-wave activity is recorded on the EEG, the distinctive features of which are a primary generalized nature, symmetry and bilateral synchrony.
To exclude/identify the symptomatic nature of epilepsy, CT or MRI of the brain is used in diagnosis. With their help, it is possible to visualize organic brain damage. If a primary genetic disease is suspected, a consultation with a geneticist is indicated, genealogical research is carried out, and DNA diagnostics is possible. In cases where organic pathology is excluded and the presence of other diseases in which epilepsy is secondary, the neurologist makes a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy.
It is necessary to differentiate GE from focal and secondary generalized forms, drop attacks, somatogenic fainting (with severe arrhythmia, chronic lung pathology), hypoglycemic conditions, psychogenic paroxysms (with hysterical neurosis, schizophrenia), episodes of transient global amnesia, somnambulism.
Osteoarthritis: different types
Medicine knows a generalized form of osteoarthritis. The term refers to a joint disease accompanied by inflammatory foci, cartilage deformation, and gradual tissue destruction. Currently, pathology is one of the most common problems of the musculoskeletal system among older people. WHO classifies our country as one of the countries where this disease in various forms occurs almost more often than in the rest of the world: the predominant percentage of people over 65 years of age have some kind of pathological symptoms. Arthrosis is most often localized in the joints of the extremities, and the most severe consequences are caused by a disease that affects large articular areas. If three joints or more are affected at the same time, the generalized type is diagnosed. In the absence of adequate and timely treatment, there is a high probability of receiving disabled status due to irreversible damage to health.
Osteoarthritis can be suspected by pain, crunching, and low mobility of the affected area. The pain can be mechanical and initial, stable and nocturnal. The starting line is formed when a person begins to move; lasts for about a third of an hour. Mechanical concerns in the evening are explained by a deterioration in the shock-absorbing qualities of the joints. Nocturnal is more often formed in the first half of the night and is explained by pressure inside the bones. Stable - a symbol of synovitis, spasmodic phenomena.
Generalized anxiety disorder
The main manifestation of GAD is pathological anxiety. Unlike ordinary situational anxiety, provoked by external circumstances, such anxiety is a consequence of the physiological reactions of the body and the psychological characteristics of the patient’s perception. The first concept of the mechanism of development of pathological anxiety belongs to Sigmund Freud, who, among other mental disorders, described generalized anxiety disorder (anxiety neurosis).
The founder of psychoanalysis believed that pathological anxiety, along with other symptoms of neurotic disorders, arises in a situation of internal conflict between the Id (instinctive drives) and the Super-I (moral and moral norms laid down from childhood). Freud's followers developed and expanded this concept. Modern psychoanalysts believe that anxiety disorder is a reflection of a deep-seated internal conflict that arose in a situation of constant insurmountable threat to the future or in circumstances of prolonged unsatisfaction of the patient’s basic needs.
Proponents of behaviorism view anxiety disorders as a result of learning, the emergence of a stable conditioned reflex reaction to frightening or painful stimuli. One of the most popular currently is the cognitive theory of Beck, who considered pathological anxiety as a violation of the normal reaction to danger. A patient with an anxiety disorder focuses his attention on the possible negative consequences of the external situation and his own actions.
Selective attention creates distortions in the perception and processing of information, as a result of which a patient suffering from an anxiety disorder overestimates the danger and feels powerless in the face of circumstances. Due to constant anxiety, the patient quickly gets tired and does not even perform necessary tasks, which entails problems in professional activities, social and personal spheres. Accumulating problems, in turn, increase the level of pathological anxiety. A vicious circle arises, becoming the underlying anxiety disorder.
The impetus for the development of GAD can be a deterioration in family relationships, chronic stress, conflict at work, or a change in the usual routine: entering college, moving, getting a new job, etc. Among the risk factors for anxiety disorder, psychologists consider low self-esteem and lack of stability to stress, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, drug use, alcohol, stimulants (strong coffee, tonic drinks) and some medications.
The characteristics and personality of patients matter. Generalized anxiety disorder often develops in impressionable, vulnerable patients who tend to hide their experiences from others, as well as in patients suffering from alexithymia (insufficient ability to recognize and express their own feelings). It has been found that GAD is also often diagnosed in people who have experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence. Another factor contributing to the development of an anxiety disorder is long-term poverty and lack of prospects for improving one’s financial situation.
There are studies indicating a connection between GAD and changes in the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, most researchers consider anxiety disorders to be a mixed condition (partly congenital, partly acquired). The genetically determined tendency to worry about minor reasons is aggravated by the erroneous actions of parents and teachers: excessive criticism, unrealistic demands, non-recognition of the child’s merits and achievements, lack of emotional support in significant situations. All of the above creates a feeling of constant danger and inability to cope with the situation, becoming fertile ground for the development of pathological anxiety.
Sepsis
Sometimes doctors have to deal with a generalized form of purulent-septic diseases. Newborns suffer from these diseases somewhat more often than adults, but people of any age are at risk. Sepsis is a systemic process provoked by local infection and the formation of an inflammatory focus. The syndrome is formed as a response to endotoxins. If the patient does not receive adequate treatment, bacteremia and failure of various internal organs develop.
In medicine, sepsis refers to particularly severe conditions caused by the introduction of an infectious pathogen into the circulatory system and tissues. The cause may be pyogenic life forms, the results of the vital activity of these bacteria. Invasion leads to the formation of an inflammatory focus throughout the body.
Symptoms
If a person has previously had to deal with an epileptic generalized seizure, then it will not be difficult to identify this condition. Of course, the symptoms vary, and they depend on what kind of attack occurred.
For example, absence seizures are characterized by the fact that the patient loses consciousness, becomes inhibited and significantly falls out of real life. There may be rapid and repetitive movements, such as a person clenching and unclenching a fist or moving a single finger.
As already mentioned, tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by the presence of two phases in the development of manifestations of the disease. At first, the person is immobilized, the torso is completely straightened, and breathing stops for a while. The person turns pale and may even turn blue. After this, cramps of all muscles begin, which gradually disappear.
Once they pass, the patient can breathe deeply again. Foaming at the mouth, often mixed with blood, may occur due to damage to the lips, cheeks and tongue. Muscle relaxation often occurs, leading to uncontrolled urination and defecation . After this, the patient falls asleep, and then does not remember what exactly happened to him.
During myoclonic seizures, contractions of individual muscle bundles occur. Moreover, they are always symmetrical to each other. Uncontrolled movement of the limbs occurs. In most cases, a person falls to the ground, but remains conscious. As soon as the attack begins, the person goes into a state of apathy, becomes indifferent to the events taking place, and also loses attention.
Etiology of sepsis
A generalized form of purulent-septic diseases of newborns and adults is possible due to strepto- and staphylococcus. These pathogens are more common than any other. The prevalence of E. coli and pneumococcus is somewhat lower. In the predominant percentage of cases, the disease develops against the background of inflammation or a wound, being a complication of the primary condition. Due to severe illness, blood loss, surgical procedures, and poor nutrition, the immune system is weakened, and this creates conditions that increase the danger of a systemic inflammatory process. General infection is possible if a focus of suppuration appears in the wound, if a local disease develops (furuncle, phlegmon), which causes complications.
The generalized form of the disease can be provoked by childbirth or termination of pregnancy. In this case, the bacterium penetrates the mucous membranes covering the uterine cavity. There is a risk of purulent damage to the urinary or reproductive system. Foci of inflammation localized in the oral cavity can provoke a systemic process. Escherichia coli, which lives in the human intestinal tract, provokes a generalized process during perforation of the organ.
Yersiniosis
The intestinal generalized form of yersiniosis is initiated by enterobacteria, whose name gave the disease its name - yersinia. Within the group there are several strains that differ in their danger to humans. The course is determined by the variety that provoked the disease. In a generalized process, the patient vomits severely, rashes appear on the skin, areas itch, and large joints experience severe pain. The disease negatively affects the functioning of the liver, as a result, the urine darkens, the skin turns yellow, and the shade of the sclera of the eye changes. Deterioration in the performance of the heart manifests itself as pain, frequent contractions of the organ, instability of pressure and pulse. Damage to the central nervous system is observed: dizziness and headache, the patient is lethargic and depressed. Emptying the bladder is accompanied by pain, hepatitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, and sepsis are formed.
Meningitis
The generalized form of meningococcal disease belongs to the severe variant of the disease. Meningococcemia is one of the most common types of course, accounting for up to 43% of all variants of generalized development of meningitis. The disease begins acutely, and soon there is a strong fever, accompanied by symptoms of poisoning of the body. Areas of skin lesions appear. For some, the fever lasts for a couple of days, for others it lasts for a week and a half. The patient is lethargic, vomits, has a headache, and his appetite worsens. There may be a violation of the speed, frequency, rhythm of the heartbeat. Symptoms of the disease include shortness of breath and skin hyperesthesia. If the disease is severe, the patient’s consciousness is confused, inhibited or too nervous.
Generalized forms of meningitis manifest themselves as specific rashes. The rash is unevenly colored and appears at different times. Some have visible papules, spots accompanied by hemorrhage. As they disappear, pigmented zones appear. More often, the rash is localized on the side of the abdomen, in the lower region, on the shoulders and femoral and calf surfaces. The rash may cover the feet and buttocks. If the disease is mild, papules, roseolas, hemorrhagic small rashes appear, their individual areas take on the shape of stars. These soon pass - it takes no more than a couple of days.
Encephalitis
Sometimes this disease appears in a generalized form of neuroinfection. It is extremely difficult. In any case, infection requires observation in a clinic. This cannot be treated at home. Usually the clinical picture of the case is quite specific, so there are no problems with diagnosis, but exceptional situations are possible. To prevent an error, you first need to clarify your medical history and assess the severity of the course. One of the problems in diagnosing neuroinfection is the inability to establish direct contact with the person in need. Most of these people, even maintaining self-care functions, cannot interact with doctors and describe the symptoms they feel. They are unable to answer questions or navigate time. Generalized neuroinfection is sometimes accompanied by insufficiently convincing ataxia.
Causes
This form of mental disorder is not considered the simplest. To know how to get rid of it, you need to deal with each case separately. There are no two identical situations that would lead to such a powerful neurosis. Reasons can tell us which direction a person should move.
Internal conflicts
When we cannot restore order in our soul for a long time, such chaos begins to noticeably burden us. It seems that the whole world is collapsing, literally ceasing to exist. In fact, it makes sense to look inside yourself and understand whether there are any internal conflicts. After all, issues that are not resolved in time begin to weigh down over time and influence the way we perceive the surrounding reality and our mental well-being. This creates constant dissatisfaction with the steps taken and an obsession with one’s condition. Internal conflicts, if not resolved, lead to tremendous devastation and contribute to an even greater increase in anxiety.
Emotional turmoil
The anxiety disorder itself does not arise out of nowhere. This should be understood if an individual is wondering how to cure this condition. You should learn to look deep into yourself with all sincerity. Emotional shocks are a fairly common cause of neurosis. The individual is truly lost and does not know what is best to do. When some life event takes you by surprise, you get the impression that your strength is rapidly running out. Difficulties arise with the manifestation of true emotions, the individual becomes withdrawn and distrustful. From the outside, it may seem to someone that this is all nonsense, since there are no objective reasons for strong concern. But it is worth remembering that a person who is in neurosis is susceptible to emotional instability, his mood changes easily. The transition from joy to sadness and despair sometimes happens in a matter of minutes.
Information overload
In the age of information technology, many people live in a state of constant stress. In particular, there is an overload of information coming from outside. The individual becomes susceptible to the influence of negativity. The fact is that not everyone knows how to work correctly with information, to separate the necessary from the unimportant. Being exposed to this influence every day, a person does not even notice how he undermines himself from the inside and contributes to the accumulation of negative impressions. These emotions do not actually go away, but have an impact on the individual, provoking numerous fears and anxieties.
Frequent stress
When you have to be exposed to too much stress, the body's defenses always fail. It seems that nothing will make you feel better, free from various fears. Constant stress is a completely understandable cause of severe anxiety disorders.
Drinking alcohol
Bad habits, as you know, do not improve your health. Passion for alcoholic beverages really does not lead to good things. Alcohol undoubtedly helps relieve stress temporarily, but it has a lot of negative consequences. If an individual only pushes his problem inside, then he should not wait to get rid of the problem completely. It is impossible to heal yourself once you reach the point of self-destruction.
Inability to value yourself
A common situation that occurs. If a person does not understand what his personal value is, then it becomes difficult to get on the right track and decide on a set of specific creative steps. The inability to value yourself leads to missing an opportunity to show your abilities. As a result, the individual will be forced to constantly adapt to someone else’s demands, at the risk of never noticing or recognizing their own intentions.
Diseases: infection and course
When salmonella is introduced, there is a danger of a generalized form of salmonellosis. This variant of the course of infection is considered the most severe. At first, the symptoms are similar to typhus, then the patient’s condition worsens in an unpredictable way. The sufferer suffers from a severe fever, the spread over the course of a day is great, and he shudders. Observation shows increased activity of the sweat glands. Like some other variants of the generalized development of diseases, such Salmonella infection is difficult to treat. While taking antibiotics, there is a high probability of secondary lesions appearing, making it difficult to clarify the diagnosis. Suppuration usually affects the musculoskeletal system, causing tonsillitis and meningitis.
There is a danger of the emergence of a generalized form of anthrax. The disease is very difficult. This may be primary when the pathogen penetrates through food, air, or may form against the background of local infection. It is characterized by very severe general poisoning of the body, toxic infectious shock. Hemostasis is disrupted, insufficient activity of the kidneys and respiratory organs is observed, and brain tissue swells. If a local form initially formed, which then turned into a systemic reaction, the patient’s condition worsens in a matter of hours, the pulse quickens, turns thread-like, the fever rises to 41 degrees, and the pressure drops. Respiratory failure progresses very sharply. Convulsions are possible, consciousness is impaired, and symptoms of meningitis appear. With a full-blown clinical picture of shock, death occurs very quickly.
Generalized Epilepsy Clinic
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy
manifests in childhood and adolescence (mainly up to 21 years). It is not accompanied by other clinical symptoms, except for epileptic paroxysms of a primary generalized nature. In the neurological status, in some cases, diffuse symptoms are observed, and extremely rarely, focal symptoms. Cognitive functions are not impaired; in some cases, intellectual disorders may be transient, which sometimes affects the performance of schoolchildren. Recent studies have shown the presence of mild intellectual decline in 3-10% of patients with IGE, and the possibility of some affective and personal changes.
Hemorrhoids kill the patient in 79% of cases
Symptomatic generalized epilepsy
occurs at any age against the background of an underlying disease, with hereditary pathology and congenital defects - more often in early childhood. Generalized seizures make up only part of her clinical picture. Depending on the underlying disease, there are cerebral and focal manifestations. Intellectual decline often develops, and in children, mental retardation occurs.
Dentistry: terms and diagnoses
Sometimes dentists have to deal with a generalized form of tooth wear. This disease is of a polyetiological nature and is explained by the peculiarities of the condition of the jaws and teeth. A distinctive point is the excessively active loss of enamel and dentin. It is customary to talk about the functional insufficiency of the hard elements forming the tooth, excessively active abrasive influence and functional overload. Other causes of the pathological process have not yet been established. In the generalized form, the patient notices a change, deformation, reduction of the face from below, and it becomes more difficult for him to chew food. The height of the crowns is reduced. Many people have headaches and pain near the tongue. Chronic injury to the labial, lingual mucous membranes, and inner cheeks is possible. Dentin hyperesthesia is observed.
Pathological abrasion can provoke incorrect articulation, leading to the constant appearance of injuries, various inflammatory diseases - papillitis, gingivitis, periodontitis. Among the complications, cases of incorrect occlusal height are recorded.
